含头孢西丁方案治疗高度耐药的快速生长型非结核分枝杆菌肺部感染16例疗效观察

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect and safety of the regimen containing cefoxitin on highly drug-resistant rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacterial (RGM) pulmonary disease.Methods From January to December 2007, 16 patients with RGM pulmonary disease, who had been treated for 6 -48 months, average ( 15 ± 11 ) months but still sputum positive, were included in the study and treated with a new regimen containing cefoxitin, fluoroquinolone, macrolid, and SMZco.Cefoxitin was used in the first 3 months and the total duration of therapy was 18 months.Sputum conversion rate, radiology change and side effects were observed before and after the therapy.Results Underlying chronic diseases including COPD ( n = 2), tuberculosis ( n = 3 ), bone-marrow transplantation due to chronic leukemia ( n =1 ) and bronchiectasis ( n = 5), were present in 11 patients.Main symptoms before therapy were cough and expectoration.There were multi-focal patchy, small nodular shadows with cavities on CT scans.The 16 clinical strains were highly resistant to anti-tuberculous drugs: 15/16 to streptomycin, 16/16 to isoniazid,14/16 to rifampin, 13/16 to ethambutol, 14/15 to amikacin, 15/15 to capreomycin and 14/15 to ofloxacin.After treatment, the clinical symptoms improved in all patients.Eight of the 16 patients became sputum negative by 6 months which lasted to the end of the therapy, while another 8 patients remained sputum positive.Six patients showed radiological improvement.No one experienced side effects induced by cefoxitin.The total cure rate was 8/16.Conclusion The regimen containing cefoxitin has certain effect on highly drug-resistant nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease, especially for RGM.     

肺结核全肺切除近期并发症的治疗

目的 探讨肺结核全肺切除后并发症的诊断和治疗.方法 对北京胸科医院胸外科2000年9月至2010年9月经全肺切除治疗的206例肺结核患者术后近期手术并发症及其治疗效果进行回顾性分析.结果 206例中发生近期手术并发症的26例,术前病变类型:毁损肺12例,肺叶切除后余肺毁损4例,结核性支气管狭窄1例,肺结核合并脓胸2例,肺结核合并支气管胸膜瘘3例(经支气管镜检查证实),空洞型肺结核2例,肺结核合并大咯血2例.26例中左肺15例,右肺11例.入院查痰为痰菌阳性7例.26例中术后14个月内急性呼吸衰竭5例,经呼吸机治疗,3例治愈,2例死亡;术后3个月ARDS 2例,经呼吸机治疗,1例治愈,1例死亡;术后20 d胸腔内出血7例,2例治愈,5例死亡;术后4年脓胸8例,全部治愈;术后50 d支气管胸膜瘘4例,2例治愈,1例未愈,1例死亡.结论 药物治疗是结核病的重要治疗方法,但部分肺结核患者仍需要外科手术治疗,全肺切除可以提高重症肺结核的治愈率,绝大多数手术并发症均可治愈.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the diagnosis and management of short-term complications after pneumonectomy for pulmonary tuberculosis.Methods The clinical data and management of short-term complications in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis after pneumonectomy were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed.Results From September 2000 to September 2010, 206 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis underwent pneumonectomy, of whom 26 experienced complications shortly after the surgery.Postoperative acute type Ⅱ respiratory failure occurred in 5 within 14 months post-operation, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in 2 within 3 months post-operation, chest hemorrhage in 7 within 20 days postoperation, empyema in 8 within 4 years post-operation, and bronchopleural fistula in 4 cases within 50 days post-operation.Of the 7 cases with chest hemorrhage, 2 were cured and 5 dead.All the 8 cases with empyema were cured.Of the patients with bronchopleural fistula, 2 were cured, 1 failed, and 1 was dead.Conclusions Pneumonectomy for pulmonary tuberculosis carries a higher risk of developing serious complications such as chest hemorrhage, acute type Ⅱ respiratory failure and bronchopleural fistula.Most complications can be managed successfully if diagnosed and treated early.     

