华东和华南地区商品猪戊型肝炎病毒携带率和基因分型分析

Objective To determine the prevalence and genotype of hepatitis E virus (HEV)among commercial swine population in Eastern and Southern China. Methods Six hundred specimens of swine bile collected from 5 slaughterhouses in Eastern and Southern China from 2007 to 2009 were tested for HEV RNA using nested RT-PCR. PCR products were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. Results Forty-seven out of the 600 samples (7.83%) were positive for HEV RNA. Based on the 150 nt fragment within HEV ORF2, data from phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the 47 HEV isolates were identified to be genotype Ⅳ, sharing 75.0%-83.4%, 75.0%-84.6%, 71.9%-80.7% and 88.1%-91.5% nucleotide identities with prototype Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ HEV strains respectively while majority of the isolates clustered within their respective isolation sites. Conclusion HEV was widespread in commercial swine population in Eastern and Southern China that raised a serious concern about the safety regarding the consumption of pork products.     

华东和华南地区商品猪戊型肝炎病毒携带率和基因分型分析

Objective To determine the prevalence and genotype of hepatitis E virus (HEV)among commercial swine population in Eastern and Southern China. Methods Six hundred specimens of swine bile collected from 5 slaughterhouses in Eastern and Southern China from 2007 to 2009 were tested for HEV RNA using nested RT-PCR. PCR products were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. Results Forty-seven out of the 600 samples (7.83%) were positive for HEV RNA. Based on the 150 nt fragment within HEV ORF2, data from phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the 47 HEV isolates were identified to be genotype Ⅳ, sharing 75.0%-83.4%, 75.0%-84.6%, 71.9%-80.7% and 88.1%-91.5% nucleotide identities with prototype Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ HEV strains respectively while majority of the isolates clustered within their respective isolation sites. Conclusion HEV was widespread in commercial swine population in Eastern and Southern China that raised a serious concern about the safety regarding the consumption of pork products.     

广东省2008－2009 年沙门菌监测

目的 了解广东省腹泻患者中沙门菌的感染及沙门菌暴发的情况以及沙门菌株的血清型别、耐药性和分子特征.方法 对纳入研究的腹泻病患者进行沙门菌的检测,对日常监测中分离到的菌株和暴发监测收集到的菌株进行血清分型、药物敏感试验和脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分型.结果 2008年共检测1922份粪便标本,分离到7l株沙门菌,阳性率为3.7%;2009年检测2110份粪便标本,分离到85株沙门菌,阳性检出率为4.0%;156株菌共分37种血清型,鼠伤寒和肠炎沙门菌居多;监测到10起由沙门菌污染引起的食物中毒事件,其中有4起由肠炎沙门菌引起,有3起由鼠伤寒沙门菌引起;发现1起疑似肠炎沙门菌暴发,并开展流行病学调查,结果提示4名病例中有2名病例是感染同一来源的肠炎沙门菌;229株沙门菌对头孢类和喹诺酮类抗菌药物敏感率达80%以上,59.3%是多重耐药沙门菌.结论 在广东省引起感染性腹泻和食物中毒的沙门菌主要为肠炎沙门菌和鼠伤寒沙门菌.

Abstract：

Objective To understand the infection of Salmonella (S.) in patients with diarrhea and outbreaks caused by Salmonella to identify the serotypes, resistance to antibiotics and PFGE types of the strains from the surveillance program in Guangdong province. Methods S. strains from patients with diarrhea were detected, and all the positive strains collected in routine and outbreak surveillance programs, were tested by serum agglutination, antibiotic susceptibility and PFGE.Results 71 S. strains were isolated from 1922 stool samples in 2008, with positive rate as 3.7%.85 S. strains were isolated from 2110 stool samples in 2009, with positive rate as 4.0%. All the 156 strains were divided into 37 serotypes, with S. serotype typhimurium and enteritidis as the most common serotypes. 10 incidents of food poisoning were detected, of which 4 were caused by enteritidis and 3 by typhimurium. A suspected outbreak by enteritidis was discovered and under epidemiological investigation. The findings indicated that 2 of the 4 patients from this outbreak were infected with identical enteritidis isolates. 80% of the 229 isolates were found susceptible to cephalosporins and quinoione and 59.3% of them were muitiresistant to the antibiotics. Conclusion S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium were the most common serotypes that caused infectious diarrhoea and food poisoning in Guangdong province.     

