钙粘附蛋白N-cadherin基因RNAi质粒载体的构建与鉴定

目的:构建有效的小鼠神经型钙粘附蛋白(N-cadherin)基因RNA干扰质粒载体。方法:在小鼠基因库中选择3个靶序列并设计合成相应3对寡核苷酸序列,同时合成1对阴性对照寡核苷酸序列,然后将以上4对寡核苷酸序列退火后连入pSilencerTM 3.1-H1 hygro质粒并分别命名为pSicad1、pSicad2、pSicad3、pSi-control。酶切和测序鉴定后,将以上重组质粒转染MN9D细胞,用Western Blot和半定量RT-PCR方法检测N-cadherin基因mR-NA和蛋白的表达水平。结果:酶切和测序证实目的寡核苷酸片段已被准确克隆到pSilencerTM 3.1-H1 hygro质粒,与对照组相比,pSicad2和pSicad3转染MN9D细胞后,N-cadherin mRNA和蛋白水平的表达均受到明显抑制,其中N-cadherin蛋白水平在pSicad3组下降50%(P0.01)。结论:结果表明已成功构建了小鼠N-cadherin基因RNAi质粒载体,为N-cadherin功能研究奠定了基础。     

mPer2在小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16细胞凋亡中的作用研究

目的:研究mPer2在小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16细胞凋亡中的作用机制。方法:将构pcDNA3.1-mper2和pcDNA3.1空质粒分别转染入小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16中。提取两组细胞的总RNA和总蛋白,利用特异引物和抗体,分别检测两组细胞中p53和c-Myc基因在RNA和蛋白水平表达的变化。结果:RT-PCR和蛋白印迹检测均显示与转染pcDNA3.1( )空质粒相比,转染pcDNA3.1-mPer2入B16细胞后,p53的表达增高,而c-Myc表达降低。结论:mPer2可能通过抑制细胞癌基因c-Myc的表达,促进抑癌基因p53的表达,从而抑制B16细胞生长,诱导细胞凋亡。     

重组pEGFP-C2-p100-TSN点突变质粒构建及表达

目的 将6个不同的p100-TSN.Mutants基因片段分别定向连入PEGFP-C2质粒中,使P100-TSN突变蛋白能够与绿色荧光蛋白在COS7细胞中融合表达,从而为进一步研究p100蛋白TSN结构域的功能奠定实验基础. 方法 利用EcoR Ⅰ和XhoⅠ双酶切方法从6个pcDNA3.1 (+) -p100-TSN.Mutants重组质粒中分别获得p100-TSN.Mutants的cDNA片段,将其连入pEGFP-C2质粒载体中,再将成功构建的6个pEGFP-C2-p100-TSN.Mutants质粒分别转染COS7细胞中,荧光显微镜下观察绿色荧光蛋白表达.结果 ①将重组质粒进行双酶切鉴定可见p100-TSN.Mutants的cDNA片段;②转染重组质粒后可观察到绿色荧光蛋白的表达.结论 ① 6个pEGFP-C2-p100-TSN.Mutants重组质粒构建成功;② p100-TSN突变蛋白可与绿色荧光蛋白在COS7细胞中融合表达.     

shRNA表达载体的改建及鉴定

目的通过改建pSilencer3.1-H1载体快速有效筛选重组shRNA表达载体,并可使线性化载体环化,长期保存。方法制备含有单一限制性内切酶NotⅠ识别序列的双链DNA插入片段,与BamHⅠ和HindⅢ酶切线性化的shRNA表达载体pSilencer3.1-H1连接,构建载体pSilencer3.1-H1/NotⅠ,再用BamHⅠ和HindⅢ双酶切pSilenc-er3.1-H1/NotⅠ,将含靶向目的基因JAK2siRNA表达框的DNA模板与其连接,构建pSilencer3.1-H1/JAK2的shRNA表达载体,提取质粒DNA,用NotⅠ进行单酶切,快速选择阳性克隆,选取不能被NotⅠ切开的质粒进行测序鉴定。随后将pSilencer3.1-H1/JAK2转染胃癌细胞系,用Western blot检测JAK2蛋白的表达。结果通过测序证实pSilencer3.1-H1/NotⅠ和含JAK2siRNA表达框的表达载体成功构建,将其转染胃癌细胞系AGS后,抑制了JAK2蛋白的表达。结论通过对pSilencer3.1-H1表达载体的改建可以快速有效地筛选shRNA表达载体。     

Sorcin的表达影响人胶质瘤细胞对顺铂的敏感性

 目的： 研究可溶性耐药相关钙结合蛋白(sorcin)在人胶质瘤细胞对顺铂敏感性中的作用。方法：构建pSilencerTM 3.1-H1-sorcin siRNA表达质粒;质粒转染人胶质瘤U251细胞;RT-PCR和Western blotting法检测sorcin mRNA和蛋白表达的变化;MTT法检测U251细胞的生存率;Western blotting检测耐药相关蛋白的表达变化。结果：经酶切和测序鉴定,成功构建pSilencerTM3.1-H1-sorcin siRNA表达载体;将该表达载体转染U251细胞,RT-PCR和Western blotting结果显示sorcin mRNA和蛋白表达量降低（P<0.05）;MTT结果显示,抑制sorcin表达可增强U251细胞对顺铂的敏感性（P< 0.05）;同时发现抑制U251细胞的sorcin表达能降低耐药相关蛋白P-糖蛋白(P-gp)和多药耐药相关蛋白1(MRP1)的蛋白水平（P< 0.05）。结论：抑制sorcin表达增强U251细胞对顺铂的敏感性,其作用机制可能与降低耐药相关蛋白P-gp和MRP1的表达有关,提示sorcin可能与胶质瘤细胞顺铂耐药有关。     