Tuberculous peritonitis in children：Report of nine patients and review of the literature

AIM：To present our experience with tuberculous peritonitis treated in our hospital from 2002-2007. METHODS： We reviewed the medical records of 9 children with tuberculous peritonitis. RESULTS： Nine patients （5 boys, 4 girls） of mean age 14.2 years were diagnosed with peritoneal tuberculosis. All patients presented with abdominal distention. Abdominal pain was seen in 55.5% and fever in 44.4% of the patients. Four cases had coexisting pleural effusion and two had pulmonary tuberculosis with parenchymal consolidation. Ultrasonography found ascites with septation in 7 patients. Two patients had only ascites without septation. Ascitic fluid analysis of 8 patients yielded serum-ascite albumin gradients of less than 1.1 gr/dL. Laparoscopy and laparotomy showed that whitish tuberculi were the most common appearance. Adhesions were also seen in three cases. The diagnosis of peritoneal tuberculosis was confirmed histo-pathologically in 7 patients and microbiologically in two. Two patients had been diagnosed by ascitic fluid diagnostic features and a positive response to antituberculous treatment. All patients completed the antituberculous therapy without any complications. CONCLUSION： Tuberculous peritonitis has to be clinically suspected in all patients with slowly progressive abdominal distension, particularly when it is accompanied by fever and pain. Laparoscopy and peritoneal biopsy are still the most reliable, quick and safe methods for the diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis.     

老年人复发性尿路感染长疗程治疗疗效观察

Objective To observe the therapeutic effects of the drugs alternation multiple stages and long term therapy in elderly patients with recurrent urinary tract infection.Methods The patients were divided into elderly group (age≥65 years,n=30) and non-elderly group (n=48).The multiple effective antibiotics were selected for alternate use.The treatment included four periods as follows:(1)Treatment period:the regular dose of antibiotic was maintained until the urine routine test result became normal;(2)Consolidation period:the dosage of antibiotic was reduced;(3)Maintenance period:the dosage of antibiotic was reduced to once every night and the treatment should be kept for three months;(4)Observation period:the patients were observed for six months after withdrawal of antibiotics.During the treatment,if the urine routine test became abnormal repeatedly,the patient should return to the previous treatment period.During the treatment and consolidation period,each medication should be applied for one week alternatively.Results Among 78 patients,69 cases (88.5%) were cured,7 cases (8.9%) were effective,and two cases (2.56%) were invalid.There were 28 cured cases,1 effective case and 1 invalid case in elderly group.The corresponding data were 41,6 and 1 in non-elderly group,respectively.There was no difference in cure rate between the two groups (F= 0.469).Compared with non-elderly group,the overall treatment time [(54.8± 16.2)weeks vs.(44.5± 13.7) weeks,t= 2.8467,P＜0.01],treatment period [( 34.3± 15.2) weeks vs.(26.2±14.8) weeks,t=2.2081,P＜0.05] and consolidation period [(5.7±2.6) weeks vs.(4.1±0.2) weeks,t=3.9369,P＜0.01] were all prolonged in elderly group.But there was no difference in maintenance period [(14.8±4.6) weeks vs.(14.2±3.1) weeks,t=0.6480,P＞0.05].There were no markedly changes in blood routine,liver and kidney function during the course of treatment.Conclusions For the elderly patients with recurrent urinary tract infection,the drugs alternation,multiple stages and long-term treatment has a high cure rate and no adverse effect on blood routine,liver and renal function.     

老年人复发性尿路感染长疗程治疗疗效观察

Objective To observe the therapeutic effects of the drugs alternation multiple stages and long term therapy in elderly patients with recurrent urinary tract infection.Methods The patients were divided into elderly group (age≥65 years,n=30) and non-elderly group (n=48).The multiple effective antibiotics were selected for alternate use.The treatment included four periods as follows:(1)Treatment period:the regular dose of antibiotic was maintained until the urine routine test result became normal;(2)Consolidation period:the dosage of antibiotic was reduced;(3)Maintenance period:the dosage of antibiotic was reduced to once every night and the treatment should be kept for three months;(4)Observation period:the patients were observed for six months after withdrawal of antibiotics.During the treatment,if the urine routine test became abnormal repeatedly,the patient should return to the previous treatment period.During the treatment and consolidation period,each medication should be applied for one week alternatively.Results Among 78 patients,69 cases (88.5%) were cured,7 cases (8.9%) were effective,and two cases (2.56%) were invalid.There were 28 cured cases,1 effective case and 1 invalid case in elderly group.The corresponding data were 41,6 and 1 in non-elderly group,respectively.There was no difference in cure rate between the two groups (F= 0.469).Compared with non-elderly group,the overall treatment time [(54.8± 16.2)weeks vs.(44.5± 13.7) weeks,t= 2.8467,P＜0.01],treatment period [( 34.3± 15.2) weeks vs.(26.2±14.8) weeks,t=2.2081,P＜0.05] and consolidation period [(5.7±2.6) weeks vs.(4.1±0.2) weeks,t=3.9369,P＜0.01] were all prolonged in elderly group.But there was no difference in maintenance period [(14.8±4.6) weeks vs.(14.2±3.1) weeks,t=0.6480,P＞0.05].There were no markedly changes in blood routine,liver and kidney function during the course of treatment.Conclusions For the elderly patients with recurrent urinary tract infection,the drugs alternation,multiple stages and long-term treatment has a high cure rate and no adverse effect on blood routine,liver and renal function.     

