大豆异黄酮对豚鼠乳头肌动作电位和心肌细胞钠电流的影响

目的 观察大豆异黄酮(soybean isoflavone,SI)对豚鼠乳头肌动作电位的影响和培养心室肌细胞钠电流的作用.方法 采用悬浮玻璃微电极法测定乳头肌的动作电位和全细胞膜片钳方法测定心室肌细胞的钠电流.结果 SI能剂量依赖性地降低乳头肌动作电位幅值(APA),且能同时缩短复极50%及90%水平的动作电位时程(APD50、APD90);SI 0.1μg/ml和1.0μg/m1对心室肌细胞钠电流抑制率是14.39%和23.48%.结论 SI对心肌有负性肌力作用,可使心肌细胞动作电位除极参数降低,动作电位时程缩短,对钠电流的抑制是其负性肌力作用和抗心律失常作用的离子机制之一.     

牛磺酸对甲亢豚鼠心室肌细胞电生理特性的影响

目的观察牛磺酸(Taurine T)对甲状腺机能亢进(以下简称甲亢)豚鼠离体心室肌细胞动作电位的影响,探讨牛磺酸对甲亢豚鼠心室肌细胞电活动的影响及其机制.方法采用微电极技术,引导心室肌细胞动作电位,观察在甲亢状态下牛磺酸对心室肌细胞动作电位各参数的影响.结果 (1)甲亢组豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位时程(APD20, APD50, APD90, APD)及有效不应期(ERP)显著缩短,甲亢豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位幅度(APA),零期最大除极速率(Vmax)无显著性变化;(2)加入牛磺酸后,甲亢豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位时程APD50, APD90, APD显著延长,而APD20及动作电位幅度(APA)无显著变化 ,零期最大除极速率(Vmax)显著降低,ERP显著延长;(3)给甲状腺功能正常组加入牛磺酸后,豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位时程APD20, APD50, APD90显著缩短,APD亦有缩短,但无显著性差别,ERP显著延长,APA无显著性变化,Vmax显著性降低.结论 (1)较高浓度的牛磺酸可能对甲亢豚鼠的离体心室肌细胞膜的外向(主要是K )电流具有一定的抑制作用;(2)对甲状腺功能正常豚鼠的心室肌细胞,一定程度上,可能促进钾外流;(3)无论是正常组还是甲亢组,在加入牛磺酸后,Vmax均出现显著降低,提示较高浓度的牛磺酸对心室肌细胞的INa也有影响.     

异丙酚对家兔心室外膜心肌细胞动作电位和L-型钙电流的影响

目的研究异丙酚对家兔左、右心室心外膜心肌细胞动作电位和L-型钙电流的影响。方法酶解法分离家兔左、右心室心外膜心肌细胞。全细胞膜片钳技术记录左、右心室心外膜心肌细胞动作电位和L-型钙电流(ICa-L)在使用异丙酚前后的变化。结果在电流钳制下,左、右心室心外膜心肌细胞动作电位都具有从0期到4期的动作电位形态,2相平台期有心外膜心肌细胞特有的穹窿样突起。异丙酚使右室心外膜心肌细胞动作电位失去2相平台期穹窿样突起,呈三角形尖锥锋形。左、右心室心外膜心肌细胞动作电位时程复极化50%和90%(APD50和APD90)在异丙酚作用后都明显缩短,其中右室心外膜心肌细胞APD50和APD90缩短最为明显(P<0.05或0.01)。在电压钳制下,异丙酚使左、右心室心外膜心肌细胞ICa-L在同一指令电位下,电流幅度均明显减小,但右室心外膜心肌细胞ICa-L的减小幅度明显强于左室同层ICa-L的减小幅度(P<0.01)。异丙酚还使左、右心室心外膜心肌细胞ICa-L的I-V曲线上移,并且使右室心外膜心肌细胞ICa-L的I-V曲线处在所有I-V曲线最上部。结论异丙酚对右室心外膜心肌细胞动作电位和ICa-L的影响程度明显强于左室,从而引起左、右心外膜心肌细胞电不均一性。     

兔右室流出道心肌细胞动作电位及钠钙交换尾电流特性

目的研究兔右室流出道(RVOT)心肌细胞动作电位及钠钙交换尾电流(INCX,tail)相关特性,探讨源于RVOT室性心律失常的发生机制。方法采用全细胞膜片钳技术记录兔右室(RV)游离壁和RVOT心肌细胞的动作电位,在不更换细胞及电极内液情况下连续记录INCX,tail,对比分析两者动作电位和INCX,tail特性。结果兔RVOT心室肌细胞动作电位复极时程(APD)的变异程度大于RV游离壁心肌细胞。在RVOT心肌细胞记录到早期后除极及显著延长的APD。动作电位显著延长及后除极的RVOT心肌细胞所对应的INCX,tail到达峰值时程较动作电位正常的细胞延迟,并且电流强度大于RV游离壁对照组心肌细胞(P<0.05)。结论 RVOT心肌细胞APD变异程度大,而且APD显著延长的RVOT细胞INCX,tail到达峰值时程延迟及相应电流显著增大,这是RVOT部位好发触发活动的重要机制。     