浙江省2008-2009年三起诺如病毒胃肠炎暴发的病原分子特征分析

Objective To study the molecular characteristic of norovirus in 3 outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Zhejiang province. Methods During January 2008 and December 2009, fecal specimens of patients were collected from 3 outbreaks of acute viral gastroenteritis. Noroviruses were detected by Real-time RT-PCR. Part of the positive samples were randomly selected and detected by RT-PCR. PCR products were sequenced. Sequence analysis was undertaken based on partial sequence of RNA dependent RNA polymerase(RdRp)and capsid protein gene. Some positive samples were amplified by 3' RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA 3' ends), 3200 bp in length. The exact whole ORF2, ORF3 and 3' untranslation regions(UTR)gene of norovims were identified. Results There were in total 3 outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis caused by norovirus being reported. A total of 62 stools were obtained from cases with acute gastroentefitis. Noroviruses were detected in 41 cases including 27 strains of genogroup Ⅰ norovirus and 9 strains of genogroup Ⅱ norovirus, 5 strains of genogroup Ⅰ + Ⅱ norovirus. Four genotypes including G Ⅰ .8, G Ⅱ .b, G Ⅰ .2/0 Ⅰ .6 recombination together with co-infection of G Ⅰ .8 and G Ⅱ .b were detected. Conclusion Norovirus was confirmed as the major cause of outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis in Zhejiang province and multiple genotype of norovirus were identified from the outbreaks. It was the first time to have found a recombinant of G Ⅰ .6 capsid and G Ⅰ .2 polymerase norovims as well as the co-infection of G Ⅰ .8 and G Ⅱ .b norovirus in the same sample.     

浙江省2008-2009年三起诺如病毒胃肠炎暴发的病原分子特征分析

Objective To study the molecular characteristic of norovirus in 3 outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Zhejiang province. Methods During January 2008 and December 2009, fecal specimens of patients were collected from 3 outbreaks of acute viral gastroenteritis. Noroviruses were detected by Real-time RT-PCR. Part of the positive samples were randomly selected and detected by RT-PCR. PCR products were sequenced. Sequence analysis was undertaken based on partial sequence of RNA dependent RNA polymerase(RdRp)and capsid protein gene. Some positive samples were amplified by 3' RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA 3' ends), 3200 bp in length. The exact whole ORF2, ORF3 and 3' untranslation regions(UTR)gene of norovims were identified. Results There were in total 3 outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis caused by norovirus being reported. A total of 62 stools were obtained from cases with acute gastroentefitis. Noroviruses were detected in 41 cases including 27 strains of genogroup Ⅰ norovirus and 9 strains of genogroup Ⅱ norovirus, 5 strains of genogroup Ⅰ + Ⅱ norovirus. Four genotypes including G Ⅰ .8, G Ⅱ .b, G Ⅰ .2/0 Ⅰ .6 recombination together with co-infection of G Ⅰ .8 and G Ⅱ .b were detected. Conclusion Norovirus was confirmed as the major cause of outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis in Zhejiang province and multiple genotype of norovirus were identified from the outbreaks. It was the first time to have found a recombinant of G Ⅰ .6 capsid and G Ⅰ .2 polymerase norovims as well as the co-infection of G Ⅰ .8 and G Ⅱ .b norovirus in the same sample.     

