电针刺激对炎性痛大鼠脊髓背角小胶质细胞活化的影响

目的:探索电针(EA)刺激是否通过下调糖原合成酶激酶3β(GSK3β).抑制小胶质细胞活化缓解大鼠慢性炎性痛。方法:利用完全随机数字法将Sprague Dawley(SD)雄性大鼠分为对照组(control)、完全弗氏佐剂注射组(CFA)、CFA+电针刺激组(CFA+EA)和CFA+GSK3β抑制剂TDZD-8组(CFA+TDZD-8)。通过足底注射CFA方法制备大鼠炎性痛模型,利用电针刺激和给予不同的药物处理各组大鼠。采用经典von Frey丝检测各组大鼠机械缩足反射阈值(PWT),用WesternBlot法或免疫荧光检测脊髓背角GSK3β和小胶质细胞离子钙接头蛋白(Iba-1)表达的变化情况。结果:与control组相比,CFA组大鼠在各时间节点的PWT值均显著降低(P<0.01);脊髓背角中GSK3β和Iba-1表达明显增加(P<0.05)。与CFA组相比,CFA+EA组大鼠PWT显著升高(P<0.01),GSK3β和Iba-1表达量显著下调(P<0.05);CFA+TDZD-8组大鼠PWT显著升高(P<0.01),Iba-1的表达量显著下调(P<0.05)。结论:电针刺激可能是通过下调大鼠脊髓背角细胞中GSK3β表达,抑制小胶质细胞活化.减少炎性介质释放,达到缓解慢性炎性痛的治疗效果。     

雷公藤内酯醇(T10)通过抑制脊髓背角内p38-MAPK的磷酸化发挥镇痛作用的机制研究

目的:观察鞘内给予雷公藤内酯(triptolide,T10)对于慢性炎性痛和神经病理性痛模型大鼠脊髓背角小胶质细胞内p38丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)的磷酸化水平的影响。方法:采用大鼠足底注射完全弗式佐剂(complete Freund’s adjuvant,CFA)构建慢性炎性痛模型,L5脊神经结扎(spinal nerve ligation,SNL)和坐骨神经分支选择性结扎(spared nerve injury,SNI)的方法制作慢性神经病理性痛模型。利用von Frey丝刺激法连续观察造模后大鼠的痛行为变化;应用免疫荧光染色方法观察大鼠腰膨大节段胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)和电离钙绑定衔接分子1(ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1,Iba-1)的表达水平;应用Western Blot方法观察大鼠腰膨大节段p38 MAPK的磷酸化水平。结果:(1)行为学结果显示:CFA、SNL、SNI模型大鼠机械性痛阈均明显降低,且术后一周内与正常对照组相比均保持在较低水平(P0.01)。从术后第1 d起鞘内连续给予T10至第7 d,分别观察到T10能够明显提高上述模型大鼠手术侧后足的机械性痛阈(P0.05);但T10在SNL模型和SNI模型大鼠中的效果要弱于CFA引起的慢性炎性痛(P0.05)。(2)免疫荧光染色结果显示:CFA、SNL和SNI模型大鼠腰膨大脊髓背角内GFAP、Iba-1的表达明显高于正常对照组,而p-p38 MAPK阳性产物主要表达于小胶质细胞内。(3)Western Blot结果显示:造模后7 d脊髓背角内p-p38 MAPK的表达明显上调,鞘内给予T10后可以显著下调脊髓背角内p38的磷酸化水平(P0.05)。结论:鞘内给予T10有效缓解由于CFA、SNL和SNI诱导的慢性痛模型大鼠的机械性痛阈的机制可能是通过下调脊髓背角内p38 MAPK信号通路的磷酸化水平,进而达到抑制小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的活化。其次,T10对不同类型的疼痛模型的作用效果存在差异,对由CFA引起的慢性炎性痛的作用效果要强于由SNL和SNI诱导的慢性神经病理性痛。     

