The role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt prior to abdominal tumoral surgery in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension.

INTRODUCTION: Major abdominal surgery can be contraindicated in some cirrhotic patients because of severe portal hypertension. The present study reports our experience of three patients with abdominal tumours prepared for surgery by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) in order to reduce portal hypertension and the risk of intraoperative bleeding. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension diagnosed with a right colon carcinoma, an adenocarcinoma of pancreas and a gastric and sigmoid synchronic tumours in the same patient. Because portal hypertension was the leading cause of surgical contraindication, neoadjuvant TIPS placement was proposed before surgery. RESULTS: TIPS placement was performed without intra-procedure complications. An average reduction of 18 mmHg was achieved in portosystemic gradients. The planned operations were performed with a delay of 14-45 days after TIPS without intraoperative bleeding. Complications occurred in one patient without operative mortality. CONCLUSION: TIPS placement allows a pre-operative portal decompression in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension and abdominal tumours that require surgical treatment. This procedure reduces the risk of bleeding by reducing the portosystemic gradient and the varices around the tumoral area. This procedure is less invasive than conventional shunt surgery, but it is not free of complications and should be performed by experienced interventional radiologists on selected patients. This is still an experimental indication of TIPS which efficacy must be confirmed in larger series.     

肝癌门静脉癌栓多排螺旋CT三维成像

目的 探讨门静脉癌栓多排螺旋CT3D成像的临床意义。方法 收集了57例门静脉3D成像,6例正常,5例肝硬化门脉高压,42例肝癌门静脉癌栓,4例肝门部淋巴结肿大患者,所有病例来源于肝脏常规双期扫描。对比剂按1.5-2ml/kg,对比剂注射流率2.5-3ml/s,门脉期延迟时间60-70s。对肝癌形成的42例门静脉癌栓进行轴位和3D成像观察,并行两组对照。结果 根据癌栓不同部位分为门脉左支(13例)、右支(20例)、主干(9例)3种类型。3D成像与轴位之间对显示门静脉癌栓没有差异性(P>0.05),但3D对显示主干栓塞形成的侧支循环优于轴位。结论 门静脉癌栓多排螺旋CT3D成像可较好地多方位显示癌栓部位及癌栓类型,CT3D成像和轴位结合可更好地对门静脉癌栓作出判断,以进一步指导临床对治疗方案的选择。     

高强度聚焦超声治疗门静脉癌栓的初步临床观察

目的:探讨高强度聚焦超声(high intensity focused ultrasound,HIFU)治疗门静脉癌栓(portal vein tumor thrombosis, PVTT)的安全性和有效性。方法:应用FEP-BY01型肿瘤超声治疗机对42例原发性肝癌合并的门静脉癌栓进行HIFU治疗。结果:HIFU治疗后31％(13／42)癌栓消失;33．3％(14／42)癌栓部分消失; 35．7％癌栓不消失。未发生皮肤烧伤、出血和胃肠道穿孔等并发症。结论:HIFU治疗PVTT是一种新的和安全有效的局部治疗方法。     

Multidetector CT portal venography in evaluation of portosystemic collateral vessels

This essay shows the usefulness of multidetector CT angiography for evaluation of the splenoportal venous system, which is essential in the management of patients with portal hypertension and its complications, such as portal vein thrombosis. By providing scanning with reconstruction of thin axial source images and reformatting into thicker multiplanar reformats, multidetector CT can help to determine the extent and location of portosystemic collateral vessels in patients with portal hypertension and is probably the optimal imaging technique in this setting.     

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: experience in the oncology setting

BACKGROUND: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement has emerged as an effective and minimally invasive method of treating portal hypertension and its associated complications. To the authors' knowledge there is limited documentation of its use for percutaneous shunting in patients with hepatic and extrahepatic malignancies. The current study reports the authors' experience with TIPS in the oncology setting. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients with cancer underwent TIPS procedures. Nineteen patients had a history of hepatic malignancy. All medical records and imaging studies were reviewed retrospectively. The indication for TIPS, the presence of malignancy, procedural details, complications, survival, and treatment success were assessed. RESULTS: Primary technical success was accomplished in 37 of 38 patients (97%) without technical procedure-related complications. Hepatic encephalopathy occurred in 15 of 34 patients (44%), with 3 patients requiring shunt reduction. Premature shunt occlusion (< 30 days) occurred in 3 patients (8%). Recurrent hemorrhage occurred in 1 of 19 patients (5%), and ascites and hepatic hydrothorax resolved or improved subjectively in 9 of 12 patients (75%). Shunts traversed malignancy in 9 patients, and varying degrees of portal compromise were encountered in 12 patients (32%). The overall 30-day and 90-day survival rates were 84% and 60%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in 90-day survival rates for patients who had ascites and hepatic hydrothorax indications (27%) compared with patients who had variceal and portal gastropathy indications (84%; P = 0.0075). In addition, the 90-day survival rate was significantly lower in patients who had primary hepatic malignancies (36%) compared with the remainder of the study population (74%; P = 0.0077), and it was significantly lower in patients who had model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores > or = 12 (P = 0.0020). CONCLUSIONS: TIPS was performed safely for patients with cancer without increasing rates of procedure-related complications. However, some patients subgroups, such at those with malignancy and ascites, primary hepatic malignancy, or MELD scores > or = 12, had the lowest 90-day survival rates.     