P100蛋白及其片段重组质粒构建与表达

目的 分别将人类p100基因,p100 的SN基因片段和TD片段定向连入pERFP-CI质粒,使它们可与红色荧光蛋白在HeLa细胞内融合表达,从而为进一步研究P100蛋白及其片段的定位、功能及与其它蛋白的相互关系奠定实验基础.方法 PCR分别扩增出P100蛋白全长,SN片段和TD片段基因的序列,定向克隆至真核表达载体pERFP-CI, 构建相应的3种重组质粒.将构建成功的质粒转染入HeLa 细胞,荧光显微镜下可观察红色荧光融合蛋白表达.结果 ① PCR 法获得P100 基因序列, 长度为2 659 bp,SN基因片段1 918 bp,TD基因片段741 bp;②将重组质粒直接进行双酶切鉴定可见P100片段, 将经过蓝白斑筛选后的重组子经双酶切再与pERFP-CI载体连接并酶切得到SN片段和TD片段;③转染重组质粒后可观察到红色荧光蛋白的表达.结论 3种外源片段成功载入pERFP-CI质粒; P100全长、SN片段、TD片段均可与红色荧光蛋白在HeLa细胞中融合表达.     

pFlag-dlx3载体的构建及在iMDP3中的表达

目的构建真核表达载体p Flag-dlx3,并将其转染成牙本质样细胞株i MDP3,检测外源dlx3基因在i MDP3细胞内的表达。方法提取新生小鼠牙髓总RNA,RT-PCR扩增Dlx3目的基因片段,并将该片段克隆至PCR-TopoⅡ载体中;经鉴定正确后目的基因与表达载体p Flag-CMV连接;Lipofectamin 2000介导重组质粒p Flag-dlx3转染i MDP3;Western-blot鉴定外源性dlx3在细胞内的表达。结果重组p Flag-dlx3质粒经酶切、测序鉴定正确;i MDP3细胞内检测到外源dlx3蛋白的表达;转染p Flag-dlx3组dlx3蛋白的表达量显著高于正常组。结论成功构建真核表达载体p Flag-dlx3,且外源dlx3基因可在i MDP3细胞内过表达。     

小鼠酪氨酸羟化酶启动子克隆

为了克隆小鼠酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)启动子,并对其特异性调控能力进行研究,本实验采用重叠延伸PCR高保真扩增出小鼠TH启动子片段,测序正确后,重组构建质粒,并用TH启动子调控EGFP基因的表达。然后分别转染MN-9D细胞(TH+)和ECV细胞(TH-),观察EGFP基因在细胞内表达情况。结果显示:扩增出小鼠TH启动子序列与GenBank报道一致;单酶切和质粒PCR鉴定证实小鼠TH启动子和EGFP基因已经克隆入重组质粒中;小鼠TH启动子能调控EGFP在MN-9D细胞中表达,不能调控EGFP在ECV细胞内表达。初步确定克隆的小鼠TH启动子具有特异性调控目的基因表达的能力。     

小鼠FasL基因真核表达载体的构建及在HEK293细胞中的表达

目的构建含有小鼠Fas Ligand(FasL)基因的重组真核表达载体,并检测FasL蛋白在其稳定转染的HEK293细胞中的表达情况,为构建表达小鼠Fas L的树突状细胞(DC)模型,深入研究DC联合T细胞防治移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的新方法奠定基础。方法从小鼠脾脏中提取RNA并逆转录为cDNA,以该cDNA为模板扩增FasL基因,插入pcDNA3.1(+)载体中构建pcDNA3.1(+)-FasL重组质粒,利用脂质体将其转染HEK293细胞,用G418筛选稳定表达细胞系,Western blot确定重组蛋白的表达。结果通过酶切及测序证实FasL序列正确插入表达载体pcDNA3.1(+),Western blot检测证实转染重组质粒的细胞能正确表达FasL蛋白,G418筛选后能够得到稳定表达FasL的抗性细胞株即FasL-HEK293。结论重组质粒pcDNA3.1(+)-FasL和稳定表达FasL的HEK 293细胞成功构建,为后续FasL-DC细胞的研究打下了坚实基础。     

密码子优化HPV16衣壳基因真核共表达载体的构建及细胞转染

目的:构建密码子优化的HPV16衣壳基因真核共表达载体pcDNA3.1-L1-IRES-L2.方法:用PCR技术从988载体中获得L1-IRES-L2片段,将该片段克隆到pCR -XL-TOPO 载体,然后定向亚克隆到pcDNA3.1( )真核表达载体中,从而构建真核共表达载体pcDNA3.1-L1-IRES-L2;通过水动力转染技术(hydrodynamics-based transfection)和脂质体细胞转染法(liposome-mediated transfection of cells),检测衣壳基因的体内、外转录情况;重组质粒转染后293T细胞后观察其形态变化,用Western blot方法检测293T细胞中L1衣壳蛋白的表达.结果:酶切和测序结果表明真核共表达载体pcD-NA3.1-L1-IRES-L2构建正确.重组质粒中的L1和L2基因在小鼠肝脏、293T细胞中均发生转录.重组质粒转染293T细胞后出现CPE(cytopathic effect)现象,表明衣壳基因在细胞中已表达.Western blot方法检测发现L1蛋白在293T细胞中表达.结论:成功地构建了pcDNA3.1-L1-IRES-L2共表达真核载体,为进一步研究HPV16感染机制奠定基础.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.