精索静脉高位结扎加旋髂浅静脉转流治疗精索静脉曲张症

应用显微外科技术行精索静脉高位结扎加旋髂浅静脉转流治疗精索静脉曲张症11例(12侧)。介绍了手术操作方法和疗效,对手术适应证和本疗法的优点作了简要讨沦。     

显微外科精索静脉曲张切除术治疗男性不育

精索静脉曲张(VAC)是导致男性不育的常见原因。手术是治疗VAC的主要方法。传统手术方法包括Palo-mo手术、经腹股沟精索内静脉高位结扎术及腹腔镜手术术后睾丸鞘膜积液、睾丸动脉损伤等并发症的发生率及VAC复发率较高。近年来国际上兴起的显微外科精索静脉曲张切除术(MV)可有效的保护精索淋巴管及睾丸动脉,彻底结扎除输精管静脉外的所有精索静脉,使并发症及复发率大为降低。MV可显著改善VAC不育患者的精液质量,提高妊娠率;对严重少弱精子症或非梗阻性无精子症的患者的精液质量也有改善作用,目前已成为治疗VAC的"金标准"。     

显微双分流术治疗精索静脉曲张16例报告

应用显微外科技术作精索内静脉结扎,再与腹壁下、腹壁浅静脉双分流,治疗精索静脉曲张16例,术后症状与体征完全消失15例,减轻1例。认为双分流法可提高手术成功率,且可使分流完全彻底。     

腹腔镜下精索内静脉高位结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张的临床疗效观察

目的观察腹腔镜下精索内静脉高位结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析对精索静脉曲张45例患者采用腹腔镜下精索静脉高位结扎术治疗的临床资料。结果本组患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间30～60 min,平均40 min。术后左阴囊气肿2例,反应性睾丸鞘膜积液1例,阴囊坠胀不适感2例,均未做任何处理,2 d内自行消退。所有患者精索静脉曲张症状均消失或明显改善,无复发和睾丸萎缩。结论腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张创伤小、复发率低,必将彻底代替传统的开放性手术。     

精索内静脉腹壁下静脉吻合术治疗精索静脉曲张临床应用初步报告

精索静脉曲张是青年男性常见病,亦是引起男性不育的常见原因之一,虽然目前惯用的精索内静脉高位结扎术对精索静脉曲张的治疗收到了较好效果,但仍有复发。1987年6月起,我们采用显微外科技术施行精索内静脉腹壁下静脉吻合术治疗精索静脉曲张3例。     

精索静脉高位结扎加旋髂浅静脉转流治疗精索静脉曲张症

精索静脉曲张是青年男性生殖系常见病,其发病率为5～16％,在原发性不育中,有39％的患者由精索静脉曲张所引起,以往施行单纯精索静脉高位结扎治疗精索静脉曲张,虽收到较好效果,但术后复发率为10～25％,自1986年9月以来,我们应用显微外科技术施行精索静脉高位结扎加旋髂浅静脉转流术治疗精索静脉曲张症11例,12侧,年龄17～28     

腹腔镜Palomo手术治疗双侧精索静脉曲张(附22例报告)

对精索静脉曲线的治疗传统Palomo术式是采用腹股沟切口,经腹膜后将包括精索动脉在内的精索组织高位结扎,结扎所有的精索静脉。双侧精索静脉曲张患者采用传统手术方式需要做2个切口,从腹膜后单独游离出精索静脉予以结扎,易漏扎精索静脉分支导致术后精索静脉曲张复发。2002年5月～2008年12月,我们对22例双侧精索静脉曲张行腹腔镜Palomo手术,疗效满意,现报道如下。     

应用显微外科治疗精索静脉曲张的体会

应用显微外科技术施行精索内静脉-腹壁下静脉转流手术治疗精索静脉曲张20例,结果症状在1~3个月内消失;8例不育患者中5例已致孕,致孕率达63%。认为显微外科技术的应用是保证转流手术成功的关键,可减少或避免出现并发症。     

精索静脉高位结扎术与分流术的疗效比较

治疗精索静脉曲张的手术方式有两类，即精索静脉高位结扎木和高位结扎加分流术。我院自1985年以来收治精索静脉曲张65例，其中35例采用精索内静脉高位结扎术，30例采用结扎加分流术，现根据临床结果，将两种术式的临床疗效对比分析如下。1资料与方法1.1一般资料本组65例，年龄19～46岁，平均325岁。左侧精索静脉曲张61例，双侧精索静脉曲张4例；中度（Ⅱ度）精索静脉曲张47例，重度（Ⅲ度）精索静脉曲张18例。病程4个月～8年。因不育就诊28例，精索静脉高位结扎术后复发4例。1.2手术方式35例采用腹股构管内精索内静脉高位结扎术，30例采用腹…     