,China)[Objective] To understand the spe

ricles were scraped off by a bistoury at first and then pre-served in 70% of ethanol.Hoyer's medium was used to mount the chigger mites onto glass slides and the specimens of the chigger mites on the slides were finally identified into species under a microscope.Dispersion coefficient,clumping index,cassie index and patchiness index were used to analyze the spatial patterns of Chigger Mites.[Results] The captured 302 small mammals were identified as 16 species and 13 genera in 7 families.4 550 individuals of Chigger Mites were collected from the two auricles of 302 small mammal hosts and then they were identified as 63 species and 12 genera in     

鼠疫耶尔森菌rRNA基因识别特征研究

目的 分析鼠疫耶尔森菌(鼠疫菌)的rRNA基因识别特征.方法 通过比较基因组学方法,利用Clustal W软件,对目前已完成全基因组测序的9株鼠疫菌的rRNA基因序列进行分析,分别比对rRNA基因簇两侧的2000bp序列、基因簇内16S、23S、5S rRNA及16S～23S基因间隔区序列,以确定鼠疫菌rRNA基因的识别特征.结果 菌株D182038、D106004、Z176003和CO92分别有6个rRNA基因簇拷贝(6拷贝菌株),菌株91001、KIM、Nepa1516、Antiqua和Pestoides F分别有7个rRNA基因簇拷贝(7拷贝菌株).按照两侧2000bp序列不同,可将鼠疫菌rRNA基因簇分成13种类型,并可将6拷贝与7拷贝菌株进行区分;16S～23S rRNA基因间隔区含有4种不同种类和数量的tRNA基因,可将6拷贝菌株和7拷贝菌株分别进行区分;23S rRNA基因在不同菌株间及不同rRNA拷贝间的碱基突变数方差分析显示,各菌株间F=0.548,P=0.815>0.05;各拷贝间F=5.228,P<0.01.结论 鼠疫菌rRNA基因簇两侧序列、间隔区tRNA基因和23S rRNA基因可作为识别不同菌株和不同rRNA基因簇拷贝的指标,将鼠疫菌不同菌株进行分类.

Abstract：

Objective To study the identification characteristics of rRNA genes on Yersinia (Y.)pestis.Methods By means of comparative genomics,we compared the rRNA genome sequences of nine completely sequenced strains of Y. pestis isolated from China and other countries by Clustal W software.we also compared the 2000 bp sequence adjacent to the rRNA genes,rRNA genes and 16S-23S rRNA spacer region respectively to determine the identification features of rRNA genes for Y. pestis.Results There were 6 rRNA gene clusters in the strains of D182038,D106004,Z176003 and CO92 respectively(6 copies strain).There were 7 rRNA gene clusters in the strains of 91001,KIM,Nepa1516,Antiqua and Pestoides F(7 copies strain).According to the 2000 bp sequence,13 types of rRNA gene clusters could classify the strains between the 6 copies and 7 copies.There were 4 types of tRNA gene among the 16S-23S rRNA spacer region that could classify the strains among the 6 copies and 7 copies strains respectively.The number of point mutation among the 23S rRNA gene was statistically different in some copies under ANOVA analysis(F=0.548,P=0.815>0.05 among the strains and F=5.228,P<0.01 among the copies).Conclusion The 2000 bp sequence adjacent to the rRNA genes,tRNA gene and 23S rRNA gene sequence could serve as the identification sign of rRNA genes for classifing the strains of Y. pestis.     

烧伤科耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌杀白细胞素基因检测及SCCmec分子流行病学调查

目的 研究临床分离的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)分子流行病学特点,为临床预防MRSA流行、制定防治方案等提供科学依据.方法 采用聚合酶链反应(PCR技术)对烧伤科2010年4月14日-6月1日临床标本中分离的24株MRSA进行SCCmec分型及pvl基因检测;纸片扩散法检测MRSA对21种抗菌药物的耐药性.结果 24株MRSA中,SCCmecⅢ型20株占83.3％,4株未分型占16.7％,pvl基因均为阴性;SCCmecⅢ 型的菌株除对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺、喹奴普汀/达福普汀敏感以外,对其他抗菌药物均耐药.结论 医院烧伤科临床分离MRSA的SCCmec型别主要以SCCmecⅢ型为主,携带SCCmecⅢ型的MRSA对抗菌药物呈现多药耐药现象.     