16排螺旋CT肺血管造影及重建技术在老年人肺动脉栓塞诊断中的应用

目的 研究16层螺旋CT肺血管造影及重建技术在老年人肺动脉栓塞(肺栓塞)诊断中的应用.方法 24例疑为肺栓塞的老年患者应用16层螺旋CT行肺动脉成像.CT后重建技术包括最大密度投影(MIP)、多平面重建(MPR)及容积再现(VR).结果 24例老年患者共发现肺动脉栓子161个,肺栓塞的直接CT征象:完全闭塞27支(占16.8%),不规则的充盈缺损109支(67.7%),中心性充盈缺损(轨道征)25支(15.5%).横断面图像共检出栓子161个,MPR像共检出153个(95.0%),MIP像检出113个(70.2%),VR像检出69个(42.9%).MIP和VR图像对栓子的显示效果相对较差,尤其是对肺叶及其以下肺动脉分支内栓子的显示效果明显低于横断面组(x2值分别为235.36和243.4l,均P＜0.05).结论 16层螺旋CT肺血管造影无创、快速、敏感性高,应当作为老年人肺栓塞的首选检查方法.

Abstract：

Objective To study the application of pulmonary angiography and reconstruction techniques with 16-detector row spiral CT in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) in the elderly.Methods Twenty-four elderly patients with suspected pulmonary thromboembolism received detection of CT and pulmonary artery angiography ( CTPA ) on 16-detector MSCT.Post-reconstruction techniques included maximum intensity projection (MIP), volume rendering (VR)and multiple planar reformation (MPR). Results A total of 161 pulmonary artery thrombi were detected in 24 elderly patients. The direct signs of pulmonary embolism included total occlusion (16.8%, 27/161), partial filling defect (67.7%, 109/161) and central filling defect or track sign (15.5%, 25/161). A total of 161 pieces of pulmonary thrombi were detected in transect image, 153 (95.0%) in MPR, 113 (70.2%) in MIP and 69 (42.9%) in VR. The transect image excelled evidently MIP and VR image in displaying pulmonary thrombi, especially the thrombi in pulmonary lobe and pulmonary artery branch (χ2 =235.36 and 243.41, P＜0.05). Conclusions The 16-detector row spiral CT pulmonary angiography is non-invasive, fast and high sensitive, it should be the first choice for the diagnosis of PE in the elderly.     