经外环下切口治疗复发性精索静脉曲张的临床效果观察

目的:观察经外环下切口精索静脉结扎术治疗复发性精索静脉曲张的临床效果。方法:30例精索静脉曲张患者行经腹股沟入路精索静脉高位结扎术,术后平均1.6年复发,采用外环下切口二次手术治疗,观察术后疗效及并发症。结果:除1例出现局部阴囊水肿外,其余均未见明显并发症,且术后随访观察两年未见再次复发。结论:对于精索静脉曲张外科手术治疗后复发的患者,行原切口找寻精索困难,采用外环下切口可以快速准确地找寻精索,比原位切口手术效率更高,且术后复发率低。     

传统经腹股沟、显微技术和腹腔镜精索静脉结扎术后并发症发生率的对比研究

目的探讨经腹股沟切口显微精索静脉结扎术与传统经腹股沟、腹腔镜技术精索静脉结扎术的安全性。方法回顾性分析自2005年6月至2006年12月间收治的118例精索静脉曲张患者（156侧）3种不同术式术后并发症的发生率，其中60例采用经腹股沟途径显微技术，40例采用传统经腹股沟技术，18例采用腹腔镜精索静脉结扎术。随访时间6～12个月。结果显微技术、传统经腹股沟途径、腹腔镜技术精索静脉结扎术后阴囊水肿发生率分别为0％（0／76）、6％（3／50）、3．4％（1／30）；复发率分别为1．67％（1／76）、7．5％（4／50）、6．7％（2／30），三组均未见睾丸萎缩。经统计学分析，显微技术阴囊水肿发生率低于另外两组（P〈0．05）。复发率及睾丸萎缩发生率在三组间无统计学差异。结论较传统经腹股沟途径和腹腔镜技术精索静脉结扎术，经腹股沟途径显微技术未发生术后阴囊水肿，曲张复发率低，是一种值得推广的安全术式。     

Treatment of palpable varicocele in infertile men: a meta-analysis to define the best technique

To date, there have been no randomized, controlled, prospective clinical studies that compare various techniques to describe the best method for the treatment of varicocele in infertile men. This meta-analysis aims to address the best treatment modality for palpable varicocele in infertile men. A MEDLINE search was performed for articles published between January 1980 and April 2008, and we analyzed 36 studies reporting postoperative spontaneous pregnancy rates and/or complication rates after varicocele repair using various techniques in infertile men with palpable unilateral or bilateral varicocele. Spontaneous pregnancy rates and postoperative complications such as hydrocele formation, recurrence, or persistence were compared among the techniques. In addition, interventional failure with radiologic embolization and reported complications with the laparoscopic approach were reviewed. Overall spontaneous pregnancy rates were 37.69% in the Palomo technique series, 41.97% in the microsurgical varicocelectomy techniques, 30.07% in the laparoscopic varicocelectomy techniques, 33.2% in the radiologic embolization, and 36% in the macroscopic inguinal (Ivanissevich) varicocelectomy series, revealing significant differences among the techniques (P = .001). Overall recurrence rates were 14.97% in the Palomo technique series, 1.05% in the microsurgical varicocelectomy techniques, 4.3% in the laparoscopic varicocelectomy techniques, 12.7% in the radiologic embolization, and 2.63% in the macroscopic inguinal (Ivanissevich) or subinguinal varicocelectomy series, revealing significant difference among the techniques (P = .001). Overall hydrocele formation rates were 8.24% in the Palomo technique series, 0.44% in the microsurgical varicocelectomy techniques, 2.84% in the laparoscopic varicocelectomy, and 7.3% in the macroscopic inguinal (Ivanissevich) or subinguinal varicocelectomy series, revealing significant difference among the techniques (P = .001). We conclude that the microsurgical varicocelectomy technique has higher spontaneous pregnancy rates and lower postoperative recurrence and hydrocele formation than conventional varicocelectomy techniques in infertile men. However, prospective, randomized, and comparative studies with large number of patients are needed to compare the efficacy of microsurgical varicocelectomy with that of other treatment modalities in infertile men with varicocele.     