血流感染金黄色葡萄球菌分子特征及毒力基因分析

目的了解新疆军区总医院血流感染金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离株的分子特征,检测毒力基因携带情况及其对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性。方法收集2012-2016年新疆军区总医院不同血流感染患者分离的53株金黄色葡萄球菌,应用聚合酶链式反应(Polymerase Chain Reaction,PCR)鉴定甲氧西林耐药性;应用SCCmec分型、spa分型、多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing,MLST)等分子分型方法对金黄色葡萄球菌进行分析,PCR检测pvl等21种毒力基因,分析不同克隆毒力基因携带情况,观察菌株对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性。结果 53株金黄色葡萄球菌中30株为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA),23株为甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus,MSSA)。30株MRSA菌分为4种ST型和4种spa型,3种SCCmec型,优势流行克隆为MRSA-ST239-t030-SCCmecⅢ占90.0%(27/30)同时鉴定出3株社区获得性MRSA。23株MSSA鉴定出10种ST型、14种spa型,主要流行克隆为ST22-t309,检出4株动物源性的克隆ST398。所有菌株中均检测到hla及hld两种溶血素基因,ST239克隆均携带有sea,see,hla,hld以及hlg-2基因,少量菌株还携带有pvl,sed等基因。ST22克隆则携带有包括pvl,seg等8种毒力基因。MRSA菌株对常用抗菌药物呈现高度耐药,MSSA菌株对青霉素、红霉素的耐药率分别为91.3%和69.6%,对其他抗菌药物敏感。结论引起新疆军区总医院血流感染主要MRSA克隆为MRSAST239-t030-SCCmecⅢ,对抗菌药物耐药程度较高;主要MSSA克隆为ST22-t309,携带较多毒力基因,具有高毒力。     

上海市16个冷却塔水中军团菌脉冲场凝胶电泳分型及基因型监测

Objective To investigate the genotypic characteristics and persistence of Legionella pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns in 16 air-conditioner cooling towers in six different public sites of Shanghai. Methods From May to October, continuous sampling was operated once per month in 2007. Legionella strains isolated from the 16 cooling towers were confirmed by serological and latex agglutination. PFGE was applied for the fingerprinting of the isolates, while the culster results of PFGE were analyzed by BioNumerics software. Results 131 strains of Legionella were isolated, including L. pneumophila, L. bozemanae, L. micdadei and L anisa.52 distinguishable PFGE patterns were differentiated among the 16 cooling towers, with 37 patterns were owned by just one cooling tower, which was not shared with other cooling towers, while 15 patterns were shared by more than 2 cooling towers. All the cooling towers had ≥2 PFGE patterns,while in 13 cooling towers the same PFGE patterns were recovered during the six months. From June to October of 2007, 18 strains of Legionella belonging to the PFGE pattern of LPAs. SH0078 were isolated continuously from 6 cooling towers. Conclusion This study demonstrated great genotypic diversity and complexity of Legionella in cooling towers. Persistence of the PFGE patterns was observed in 81.25% of the cooling towers. The PFGE pattern of LPAs. SH0078 was distributed widely,suggesting it might be the dominate strain in Shanghai.     

47株金黄色葡萄球菌临床血流感染分离株的基因分型研究

目的 研究金黄色葡萄球菌临床血流感染分离株的分子流行病学特征.方法 收集2006年1月至2008年12月解放军总医院分离的临床血流感染金黄色葡萄球菌菌株(共47株),标本来源均为患者静脉血.采用琼脂稀释法检测所有菌株对多种抗生素的耐药性,PCR方法 检测pvl毒素基因,DiversiLab~(TM)Rep-PCR分型系统分析菌株的同源性;对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)进行葡萄球菌染色体/mec(SCCmec)分型以及ST239型别的快速筛查;综合分型和药敏试验结果,挑选部分代表菌株进行多位点序列分型(MLST).结果 47株血流感染金黄色葡萄球菌中,pvl基因检出率为4.3%.MRSA占51.1%.MRSA均为SCCmec Ⅲ型菌株;Rep-PCR分为A～L共12个型,其中A型为最主要的型,共22株(46.8%),所有的MRSA均属于A、B两型.结论 47株临床血流感染金黄色葡萄球菌中的MRSA绝大部分为多重耐药克隆ST239-MRSA-SCCmecⅢ型.     