乳酸司帕沙星对豚鼠心肌细胞电生理的影响

分别采用心电图记录、细胞内微电极记录技术及全细胞膜片钳技术,观察乳酸司帕沙星（SPX）对豚鼠心脏QT间期、动作电位时程APD50、APD90和心肌细胞IK电流的影响。结果显示：①SPX可延长豚鼠心电图QT间期,且呈剂量依赖性;②SPX可延长APD50和APD90;③SPX可抑制心肌细胞IK电流,呈电压依赖性和浓度依赖性。提示SPX通过抑制心室肌细胞IK造成动作电位时程延长,有引发长QT综合征的危险,临床上应谨慎使用。     

17β-雌二醇对内皮素-1诱发的豚鼠心室肌细胞电生理变化的作用

采用标准玻璃微电极方法及全细胞膜片钳技术，观察17β-雌二醇（ES）对内皮素（ET－1）诱发的豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位的延长及其诱发的早期后除极的作用，并观察ES对分离的心室肌细胞的卜钙电流及ET－1诱发的卜钙电流增加的作用。结果显示：ES30μM灌流心肌细胞30分钟可明显缩短动作电位时程。ET－150nM延长动作电位时程（P＜0．01）并诱发早期后除极现象，给予ES可缩短ET1所致的动作电位的延长（P＜0．01），并抑制早期后除极。ET－1增加L-钙通道电流并使其电流-电压曲线左移。ES可部分抑制ET－1的上述作用。结论：ES可抑制心肌细胞膜的L-钙通道电流及ET－1所致的钙电流的增加，早期后除极。ES对ET－1的拮抗作用亦可能是其心血管保护作用的机制之一。     

溶血磷脂酸对豚鼠心室肌动作电位及延迟整流钾电流的影响

目的观察溶血磷脂酸（LPA）对离体豚鼠心室乳头肌动作电位及心室肌细胞延迟整流钾电流的影响。方法采用标准玻璃微电极技术记录豚鼠乳头肌动作电位。应用全细胞电压钳方法记录心室肌细胞延迟整流钾电流（Ik）。结果LPA0．1、1．0、10umol/L可浓度依赖性增加心室肌动作电位幅度（APA）（P〈0．05，P〈0．01，P〈0．01），延长动作电位50％、90％时程（APD50、APD90）（P〈0．05），钾通道阻断剂TEA可部分阻断LPA对APD50的延长作用。LPA0．1、1．0、10umol／L可明显抑制Ik（P〈0．05）。结论LPA可增加豚鼠心脏乳头肌动作电位幅值、延长动作电位时程，并抑制豚鼠心室肌细胞Ik。     

不同浓度的乙醇对离体豚鼠心肌动作电位的影响

目的 观察不同浓度的乙醇对豚鼠心肌电生理特性的影响。方法 采用标准玻璃微电极细胞内记录技术,记录离体豚鼠心肌细胞的动作电位。观察12.5,25.0,50.0,100.0及200.0 mmol/L乙醇对心房肌和心室乳头肌动作电位各参数的改变。结果 12.5~100.0 mmol/L 乙醇对心室乳头肌细胞的细胞膜静息电位（RMP）、动作电位幅值（APA）、动作电位时程（APD）、AP复极至50%的时程（APD50）及AP复极至90%的时程（APD90）等参数无明显影响;而200.0 mmol/L乙醇可显著降低APA（P<0.05）,50.0~200.0 mmol/L乙醇可明显延长心房肌细胞APD,APD50和APD90（P<0.05或P<0.01）。结论 乙醇对离体豚鼠心房肌、心室乳头肌电生理特性的影响有着明显差异。心房肌APD的延长可能与心房肌中分布的特殊离子通道被阻滞有关。     

黄芪总黄酮对柯萨奇B3病毒感染心肌细胞动作电位的作用

目的探讨黄芪总黄酮（TFA）对嗜心性柯萨奇B3病毒（CVB3m）感染心肌细胞动作电位的作用。方法采用体外培养小鼠新生心肌细胞方法,建立柯萨奇B3病毒感染心肌细胞模型,应用膜片钳技术中电流钳记录柯萨奇B3病毒感染心肌细胞动作电位。结果应用TFA组与柯萨奇B3病毒感染模型组相比较,动作电位幅值（APA）下降,差异有统计学意义（P=0．0065,n=8）,动作电位时程（APD）明显延长（P=0．00724,n=8）。结论黄芪总黄酮可显著降低柯萨奇B3病毒感染心肌细胞动作电位幅值（APA）,延长动作电位时程（APD）。     

异丙肾上腺素对犬心房肌细胞动作电位及L型钙电流的影响

目的研究两种浓度的异丙肾上腺素（Isoproterenol，ISO）对犬心房肌细胞（AP）及L型钙电流（ICa，L）的作用。方法采用离体灌注和消化的方法获取心房肌细胞，用全细胞记录技术记录单个心房肌细胞AP以及ICa，L。结果低浓度ISO（10nmol／L）可延长APD，可使90％AP时程（APD90）延长34．4％，并降低AP平台期水平。高浓度ISO（1μmol／L）可减少APD，APD90减少32．1％。两种浓度的ISO均可诱发AP后除极及触发活动。10nmol／L和1μmol／L ISO分别增加ICa，L 36．7％和49．3％。结论两种浓度的ISO对心肌细胞ICa，L均有促进作用，Ca^2＋内流引起的肌浆网Ca^2＋释放可能是房性心律失常的发生机制之一。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.