幽门螺旋杆菌根除治疗对老年人Barrett食管复发的影响

Objective To investigate the relationship between the recurrence of Barrett esophagus (BE) and Helicobacter pylori (Hp) eradication therapy, according to endoscopic follow-up outcomes in the elderly patients with BE after endoscopic argon plasma coagulation (APC). Methods A total of 201 elderly patients were enrolled to be treated with APC, including 53 patients without Hp infection (control group) and 148 cases with Hp infection (infection group), then the infection group was randomly divided into two groups: infection group A (n=74) and infection group B (n=74). After APC, all patients were given acid suppression therapy with omeprazole infusion 40 mg twice daily for 7 days, then omeprazole capsules 20 mg twice a day orally, the overall time was 2months. The patients in infection group B received Hp eradication therapy with two of the following three kinds of antibiotics for 2 weeks: amoxicillin 500 mg twice a day, clarithromycin 500 mg twice a day and tinidazole 500 mg twice a day. All patients received reexamination of endoscopy and pathology, and underwent 24-hour esophageal pH test 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after treatment.Results By APC treatment for an average of 2.4 times (1-3 times), 1 month after treatment, all BE epithelium disappeared and stratified squamous epithelium was repaired completely. Reflux esophagitis (RE) and BE in some cases were found in 3 groups 3 months after therapy. The relapse incidence of RE was significantly increased at 6 months after therapy [control group: 22.6%, infection group A:12.2o%and infection group B: 17. 6%, t = 2.21, 2.17 and 2.30,P＜0. 05]. At 12 months after therapy, the relapse incidence of BE was significantly increased [control group: 22.6%, infection group A: 18.9% and infection group B: 23.0%, t=2.11, 2.19 and 2.32, P＜0. 05]. All patients presented pathological gastro-esophageal reflux (DeMeester index＞14.72) before treatment. At 1 month after therapy, all patients returned to normal DeMeester index[control group: 14.5, infection group A: 15.2 and infection group B: 12.0, t=2.09, 2.22 and 2.15, P＜0. 05]. At 6 months after treatment, DeMeester index increased (t=2.29, 2.33 and 2.14, P＜0.05). But there were no significant differences among 3 groups (P＞0. 05). Conclusions The elderly BE patients with HP infection in gastric antrum can receive APC treatment plus Hp eradication treatment, but it has no significant effect on long-term prognosis for BE patients. APC treatment can completely remove BE epithelium, long-term acid suppression therapy may delay recurrence of BE.     

幽门螺旋杆菌根除治疗对老年人Barrett食管复发的影响

Objective To investigate the relationship between the recurrence of Barrett esophagus (BE) and Helicobacter pylori (Hp) eradication therapy, according to endoscopic follow-up outcomes in the elderly patients with BE after endoscopic argon plasma coagulation (APC). Methods A total of 201 elderly patients were enrolled to be treated with APC, including 53 patients without Hp infection (control group) and 148 cases with Hp infection (infection group), then the infection group was randomly divided into two groups: infection group A (n=74) and infection group B (n=74). After APC, all patients were given acid suppression therapy with omeprazole infusion 40 mg twice daily for 7 days, then omeprazole capsules 20 mg twice a day orally, the overall time was 2months. The patients in infection group B received Hp eradication therapy with two of the following three kinds of antibiotics for 2 weeks: amoxicillin 500 mg twice a day, clarithromycin 500 mg twice a day and tinidazole 500 mg twice a day. All patients received reexamination of endoscopy and pathology, and underwent 24-hour esophageal pH test 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after treatment.Results By APC treatment for an average of 2.4 times (1-3 times), 1 month after treatment, all BE epithelium disappeared and stratified squamous epithelium was repaired completely. Reflux esophagitis (RE) and BE in some cases were found in 3 groups 3 months after therapy. The relapse incidence of RE was significantly increased at 6 months after therapy [control group: 22.6%, infection group A:12.2o%and infection group B: 17. 6%, t = 2.21, 2.17 and 2.30,P＜0. 05]. At 12 months after therapy, the relapse incidence of BE was significantly increased [control group: 22.6%, infection group A: 18.9% and infection group B: 23.0%, t=2.11, 2.19 and 2.32, P＜0. 05]. All patients presented pathological gastro-esophageal reflux (DeMeester index＞14.72) before treatment. At 1 month after therapy, all patients returned to normal DeMeester index[control group: 14.5, infection group A: 15.2 and infection group B: 12.0, t=2.09, 2.22 and 2.15, P＜0. 05]. At 6 months after treatment, DeMeester index increased (t=2.29, 2.33 and 2.14, P＜0.05). But there were no significant differences among 3 groups (P＞0. 05). Conclusions The elderly BE patients with HP infection in gastric antrum can receive APC treatment plus Hp eradication treatment, but it has no significant effect on long-term prognosis for BE patients. APC treatment can completely remove BE epithelium, long-term acid suppression therapy may delay recurrence of BE.     