徐州地区116株MRSA耐药性分析与分子流行病学调查

目的了解耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)感染现状和耐药机制,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法收集徐州地区2012—2015年各类标本中分离的金黄色葡萄球菌(SA),用头孢西丁纸片扩散法初筛MRSA菌株,扩增mecA基因进行确认,K-B法检测MRSA对药物的敏感性,E-test法测定万古霉素的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),采用多重PCR进行葡萄球菌染色体mec(SCCmec)基因分型。结果 2012—2015年210株SA共检出MRSA116株,其中mecA基因阳性114株,MRSA总检出率为55.24%。MRSA对万古霉素、奎奴普丁/达福普汀、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺的敏感率均为100%,对氯霉素和呋喃妥因的耐药率最低,分别为15.52%、1.72%,MRSA对10种抗菌药物的耐药率80%;MRSA对青霉素类、氨基糖苷类、红霉素、喹诺酮类、磺胺类、利福平、四环素、克林霉素的耐药率高于甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)。2012—2015年万古霉素对MRSA的MIC均为1.0μg/mL,MIC90均为1.5μg/mL,2015年发现1株MRSA的万古霉素MIC为2.0μg/mL。116株MRSA分型结果显示,SCCmecII型11株(9.48%),SCCmecIII型85株(73.28%),SCCmecIV型4株(IVa和IVb型各2株,均为1.72%),未分型MRSA16株(13.79%),未检出SCCmecI和V型。结论 MRSA呈严重的多重耐药,对万古霉素MIC无漂移,临床MRSA分离株以SCCmecIII型为主,临床应采取感染控制措施,控制MRSA感染。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and genotypic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from food and food animals

Staphylococcus aureus is commonly present in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial resistance and genetic characteristics of S. aureus from food and food animals in Shaanxi Province in China. A total of 332 nasal swabs, breast skin swabs, raw milk, and pork samples were collected from local pig, dairy farms, or local grocery stores and screened for the presence of S. aureus. S. aureus isolates were characterized using antimicrobial susceptibility, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis, and polymerase chain reaction for detecting pvl and mecA genes. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains were additionally tested for SCCmec type and exfoliative toxin genes. The prevalence of S. aureus was 30.6% in pig nasal swabs, 32.5% in pork, 25.7% in cow nasal swabs, 30.8% in cow breast skin swabs, and 29.3% in milk samples. Resistances were common among isolates tested against erythromycin (65.7%), tetracycline (65.7%), ciprofloxacin (52.7%), followed by gentamicin (36.7%), chloramphenicol (23.1%), cefoxitin (8.3%), and oxacillin (7.7%), but no isolate was resistant to vancomycin, amikacin, or cefoperazone. pvl gene was found in the isolates from all types of samples except from cow nasal swabs. Fourteen isolates from pig nasal swabs contained mecA gene and were considered as MRSA. PFGE analysis showed that nasal isolates differed from food isolates, but isolates from the same animal source appeared to cluster closely. The PFGE patterns of MRSA isolates were different from other S. aureus isolates from pig nasal cavity even though they were from the same source. All the MRSA isolates belonged to SCCmec type IV(b). No isolates contained exfoliative toxin genes. These findings indicated that S. aureus, including multidrug-resistant S. aureus, are widely spread in food animals and animal-derived foods in Shaanxi Province, China. MRSA isolates from pigs may pose potential health risks for workers in swine farms and the community at large.     