鞘内应用右美托咪定改善完全弗氏佐剂诱导的大鼠慢性炎性痛行为及其机制研究

目的:观察鞘内应用右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,DEX)对完全弗氏佐剂(complete Freund’s adjuvant,CFA)诱导的大鼠慢性炎性痛行为的改善作用并探讨其机制。方法:足底注射CFA制备大鼠慢性炎性痛模型,经鞘内给予不同剂量的DEX,采用辐射热法连续观察给药后大鼠痛行为,评价单次给药后的镇痛持续时间,并计算半数有效量(50%effective dose,ED50);旷场和转棒试验观察鞘内应用不同剂量DEX对大鼠运动功能的影响;应用免疫组织化学染色和Western Blot方法观察连续给予DEXED507 d后大鼠腰膨大平面脊髓背角星形胶质细胞活化程度。结果:鞘内应用DEX呈剂量依赖性地改善CFA诱导的大鼠辐射热痛敏且不影响运动功能;鞘内持续应用DEXED50可产生持久的镇痛效应;免疫组织化学染色和Western Blot结果均表明,与对照组相比,持续给药7 d后慢性炎性痛大鼠腰膨大平面脊髓背角星形胶质细胞的活化程度显著减轻(P0.05)。结论:鞘内应用DEX可剂量依赖性改善CFA诱导的大鼠慢性炎性痛,连续给药可产生持久的镇痛效果,其机制可能与抑制脊髓星形胶质细胞活化有关。     

8-O-乙酰山栀子苷甲酸通过抑制脊髓背角JNK的磷酸化水平改善大鼠炎性痛的研究

目的:探究8-O-乙酰山栀子苷甲酸(8-O-acetyl-SM,8-Oa S)对于慢性炎性痛模型大鼠痛行为及脊髓背角星形胶质细胞内c-Jun氨基酸末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)磷酸化水平的影响。方法:运用大鼠足底注射完全弗式佐剂(complete Freund’s adjuvant,CFA)的方法建立慢性炎性痛模型;通过腹膜腔注射8-Oa S进行干预;采用von Frey丝测定大鼠足底50%机械性缩足反射阈值;应用免疫荧光组织化学染色法观察大鼠腰膨大节段脊髓背角胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)及磷酸化的JNK(phosphorylatedc-Jun N-terminal kinase,p JNK)表达;应用Western Blot方法对大鼠脊髓背角内GFAP、JNK以及p-JNK的表达水平进行定量分析。结果:(1)行为学结果显示:与对照组相比,CFA模型大鼠机械性痛阈明显降低(P0.01),腹膜腔注射8-Oa S可有效提高CFA诱导的机械性痛阈值(P0.05);(2)免疫荧光染色结果显示:CFA模型脊髓背角内GFAP的表达量明显高于正常组,且p JNK基本表达于星形胶质细胞内;(3)Western Blot结果显示:与对照组相比,CFA造模后7 d脊髓背角内GFAP和p JNK表达明显上调,腹膜腔给予8-Oa S可以显著下调CFA诱导的脊髓背角内GFAP和p JNK的水平(P0.01)。结论:腹膜腔内给予8-Oa S可有效提高炎性痛大鼠的机械性痛阈,其机制是通过下调脊髓背角星形胶质细胞内JNK信号通路的磷酸化水平进而抑制星形胶质细胞的激活。     

鞘内注射甘珀酸降低CX43的表达对大鼠镜像痛的影响

目的:研究大鼠脊髓星形胶质细胞CX43的表达变化及对镜像痛的影响。方法:96只SD大鼠随机分为四组:Sham组,SNI组,SNI+NS组,SNI+CBX组,每组24只。各组分别于术前l d、术后3、7、10、l4和21 d观察大鼠疼痛行为学变化,其中Sham组,SNI组于术后14 d采用免疫组化法分析缝隙连接蛋白43(Cx43)、胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达情况;SNI+CBX组于术后第5~9 d鞘内注射甘珀酸10μl(20μg),SNI+NS组注射等量生理盐水,并于术后10、14和21 d三个时间点采用Western Blot的方法检测脊髓内CX43蛋白表达情况,采用免疫组化法分析GFAP的表达变化情况。结果:SNI组与Sham组相比,行为学上大鼠双侧机械缩足阈值降低,脊髓星形胶质细胞CX43及GFAP表达增加(P0.05);SNI+CBX组与SNI+NS组相比,Western Blot显示CX43表达降低,免疫组化显示脊髓背角双侧GFAP表达降低(P0.05),术后14 d,21 d大鼠双侧机械缩足阈值升高。结论:鞘内注射甘珀酸降低CX43的表达可抑制星形胶质细胞的活化,并缓解大鼠双侧的机械痛。     