Long-term follow-up study of elderly patients with covered stent implantation after coronary perforation

ObjectiveTo evaluate the long-term efficacy of covered stent implantation in the treatment of elderly patients with coronary perforation while undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）.MethodsFrom June 2004 to June 2012, our center has followed ten elderly patients （age≥ 60 years） who sustained coronary perforation during PCI. The major adverse cardiac events （MACE） were observed as well. The patients were advised to take 75 mg/day Clopidogrel for two years, and indefinite use of 100 mg/day enteric-coated aspirin.ResultsSix out of the 10 patients aged from 60 to 76 years old （mean 68.6 ± 5.2 years） were male, four were female. The average diameter of the implanted stents was 3.3 ± 0.3 mm, and the average length was 22.1 ± 3.7 mm. All the ruptures were successfully sealed without intra-procedural death. The follow-up duration ranged from 0.6 to 67 months （mean 31.7 ± 24.5 months）. One patient died of multiple organ failure due to lung infection in 19 days after PCI; one died of cardiac sudden death in 13 months after PCI; one had angina pectoris in 53 months after PCI; one underwent multi-slice CT examination in six months after PCI, and no in-stent restenosis was found. The other four patients received angiography follow-up, and the results showed that three patients had no intra-stent restenosis, while one had left anterior descending （LAD） restenosis in the covered stent in 67 months after PCI. The in-hospital mortality was 10% （1/10）. The MACE rate in 12 months after PCI was 10% （1/10）. During the entire followed-up period, the restenosis rate in target vessels was 20% （1/5）, mortality was 20% （2/10）, and the MACE rate was 40% （4/10）.ConclusionTreatment of coronary perforation by using covered stents can achieve favorable long-term results; a two-year dual antiplatelet therapy （DAPT） after PCI can effectively prevent intra-stent thrombosis.     

含头孢西丁方案治疗高度耐药的快速生长型非结核分枝杆菌肺部感染16例疗效观察

目的 探讨含头孢西丁的治疗方案对高度耐药的快速生长型非结核分枝杆菌(NTM)肺疾病患者的疗效和安全性.方法 回顾性分析2007年1-12月经上海市肺科医院确诊的快速生长型NTM肺疾病患者16例,其中男7例,女9例,年龄32～74岁,平均(56±10)岁,既往治疗时间为6～48个月,平均(15±11)个月,而痰菌未阴转.化疗方案包括头孢西丁、第3代以上氟喹诺酮、大环内酯类、磺胺甲噁唑等,其中头孢西丁在强化期使用,疗程为3个月,总疗程1.5年以上,观察患者的痰菌阴转率、影像学表现及不良反应.结果 16例中5例无既往慢性疾病史,有支气管扩张症史5例,COPD史2例,结核病史3例,慢性白血病骨髓移植术后1例.治疗前主要症状为咳嗽、咳痰,影像学表现均为多发斑片状、小结节状阴影合并空洞形成.菌株对抗结核药物高度耐药,16例中耐链霉素15例,耐异烟肼16例,耐利福平14例,耐乙胺丁醇13例;15例中耐阿米卡星14例,耐卷曲霉素15例,耐氧氟沙星14例.治疗后患者的临床症状均缓解,8例在治疗半年内痰菌阴转并维持至疗程结束,另外8例的痰菌未能阴转.疗程结束时6例病灶吸收,其中4例为显著吸收,2例为吸收;10例病灶无变化;4例空洞闭合,2例空洞缩小,10例空洞无改变.治疗痊愈率为8/16.未出现因头孢西丁引起的不良反应.结论 含头孢西丁化疗方案对高耐药性的快速生长型NTM肺疾病有一定疗效,在无条件行菌种鉴定和药敏检测的前提下,可联合其他药物组成经验性化疗方案.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect and safety of the regimen containing cefoxitin on highly drug-resistant rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacterial (RGM) pulmonary disease.Methods From January to December 2007, 16 patients with RGM pulmonary disease, who had been treated for 6 -48 months, average ( 15 ± 11 ) months but still sputum positive, were included in the study and treated with a new regimen containing cefoxitin, fluoroquinolone, macrolid, and SMZco.Cefoxitin was used in the first 3 months and the total duration of therapy was 18 months.Sputum conversion rate, radiology change and side effects were observed before and after the therapy.Results Underlying chronic diseases including COPD ( n = 2), tuberculosis ( n = 3 ), bone-marrow transplantation due to chronic leukemia ( n =1 ) and bronchiectasis ( n = 5), were present in 11 patients.Main symptoms before therapy were cough and expectoration.There were multi-focal patchy, small nodular shadows with cavities on CT scans.The 16 clinical strains were highly resistant to anti-tuberculous drugs: 15/16 to streptomycin, 16/16 to isoniazid,14/16 to rifampin, 13/16 to ethambutol, 14/15 to amikacin, 15/15 to capreomycin and 14/15 to ofloxacin.After treatment, the clinical symptoms improved in all patients.Eight of the 16 patients became sputum negative by 6 months which lasted to the end of the therapy, while another 8 patients remained sputum positive.Six patients showed radiological improvement.No one experienced side effects induced by cefoxitin.The total cure rate was 8/16.Conclusion The regimen containing cefoxitin has certain effect on highly drug-resistant nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease, especially for RGM.     