Clinical outcome of microsurgical varicocelectomy done for pain

Surgical ligation for varicocele is primarily used in the management of male infertility patients. However, effectiveness of the ligation for painful varicocele is still controversial. We reviewed record s from 18 patients (average age 17.8 years) who underwent varicocele ligation done for pain at our institution from June 1999 to May 2010. The varicocele was on the left side and was grade III in 15 cases and grade II in 3 cases. The pain was classified into three types ; discomfort, dull pain and sharp pain. Microsurgical varicocelectomy was done with inguinal or subinguinal approach. Evaluation of postoperative pain was available in 17 patients, and 15 patients (88%) reported complete resolution of the pain with averaged follow up duration of 11 months (3 to 53 months). We concluded that microsurgical varicocelectomy using the inguinal or subinguinal approach was an effective treatment modality for varicocele-associated pain.     

外环小切口睾丸提出显微精索静脉结扎术

目的 :探讨外环小切口显微精索静脉结扎术的疗效。　方法 :4 8例精索静脉曲张病人 ,采用外环小切口睾丸提出显微精索静脉结扎术。　结果 :6个月后 ,精液检查各项指标改善者 30例 ,6例不育者配偶已受孕。全部病例无复发 ,无睾丸萎缩及鞘膜积液。　结论 :该术式有并发症少、复发率低及近期效果显著等优点     

Microsurgical varicocelectomy: a review

Varicocelectomy is the most commonly performed surgical procedure for the treatment of male infertility. Although several different techniques for varicocele repair have been described in the literature, microsurgical varicocelectomy performed through a subinguinal or inguinal incision is recognized as the gold-standard approach for varicocelectomy, due to high success rates with minimal complications. Standard indications for varicocelectomy include palpable varicocele(s), with one or more abnormal semen parameters, and, for the couple trying to conceive, in the setting of normal or correctable female infertility. However, varicocele repair is often recommended and undertaken for reasons other than infertility, including low serum testosterone, testicular pain, testicular hypotrophy and poor sperm DNA quality. This article reviews the technical aspects of microsurgical varicocelectomy, and its indications in adults and adolescents.     

Microsurgical varicocelectomy for clinical varicocele: A review for potential new indications

Microsurgical varicocelectomy is considered the gold‐standard technique treating varicocele in both adults and adolescents, due to relatively more favourable outcomes and lower post‐operative recurrence and complication rates. Despite of mounting literature on this topic, several aspects are still not well defined. We summarised the most recent literature and presented findings that might extend its indications. Microsurgical varicocelectomy and intracytoplasmic sperm injection are both effective to father a child for infertile men with clinical varicocele even for those with worst condition of spermatozoa, nonobstructive azoospermia, and prior varicocele repair has substantial benefits for couples with a clinical varicocele. Microsurgical subinguinal and inguinal varicocelectomy seem to have comparable effectiveness for adolescents and infertile men with varicoceles. However, the subinguinal approach may have some advantages to deal with painful varicocele. The superior outcomes of bilateral varicocelectomy for patients with clinical left varicocele and concomitant clinical right varicocele are justified, while the benefit is still uncertain for concomitant subclinical right varicocele. Varicocelectomy may have the potential to improve sexual function along with serum testosterone. In conclusion, indications for microsurgical varicocelectomy may be extended by the concomitant right and left clinical varicocele and sexual dysfunction with varicocele.     

Open non‐microsurgical,laparoscopic or open microsurgical varicocelectomy for male infertility: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

Study Type – Therapy (systematic review) Level of Evidence 1a What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? There are several surgical techniques for the treatment of varicocele in infertile men, including open non‐microsurgical, laparoscopic and microsurgical varicocelectomy. It is currently unclear, however, which is the most beneficial method for patients. The present meta‐analysis found that microsurgical varicocelectomy is the most effective and least morbid method among the three varicocelectomy techniques for treating varicocele in infertile men.

OBJECTIVE

• ? To compare various techniques of open non‐microsurgical, laparoscopic or microsurgical varicocelectomy procedures to describe the best method for treating varicocele in infertile men.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• ? We searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) – Science Citation Index and the Chinese Biomedicine Literature Database up to June 2011. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the present study.
• ? The outcome measures assessed were pregnancy rate (primary), the incidence of recurrent varicocele, time to return to work, the incidence of postoperative hydrocele and operation duration (secondary).
• ? Two authors independently assessed the study quality and extracted data. All data were analysed using Review Manager (version 5.0).