MRS2211对糖尿病神经病理性疼痛大鼠的镇痛作用及可能的机制

目的:观察鞘内注射P2Y13受体阻断剂MRS2211对糖尿病神经病理性疼痛大鼠机械痛阈及脊髓背角Iba-1和IL-6表达变化的影响。方法:成年SD大鼠随机分为4组(n=8):正常组(仅鞘内注射生理盐水)、药物+正常大鼠组(鞘内注射MRS2211 100 pmol/L)、糖尿病大鼠模型组(diabetes mellitus,DM组)、MRS2211处理组(糖尿病大鼠+鞘内注射MRS2211 100 pmol/L)。SD大鼠单次腹腔注射链脲菌素60 mg/kg,2周后机械痛阈下降认为造模成功。各组大鼠开始鞘内注射生理盐水或MRS2211(100 pmol/L)每周二次,连续4周。在STZ注射前1 d、注射后第2,4,6周末测定给药后机械缩足反射阈值(mechanical withdrawl threshold,MWT);免疫印迹观察STZ注射后2、4、6周末大鼠脊髓背角Iba-1和IL-6表达变化。结果:与正常组相比,DM组MWT明显降低(P0.01),第2、4、6周末背角Iba-1和IL-6表达也明显上调(P0.01)。与DM组4周相比,MRS2211处理组MWT明显提高(P0.01);与DM组6周相比,MRS2211处理组MWT没有明显变化。与DM组4周相比,MRS2211处理组明显抑制STZ注射4周时脊髓背角Iba-1和IL-6表达上调(P0.01);但与DM组6周相比,MRS2211处理组在STZ注射6周时Iba-1和IL-6表达没有明显变化。结论:鞘内注射P2Y13受体拮抗剂MRS2211可以明显抑制糖尿病大鼠早期的机械痛敏症状,同时脊髓背角Iba-1表达和IL-6表达上调明显减弱。MRS2211有可能通过影响脊髓背角小胶质细胞功能在脊髓水平发挥镇痛作用。     

外周炎症性疼痛刺激诱导大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质胶质细胞激活及细胞因子的表达

目的观察完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)外周刺激后,大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)中胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、小胶质细胞标记物(Iba)以及细胞因子IL-β、TNF-α的表达变化。方法结合行为学检测,反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)、Western blotting以及免疫组织化学的方法,观察了大鼠后爪注射CFA后疼痛感觉的变化,并检测了PAG中上述标记物和细胞因子在基因水平和蛋白水平的表达变化。结果注射CFA后,注射侧后爪出现热痛过敏和机械性触诱发痛;大鼠的热痛过敏14d基本恢复正常,但机械性触诱发痛持续到21d时仍未恢复正常;星形胶质细胞标记物GFAP在急性期和慢性期有显著增加;小胶质细胞的标记物CD14、细胞因子(IL-β、TNF-α)在急性期、亚急性期和慢性期均有增加。结论小胶质细胞的激活可能与炎性疼痛的起始相关,而星形胶质细胞可能与疼痛的维持相关,细胞因子表达的增加可能对痛觉过敏的发生起重要作用。     

血管活性肠肽对帕金森病大鼠黑质胶质细胞活化及相关炎性因子释放的影响

目的探讨血管活性肠肽(VIP)对帕金森病(PD)大鼠模型中脑黑质胶质细胞活化及相关炎性因子表达的影响。方法将6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)定向注入大鼠右侧纹状体制备PD模型。32只制备成功的PD大鼠随机分为VIP组和模型组,VIP组大鼠腹腔注射VIP 1ml(20μg/L),另10只正常大鼠为对照组。分别采用免疫组织化学、Western blotting、RT-PCR方法观察大鼠中脑黑质多巴胺(DA)能神经元、小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞的数量和形态变化以及肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和环氧化酶2(COX-2)的表达变化。结果模型组大鼠黑质损毁侧小胶质细胞即白细胞分化抗原11b(CD11b)阳性细胞,数量较对照组明显增加(P0.05)并呈阿米巴样改变,星形胶质细胞(GFAP阳性细胞)数量明显增加(P0.05),炎性因子表达水平也明显上升(P0.05),DA能神经元数量较对照组明显下降(P0.05);与模型组相比,VIP组大鼠损毁侧黑质小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞数量明显下降(P0.05),炎性因子表达水平显著降低(P0.05),DA能神经元数量较模型组增加(P0.05)。结论 VIP对帕金森病大鼠黑质小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的活化具有抑制作用,并可减少相关炎症因子的表达,从而保护黑质DA能神经元。     