胸部低剂量CT扫描在AIDS合并PCP体质量低者中的应用价值

目的探讨低剂量CT扫描在AIDS合并PCP体质量低者中的应用可行性及临床价值。方法将69例AIDS合并PCP体质量低患者,随机分成3组,分别采用管电压固定为120kV,常规剂量(自动mAs)与低剂量扫描,低剂量扫描管电流分别采用40mAs,30mAs,20mAs,对图像质量、辐射剂量进行分析,得出AIDS合并PCP体质量低患者的最优低剂量扫描方案。结果常规剂量扫描与低剂量扫描获得图像均能达到影像诊断要求。采用管电压固定为120kV,管电流为常规剂量、40 mAs、30 mAs、20 mAs组获得的平均辐射剂量CTDIvol分别为:6.65mGy、2.06 mGy、1.54 mGy、1.03 mGy,管电流20 mAs组最低,为常规剂量的15.5%。结论采用管电压kV值固定为120kV,管电流20mAs胸部低剂量CT扫描在AIDS合并PCP体质量低患者中图像质量能满足临床诊断要求,同时降低辐射剂量,值得推广。     

肺间质改变为主的继发性肺结核的CT诊断价值与疗效评价

目的 探讨以肺间质改变为主的继发性肺结核的CT表现特点及其在抗结核治疗后疗效评价的价值。 方法 收集CT扫描图像上以肺间质改变为主,且经过临床或病理证实的继发性肺结核患者43例,男23例,女20例,年龄范围19~54岁［平均(29±11.4)岁］。痰Mtb涂片检查阳性者29例,余经痰Mtb培养阳性、支气管镜、穿刺活检或临床治疗随访证实。所有患者均在抗结核治疗前后行多次CT检查,双盲法动态观察CT表现特点及其征象转归。 结果 该类型的肺结核好发于两肺上野（30/43）,多为节段性分布,呈小片状或大片融合状,多数肺间质病变与正常肺组织界限清楚。CT上肺间质改变主要表现为小叶内细网织线影、微结节、树芽征、磨玻璃样密度影、小叶间隔增厚和气道壁增厚等,检出率分别为100.0%（43/43）、100.0%（43/43）、76.7%（33/43）、62.8%（27/43）、53.5%（23/43）和55.8%（24/43）。经抗结核治疗后以上肺间质性改变均有不同程度吸收,在巩固期末（6个月）后4种征象吸收率均达93%以上。 结论 以间质改变为主的肺结核是一种特殊类型的继发性肺结核,CT检查能够清晰客观显示该类型肺结核间质改变的特点,有助于该病的提示性诊断并可以观察和评价治疗的预后。     

16层螺旋CT低剂量与常规剂量扫描的对照研究

目的通过对16层螺旋CT肺部低量与常规剂量扫描的对比分析，肺部低剂量检查的临床应用价值及优势。方法分析55例早期肺癌病变并经手术证实的患者，均为采用低剂量扫描体检时发现，短时间内又用常规剂量扫描，低剂量采用（120kV、20Eff．mAs），常规剂量采用（120kV、100Eff．mAs）扫描，对比分析两种扫描方法对病灶影像显示率及影像质量等因素有无差异性。结果低剂量扫描检查对病灶的显示与常规扫描检查均无明显差异，图像质量优良，纵膈窗图像噪声较大，但不影响纵膈内淋巴结及钙化的冠状动脉的显示。低剂量扫描剂量当量（CTDL）仅为常规扫描的20％。结论肺部CT扫描检查可采用低剂进行扫描，其对肺内病灶的显示与常规cT扫描无差别，并且可以明显减少患者的X线辐射剂量。     