金黄色葡萄球菌耐药相关基因及SCCmec分型研究

摘要:目的　对郑州地区分离的金黄色葡萄球菌进行耐药性研究,了解其耐药基因携带情况,为临床抗感染治疗提供依据。方法　对2013年7月-2014年7月郑州某三甲医院分离的86株金黄色葡萄球菌,测定25种药物敏感性,应用普通PCR测定10种耐药基因,同时采用多重PCR方法对28株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（Methicillin Resistant S. Aureus,MRSA）进行葡萄球菌染色体mec基因盒（Staphyloccoccal Cassette Chromosome mec,SCCmec）分型。结果　菌株对抗菌药物呈多重耐药,其中青霉素耐药率最高,为95.3%。有11种抗生素的耐药率大于50%;10种耐药相关基因检测结果显示acc（6'）/aph（2"）、aph（3'）-III、ant（4',4"）、ermA、ermB、ermC、msrA、tetM、tetK阳性率分别为100%、72.1%、86.0%、95.3%、79.1%、93.0%、58.1%、97.7%、81.4%,未检测出blaTEM;28株MRSA中14株为SCCmecⅢ型,8株为SCCmecⅠ型,4株为SCCmecⅣE型,2株未能分型。结论　郑州地区分离的金黄色葡萄球菌呈多重耐药,携带较多耐药基因,本地区MRSA以SCCmecⅢ型为主。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌基因诊断及多重PCR SCCmec基因分型方法的建立

目的建立对临床分离的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)基因诊断和金黄色葡萄球菌染色体mec基因盒(SCCmec)基因分型的方法。方法对临床分离的11株金黄色葡萄球菌采用双重PCR(femA和mecA)鉴定,再将鉴定为MRSA的临床菌株和3株标准株用多重PCR方法在一个反应体系(针对MRSA的8个基因)中进行SCCmec基因分型。结果临床分离株中有6株鉴定为MRSA,对其和MRSA标准株的多重PCR基因分型结果显示,两株临床株为SCCmecⅡ型,4株为Ⅲ型,标准株SA-w2为Ⅰ型,MRSA252为Ⅱ型。结论该研究可以很好地对临床MRSA进行基因诊断和分型,对MRSA的诊断和分型、耐药研究以及分子流行病学有重要意义。     

临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药特点和MRSA分子分型

目的研究耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的耐药性及其基因分型。方法收集某院2014年1月—2015年11月检出的非重复金黄色葡萄球菌967株,检测其药敏结果及mecA抗性基因、杀白细胞素(PVL)基因;MRSA菌株经多重PCR进行葡萄球菌盒式染色体mec(SCCmec)分型、多位点序列分型(MLST)、金黄色葡萄球菌蛋白A基因(spa)分型、金黄色葡萄球菌附属因子调节子(agr)分型。结果 967株金黄色葡萄球菌共检出210株MRSA,MRSA检出率为21.72%;痰标本MRSA检出率高于皮肤软组织标本(68.09%vs 11.83%,P0.05);金黄色葡萄球菌中未发现对万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药菌株,MRSA对庆大霉素、四环素、红霉素、克林霉素、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、莫西沙星、呋喃妥因、利福平的敏感率均低于MSSA,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);MRSA对复方磺胺甲口恶唑的敏感率高于MSSA,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。皮肤软组织分离的MRSA对庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、莫西沙星、利福平的敏感率为86.90%~95.24%,而痰分离的MRSA仅为1.56%~15.63%。967株金黄色葡萄球菌检测出210株携带mecA基因,10株携带PVL基因,210株MRSA中有8株未分型,占3.81%。MLST主要以ST239(177株)为主;SCCmec分型主要以Ⅲ型(177株)为主;spa分型主要以t 030(177株)为主;agr分型主要以Ⅰ型(196株)为主。结论该院MRSA菌株主要流行克隆ST239-MRSA-SCCmecⅢ-t030,耐药形势严峻,应加强医院内耐药菌株的监测。     

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in the greater Düsseldorf area