外周炎性痛刺激诱导杏仁核内星形胶质细胞激活及细胞因子的表达

为了观察完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)外周刺激对杏仁核内星形胶质细胞标记物(GFAP)以及细胞因子(IL-β,TNF-α)表达的影响,本研究结合行为学检测、RT-PCR和Westernblot方法,观察了大鼠后爪注射CFA后的痛行为变化,并检测了在不同时间点杏仁核内GFAP、IL-β和TNF-α在基因水平和蛋白水平的表达变化。结果显示:注射CFA后,注射侧后爪出现热痛敏和机械性触诱发痛;大鼠的热痛敏在14d时基本恢复正常,但机械性痛敏持续至21d时仍未恢复正常;GFAP在亚急性期和慢性期有显著增加;而IL-β和TNF-α在急性期、亚急性期及慢性期均有增加。上述结果表明:星形胶质细胞可能与疼痛的维持相关,而细胞因子表达的增加可能在痛觉过敏的产生和维持中均起重要作用。     

内源性大麻素含量升高可激活脊髓背角星形胶质细胞并导致机械性触诱发痛

目的:观察丁高大鼠鞘内大麻素水平后实验动物的疼痛行为学变化及脊髓背角星形胶质细胞的激活状态,探讨内源性大麻素参与触诱发痛的可能机制。方法:成功建立大鼠鞘内置管模型后,分别鞘内注射外源性大麻素2-AG、大麻素受体激动剂CP55940、大麻素水解酶抑制剂JZL195。使用Von-frey纤维丝观察给药后不同时间点大鼠机械性缩足反射阈值的变化,运用共聚焦显影观察脊髓背角星形胶质细胞的激活状态。结果:(1)鞘内注射2-AG、CP55940、JZLl95后1 d即产生明显的触诱发痛(P0.01)并至少持续到给药后第21 d(P0.001);(2)鞘内注射2-AG、CP55940和JZLl95后第5 d即有明显的星形胶质细胞激活(P0.01),并可持续到给药后第21 d(P0.01)。结论:升高鞘内大麻素水平可能通过激活星形胶质细胞导致触诱发痛。     

Theta-behaviour of poly(p-tert-butylstyrene)-block-poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-poly(p-tert-butylstyrene)

The theta-behaviour of poly(p-tert-butylstyrene)-block-poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-poly(p-tert-butylstyrene) ABA type triblock copolymers containing ca. 28% by weight tert-butylstyrene was studied in the selective solvents 1-nitropropane and 2-butanone using the phase separation method. The theta-temperatures in these solvents were found to be 157°C and 31°C, respectively. The intrinsic viscosities of the copolymers in 2-butanone (MEK) were obtained at different temperatures. The Mark-Houwink-Sakurada exponent α in MEK at 31°C is greater than 0,5, suggesting that the theta-behaviour of block copolymers is different from that of the homopolymers due to the presence of repulsive interactions between incompatible blocks.     

窄手蚋的重新描述（双翅目：蚋科）

窄手蚋 （Simulium （Simulium） omorii）是Takahasi（1942）发表的新种,当时放在短蚋属（Omiadag）,该蚋标本是采自我国黑龙江省.Takahasi 仅描述了两性成虫和蛹,缺幼虫,况前者也不甚详细 1983年,虞以新和安继尧在我国黑龙江省饶河县珍宝岛地区,采到窄手蚋的两性成虫、幼虫和蛹,描述于后供同道者参考.窄手蚋与Rubzov（1956）描述的S. （S.） tenuimanus Enderlein, 1920很近似,不同的是：1. 足色：雌虫,窄手蚋前、中足股节黑色,后足股节基段1/5棕黄色.tenuimanus蚋,前、中、后足股节巧克力棕黑色,仅基部有点黄色.雄虫,窄手蚋后足转节、股节基端部、胫节基端部和中足基节1/2棕黄色,而tenuimanus 除前足基节和后足胫节基部褐色外,余部黑色.2. 窄手蚋中骨圆形或弹头形,前端圆形,后端凹入呈八字形 tenuimanu 中骨箭形,末端尖.标本保存于军事医学科学院医学昆虫标本馆.     

Degradation of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) by electron beam radiation

This paper seeks to examine the effects of electron beam (e-beam) radiation on biodegradable polymers (PLGA and PLLA), and to understand their radiation-induced degradation mechanisms. PLGA (80:20) and PLLA polymer films were e-beam irradiated at doses from 2.5 to 50 Mrad and the degradation of these films were studied by measuring the changes in their molecular weights, FTIR spectra, thermal and morphological properties. The dominant effect of e-beam irradiation on both PLGA and PLLA is chain scission. Chain scission occurs first through scission of the polymer main chain, followed by hydrogen abstraction. Chain scission, though responsible for the reduction in the average molecular weight, Tc, Tg and Tm of both polymers, encourages crystallization in PLGA. PLLA also undergoes chain scission upon irradiation but to a lesser degree compared to PLGA. The higher crystallinity of PLLA is the key factor in its greater stability to e-beam radiation compared to PLGA. A linear relationship is also established between the decrease in molecular weight with respect to radiation dose.     