肺结核患者的Th1/Th2细胞因子失衡

目的　探讨肺结核患者是否存在Th1/Th2反应失衡 ,以及与病情严重程度和治疗反应的关系。方法　对 10 0名健康对照和 12 4例未经治疗的菌阳肺结核患者检测血清IgE、IL 4和IFN γ ,比较两组间差异并分析其与病情严重程度、治疗后痰菌阴转情况及初复治的关系。结果　肺结核组血清IgE(1.0 4 8± 0 .4 96 )、IL 4 (0 .4 39± 0 .16 0 )显著高于健康对照组 (分别为 0 .86 7± 0 .2 89和 0 .4 2 1±0 0 2 4 ) ,而血清IFN γ(0 .2 13± 0 .0 17)显著低于健康对照组 (0 .2 2 4± 0 .0 0 5 )。病灶范围大或有空洞形成的患者血清IL 4显著高于病灶范围小的患者 ,复治患者IL 4和IFN γ显著低于初治患者。抗结核治疗 2个月后痰菌未转阴组与痰菌阴转组相比 ,前者治疗前血清IL 4较高而IFN γ较低。结论　未经治疗的肺结核患者存在Th1反应减弱 ,Th2反应增强 ,其中病灶范围大或有空洞形成的患者更为显著。而且Th1反应较弱者治疗效果较差。     

初治痰菌阳性肺结核疗程结束时空洞或结核球内细菌学分析

目的对初治痰菌阳性肺结核病例短程化疗结束后痰菌阴转，但肺内仍存在结核球或空洞病灶的病例，经皮肺穿刺取材进行细菌学检查，评价短程化疗的疗效。方法2002年1月至2004年5月，选择初治痰菌阳性肺结核83例，患者均经过常规抗结核药物（异烟肼、利福平、乙胺丁醇、吡嗪酰胺）短程化疗，疗程末痰涂片及痰培养均为阴性，但肺部X线表现仍存在空洞或结核球，在疗程结束后1个月内，在CT引导下经皮肺穿刺对空洞壁或空洞内容物或结核球取材，进行细菌学检查，并对检查结果进行分析。结果对活检组织均进行涂片及培养检查，痰菌阴转病例中仅75例（90．4％）获得的组织标本阴性结果，8例（9.6％）获得阳性结果（其中3例为涂片阳性、培养阳性；5例为涂片阴性、培养阳性）。药敏试验结果1例对异烟肼、利福平耐药，其余7例为敏感菌株。24个月的随访结果有6例痰菌阳转。结论初治痰菌阳性空洞、结核球肺结核病例的短程化疗后，组织标本细菌学检查阳性结果的8例病例中在2年内有6例出现痰细菌学复发，提示目前普遍采用的肺结核疗效判断标准（痰菌阴转）值得商榷。     

Three cases of tuberculosis complicating acute respiratory distress syndrome

In this report, we describe three patients with pulmonary tuberculosis with acute respiratory failure with an extensive tuberculous consolidation in bilateral lung fields. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was present in one patient and miliary tuberculosis in two patients. They all developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), nessecitating management by mechanical ventilation with a combination therapy of antituberculous agents and methylprednisolone (m-PSL) pulse therapy. Only one patient survived in whom the PaO2/FiO2 ratio recovered rapidly after the initiation of therapy. Two patients whose systemic condition upon admission was critically ill eventually died of hepatic failure and bacterial pneumonia, even though ARDS and pulmonary tuberculosis were successfully treated. Prognosis of pulmonary tuberculosis complicating ARDS and DIC is poor, and these patients need systemic intensive treatment, in which m-PSL therapy may be beneficial.     