RESULTS

• ? The present study included four randomized controlled trials comprising 1,015 patients in total.
• ? At the follow‐up endpoints, patients who had undergone microsurgery showed a significant advantage over those who had undergone open varicocelectomy in terms of pregnancy rate (odds ratio [OR]= 1.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19–2.23].
• ? There was no significant difference between laparoscopic and open varicocelectomy (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.65–1.88) or between microsurgery and laparoscopic varicocelectomy (OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 0.84–2.24).
• ? The incidences of recurrent varicocele and postoperative hydrocele were significantly lower after microsurgery than after laparoscopic or open varicocelectomy.
• ? The time to return to work after microsurgery and laparoscopic varicocelectomy was significantly shorter than that after open varicocelectomy.
• ? The operation duration of microsurgical varicocelectomy was longer than that of laparoscopic or open varicocelectomy.

CONCLUSIONS

• ? Current evidence indicates that microsurgical varicocelectomy is the most effective and least morbid method among the three varicocelectomy techniques for treating varicocele in infertile men.
• ? More high‐quality, multicentre, long‐term RCTs are required to verify the findings.

     

MICROSURGICAL REPAIR OF THE ADOLESCENT VARICOCELE

Purpose

Since clinically apparent varicoceles may affect testicular volume and sperm production, early repair has been advocated. However, repair of the pediatric varicocele with conventional nonmagnified techniques may result in persistence of the varicocele after up to 16% of these procedures. Also testicular artery injury and postoperative hydrocele formation can occur after nonmagnified repair. The microsurgical technique has been successfully completed in a large series of adults with a dramatic reduction in complication and recurrence rates. We report our experience with the microsurgical technique in boys.

Materials and Methods

A total of 30 boys (average age 15.9 years) underwent 42 microsurgical varicocelectomies (12 bilateral). All patients had a large left varicocele. Indications for repair included testicular atrophy (size difference between testicles of greater than 2 ml.) in 20 boys, pain in 5 and a large varicocele without pain or testicular atrophy in 5. Six boys were referred following failure of conventional nonmicrosurgical techniques. All boys were examined no sooner than 1 month postoperatively (mean followup 12).

Results

Preoperative volume of the affected testis averaged 13.0 ml., and an average size discrepancy between testicles of 2.8 ml. was noted before unilateral varicocelectomy. No cases of persistent or recurrent varicoceles were detected, and 1 postoperative hydrocele resolved spontaneously. After unilateral varicocelectomy the treated testes grew an average of 50.1%, while the contralateral testes grew only 23%. Overall, 89% of patients with testicular atrophy demonstrated reversal of testicular growth retardation after unilateral varicocelectomy. In contrast, both testes showed similar growth rates after bilateral varicocelectomy (45% left testis, 39% right testis).

Conclusions

The meticulous dissection necessary to preserve arterial and lymphatic supply, and to ligate all spermatic veins in the pediatric patient is readily accomplished using a microsurgical approach, and results in low recurrence and complication rates. Rapid catch-up growth of the affected testis after microsurgical varicocelectomy suggests that intervention during adolescence is effective and warranted.     

Surgical treatment of varicocele with inguinal microligation technique. 6-year experience

BACKGROUND: Varicocele is found approximately in 15% of the male population and is considered a major cause of infertility. Varicocele management include surgical (traditional or laparoscopic) or conservative techniques (sclerotherapy). The authors present their experience on microsurgical inguinal varicocelectomy. This technique has been adopted since 1992 to decrease the incidence of recidives of high spermatic vein ligation; it also permitted to use local or loco-regional anesthesia, reducing time of hospitalization and realizing a minimally invasive approach. METHODS: From 1992 to 1997, 433 microsurgical inguinal varicocelectomy with artery and lymphatic sparing have been performed at the Militar Hospital of Milan in 409 young men with idiopathic varicocele. All patients were discharged 24 hours after operation. Only those who lived particularly far from the hospital remained for 48 hours. RESULTS: Clinical controls were performed I, III, VI months after operation. At the third control (VI month), a new semen analysis was performed, and 65% of patients had an improvement of seminal characteristics. In 394 patients, a complete resolution of varicocele was observed; 4 patients had a recurrence of the pathology and 11 had a recidive. Seventy-three patients who presented a concomitant homolateral inguinal hernia were treated at the same time. CONCLUSIONS: The conclusion is drawn that microsurgical ligation of spermatic veins represents a good surgical option in the treatment of varicocele. It is a quite simple technique that guarantees a low risk of recidives, permits using local or loco-regional anesthesia and can be performed in day-surgery with good results, few complications and good short and long term results.