Deletion (2) (q37)

We report on a 5-month-old girl with widely spaced nipples, redundant nuchal skin, coarctation of the aorta, anal atresia with distal fistula, postnatal growth retardation, hypotonia, and sparse scalp hair. Initial clinical assessment suggested the diagnosis of Ullrich-Turner syndrome. Chromosome analysis showed a 46,XX,del(2)(q37) karyotype in peripheral lymphocytes. We compare her findings to those of other reported patients with terminal deletions of 2q. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Stereocomplex formation in ABA triblock copolymers of poly(lactide) (A) and poly(ethylene glycol) (B)

Two series of triblock copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, number-average molecular weight M _n = 6000) and poly(L -lactide) (PLLA) or poly(D -lactide) (PDLA) were prepared by ring-opening polymerization of lactide initiated by PEG end groups using stannous octoate as a catalyst, either in refluxing toluene or in the melt at 175°C. The weight percentage of PLA in the polymers varied between 15 and 75 wt.-%. Blends of polymers containing blocks of opposite chirality were prepared by co-precipitation from homogeneous solutions. The melting temperatures of the crystalline PEG and PLA phases strongly depended on the composition of the polymers. The melting temperature of the PLA phase in the blends was approximately 40°C higher than that of the single block copolymers. Stereocomplex formation between blocks of enantiomeric poly(lactides) in PEG/PLA block copolymers was established for the first time. Water uptake of polymeric films prepared by solution casting was solely determined by the PEG content of the film.     

可溶性gp130对白血病抑制因子和制瘤素的拮抗作用

在研究可溶性ｇｐ１３０（ｓｇｐ１３０）分子对ＩＬ ６／ＩＬ ６Ｒ作用的基础上,继续研究了ｓｇｐ１３０对ＩＬ ６家族细胞因子白血病抑制因子（ＬＩＦ）和制瘤素（ＯＭ）的生物学作用。结果显示,ｓｇｐ１３０对ＬＩＦ和ＯＭ刺激的人多发性骨髓瘤（ＭＭ）细胞株ＸＧ４ ＣＮＴＦ的增殖有抑制作用。此外,ｓｇｐ１３０对ＬＩＦ和ＯＭ刺激表达ＬＩＦ受体的新鲜ＭＭ细胞的增殖也有抑制作用,提示ｓｇｐ１３０也可为ＬＩＦ和ＯＭ的拮抗剂。     

Differential antiherpes activity of the (E)-and (Z)-isomers of 5-(2-fluorovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (FVUdR)

Four novel analogues of (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine [(E)-BrVUdR]--the (E)- and (Z)-isomer of 5-(2-fluorovinyl)-UdR (FVUdR), (Z)-5-(2-carboxy-2-fluorovinyl)-UdR [(Z)-COOH-FVUdR], and (E)-5-(2-ethoxyvinyl)-UdR [(E)-EOVUdR] were compared with the reference compounds (E)-BrVUdR and 5-vinyl-UdR (VUdR) for their inhibitory effects on plaque formation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1 strain 77) and type 2 (HSV-2 strain 82) in human embryonic lung fibroblast (HELF) cell cultures. (Z)-FVUdR and (Z)-COOH-FVUdR were completely inactive against HSV-1 and HSV-2 (ID50 greater than 500 microM). For the other analogues the following order of decreasing potency was found: (E)-BrVUdR greater than VUdR greater than (E)-FVUdR much greater than (E)-EOVUdR (against HSV-1) and VUdR much greater than (E)-BrVUdR greater than (E)-FVUdR much greater than (E)-EOVUdR (against HSV-2).     

Synthesis of poly(vinyl alcohol)-graft-poly(tetrahydrofuran)

The reaction of a living poly(tetrahydrofuran) (poly(THF)), prepared with methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate as an initiator, with 3-sodiopropoxydimethylvinylsilane was carried out to produce a uniform poly(THF) macromonomer with a vinylsilane end-group. Poly(vinyl acetate)-graft-poly(THF) of controlled graft segment length was then synthesized through radical copolymerization of this poly(THF) macromonomer with vinyl acetate. The subsequent saponification with NaOH in methanol provided poly(vinyl alcohol)-graft-poly(THF).