肺结核合并支气管结核97例临床分析

目的探讨肺结核合并支气管结核的临床特点。方法回顾性分析97例肺结核合并支气管结核临床资料。结果临床以咳嗽(82.5%)、咳痰(80.4%)、发热(45.4%)、不同程度咯血或血丝痰(23.7%)等为主要症状,胸部CT以肺不张或膨胀不全(44.2%)及浸润增殖性病灶(37.9%)为主要表现,并可见支气管狭窄阻塞、支气管扩张、支气管播散、支气管充气征、纵隔淋巴结增大、纵隔淋巴结钙化等表现,痰涂片或培养检查抗酸杆菌阳性率较高(63.9%),尤其在多叶段浸润增殖病灶患者中其阳性率高达83.3%。纤支镜检查以主支气管及叶支气管开口受累显著(64.8%),多气管支气管受累患者达81.4%,且多种支气管镜下表现类型并存,纤支镜刷检抗酸杆菌、组织活检阳性率分别为55.9%、69.4%。接受纤支镜介入治疗的患者仅有18例,其中6例支气管狭窄闭塞并肺不张患者行气管镜下支气管球囊扩张术治疗,5例支气管狭窄好转。结论肺结核合并支气管结核患者临床表现无特异性。胸部CT对观察支气管损伤及淋巴结病变能提供较大帮助。气管镜检查仍为其重要诊断手段,镜下可见多气管支气管受累,且镜下表现类型相互重叠。球囊扩张术可有效改善支气管狭窄。     

Treatment of hepatic failure secondary to isoniazid hepatitis with liver transplantation

Summary Two patients with liver failure secondary to isoniazid hepatotoxicity were successfully treated with orthotopic liver transplantation. A 49-year-old man received isoniazid prophylaxis for a positive tuberculin test, and a 60-year-old woman was treated for active pulmonary tuberculosis with isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide. Both patients developed hepatic failure 4 and 1.5 months after initiation of antituberculous drug therapy, respectively. Liver transplantation was performed for progressive hepatic failure and was successful in both patients. The patient with active pulmonary tuberculosis was successfully treated with a modified antituberculous drug regimen while taking standard doses of immunosuppressive drugs after transplantation. In conclusion, liver transplantation is feasible and effective therapy for patients with isoniazid-induced hepatic failure, and active pulmonary tuberculosis may represent a relative rather than absolute contraindication to transplantation.     

High incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the non-HIV infected immunocompromised patients in Hong Kong

In areas where tuberculosis is endemic, clinicians managing immunocompromised patients (ICP) are confronted with the possibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a pathogen. To determine the incidence and clinical pattern of, the diagnostic approach to, and potential therapeutic implications of pulmonary tuberculosis in this patient population, we reviewed 62 non-HIV infected ICP in Hong Kong who had bronchoscopy because of pulmonary infiltrates. Pulmonary tuberculosis was the second most common cause after bacterial infections. Clinical and radiographic presentations of 12 patients with tuberculosis were nonspecific. Flexible bronchoscopy for tuberculosis carried a diagnostic sensitivity of 91.7 percent. We conclude that for the non-HIV infected ICP from areas where tuberculosis is endemic: M tuberculosis should be suspected as the pathogen; radiographic findings are diagnostically not helpful; FB is a sensitive diagnostic test for tuberculosis and in smear-negative cases where tuberculosis is suspected, initiation of empiric anti-tuberculosis therapy should be considered while awaiting culture results.     

结节病胸部影像学特征及其治疗后的变化

目的 探讨结节病胸部CT特征及其治疗后的变化.方法 回顾分析上海市肺科医院2000年1月至2006年3月收治的、经病理证实的90例结节病患者的临床资料及胸部CT表现.90例中男32例,女58例,年龄31～71岁,其中43例复查CT 2～8次,间隔时间最短5 d,最长1个月.随访时间最短3个月,最长4年.结果 CT影像表现为结节69例(77%),主要沿支气管血管束分布37例(41%),团块31例(34%),磨玻璃影39例(43%),支气管血管束增粗30例(33%),小叶间隔线58例(64%),纤维化17例(19%,包括支气管变形8例,条索影5例,蜂窝影4例),空气潴留3例(3%),支气管狭窄8例(9%),胸膜改变42例(47%),肺门纵隔淋巴结增大76例(84%),肺部病变并存83例(92%).结节、团块、磨玻璃影、支气管血管束增粗的患者治疗后随访复查5 d至4年,好转例数分别为25例(25/30)、9例(9/15)、11例(11/16)及10例(10/12);小叶间隔线、支气管变形、条索影、蜂窝影吸收好转例数分别为10例(10/22)、0例(0/4)、1例(1/3)及0例(0/2).结论 结节病胸部CT表现形式多样,具有一定特征,治疗中CT追踪检查可提高确诊率,且有利于观察治疗效果;结节、团块、磨玻璃影、支气管血管束增粗的患者治疗后吸收明显,表现为线状影、支气管变形、弥漫条索影、蜂窝影的患者治疗后吸收不佳.