Over a period of three years the incidence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates in 11 hospitals in the greater Düsseldorf area was observed. From a total of 7,814 S. aureus isolates, 489 (6.3%) were methicillin resistant. From 198 different patients, MRSA first isolates and 291 second isolates could be cultured. Methicillin resistance among all S. aureus isolates from 11 hospitals in the greater Düsseldorf area, ranged from 0.5 to 7.8% dependant on the size of the hospital. The highest incidence (7.8%) was found in a 1,500 bed hospital and the lowest incidence in a smaller 200 bed hospital (0.5%). With respect to the distribution among clinical departments the highest incidence of MRSA isolates was found on intensive care units and surgical wards, 25.5% and 13.0% respectively. The commonest specimen from which the MRSA isolates were cultured were respiratory secretions (17.6%) followed by central venous catheter tips (12.8%). In terms of the drug resistance pattern: all isolates were resistant to the amino- glycosides and gyrase inhibitors, whereas between 80% and 90% were sensitive to fusidic acid, chloramphenicol and pyrimethamine-sulfamethoxazole. All the strains were sensitive to the glycopeptide antibiotics, vancomycin and teicoplanin. Strain typing of 181 available first isolates (from a total of 198 first isolates) by PFGE and phage lysotyping produced identical results in more than 90% of all cases. Twenty-eight different MRSA strain types were identified by PFGE and in total 23 lysotypes could be determined. During the period of investigation an increased incidence of MRSA on an intensive care unit was observed, in which a total of 204 MRSA (42% of the total number) were isolated. The strain typing using both methods showed that on that ICU eight different MRSA types were involved in this outbreak. A hygiene plan was implemented on the unit with considerable success in reducing the incidence and spread of MRSA.     

社区获得性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌SCCmec基因分型及药敏结果

目的了解某院门诊和住院患者标本分离的社区获得性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（CA MRSA）盒式染色体基因（SCCmec）型别以及CA MRSA耐药性。方法收集该院2011年5月—2015年8月分离的MRSA及其相关病史资料,利用聚合酶链反应（PCR）方法进行MRSA的mecA基因和CA MRSA的SCCmec基因分型检测,对CA MRSA进行药物敏感性试验并进行统计分析。结果共收集MRSA 305株,其中mecA阳性296株。CA MRSA 88株,占29.73%（88/296）,其中48株为SCCmecⅣ型,36株为SCCmecⅤ型,4株未定型。药敏试验显示,CA MRSA对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素均100%敏感,对青霉素和苯唑西林100%耐药;SCCmecⅣ和Ⅴ型CA MRSA对左氧氟沙星、利福平、环丙沙星的耐药率比较,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。SCCmec Ⅳ、Ⅴ型CA MRSA对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、呋喃妥因、红霉素的耐药率均>58%。结论该院CA MRSA的SCCmec分型以Ⅳ和Ⅴ型为主,且耐药率较高,临床医生应对此高度重视,根据药敏结果合理应用抗菌药物。     

社区糖尿病人群携带金黄色葡萄球菌的 分型与耐药谱关系研究

摘要:目的　了解社区糖尿病人群携带金黄色葡萄球菌的分型情况并分析其耐药谱。方法　随机抽取佛山市里水镇11个社区糖尿病人438名并收集其鼻拭子样本,根据传统实验室方法分离鉴定金黄色葡萄球菌,采用头孢西丁纸片扩散法和mecA基因扩增法进行耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus,MRSA）的鉴定,利用多重聚合酶链式反应（Polymerase Chain Reaction,PCR）的方法对MRSA菌株进行葡萄球菌染色体盒（Staphyloccoccal Cassette Chromosome mec,SCCmec）的分子分型,应用K-B纸片扩散法分析金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药谱。结果　438份样本中分离出43株金黄色葡萄球菌,检出率为9.82%,其中22株（5.02%）为MRSA。22株MRSA中,医院获得性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（Hospital-Acquired MRSA,HA-MRSA）7株,社区获得性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（Community-Acquired MRSA,CA-MRSA）10株,SCCmec未分型5株。金黄色葡萄球菌除对替考拉宁无耐药外,对其他抗生素均有不同程度的耐药,MRSA的耐药率普遍高于甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus Aureus,MSSA）的耐药率,两者对红霉素和克林霉素耐药率差异有统计学意义,36.36%（8/22）的MRSA具有多重耐药性,MSSA中未发现多重耐药菌株。结论　该地区糖尿病人群携带的金黄色葡萄球菌中MRSA比例高,所携带的MRSA中以CA-MRSA为主,MRSA对抗生素的多重耐药问题值得重视。