Prediction of the risk of hepatic failure in patients with portal vein invasion hepatoma after hepatic resection.

AIM: Hepatic failure can develop after curative hepatectomy in patients with a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) invading the portal vein, because of cirrhosis and excessive tissue loss. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for hepatic failure in such patients. METHOD: Forty patients with an HCC invading the portal vein underwent curative hepatectomy from January 1995 to June 2003. Eight patients developed hepatic failure and died within 3 months. Possible risk factors for this were analysed using univariate and multivariate regression. These included the liver function index, surgical blood loss, tumour pattern, portal hypertension, estimated residual liver volume measured by computed tomography (ERLV(CT)) and estimated residual liver volume using the indocyanine green (ICG) retention rate at 15 min (ERLV(ICG15)). RESULTS: The ERLV(CT) smaller than the ERLV(ICG15) and presence of portal hypertension were independent risk factors for post-hepatectomy hepatic failure. CONCLUSION: Having portal vein invasion HCC with portal hypertension or an ERLV(CT) less than an ERLV(ICG15) are significant predictors of post-hepatectomy hepatic failure. These factors are important considerations for patients with portal vein invasion HCC who could undergo curative hepatic resection.     

Portal vein resection: a modified technique for reconstruction after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Pancreaticoduodenectomy is the only curative treatment for pancreatic head tumors. The possibility to achieve a potentially curative surgical treatment is limited to patients in which a complete tumor resection can be performed with free surgical margins. In a small number of patients with localized pancreatic cancer, negative margins are only accomplished with portal vein resection. Pancreaticoduodenectomy is often avoided in these patients due to the mistaken concept that venous resection may be followed by higher mortality and carries poorer survival. Actually, these patients present the same survival rate as patients similarly staged in whom portal vein resection was not performed. Therefore, venous resection is worthwhile. The authors describe an alternative technique for venous reconstruction after resection of a long segment of portal or superior mesenteric vein. The use of a venous graft as proposed in this study is feasible, easy to perform, and may simplify the venous reconstruction even in extensive mesentericoportal venous resection.     

合并门静脉癌栓的原发性肝癌的手术治疗及预后分析

目的:评价手术治疗合并门静脉癌栓(PVTT)的原发性肝癌(PHCC)的疗效和影响患者术后生存的预后因素。方法:对26例在我院行手术治疗的PHCC合并PVTT患者的资料进行回顾性分析并进行随访,计算术后生存率和中位生存时间,单因素分析11项临床病理因素对术后生存时间的影响。结果:手术采用肝癌切除术联合门静脉癌栓摘除术。术后总的1,2,3年生存率为50%,16.7%和8.3%,中位生存时间为13个月。术后定期行门静脉或肝动脉灌注化疗,患者的中位生存时间为16.1个月,而单纯手术者为7.2个月,两者差异有显著性(P=0.001)。单因素分析提示术后是否化疗和肿瘤大小(以10cm为界限)对术后生存有影响。结论:手术治疗可明显提高PHCC合并PVTT患者的生存时间,对没有禁忌证者应为首选。术后是否化疗和肿瘤大小影响术后生存时间,术后应常规进行化疗。     

肝癌患者门静脉高压症静脉曲张破裂出血的 TIPS治疗

 摘要：目的探讨经颈内静脉肝内门腔静脉分流术（TIPS）治疗肝癌患者门静脉高压症静脉曲张破裂出血的 有效性和安全性及TIPS术前的病例选择。 方法回顾性分析48例肝癌合并门静脉高压症静脉曲张破裂出血 病例,评估手术技术成功率、术后情况、术后肝性脑病、再出血、死亡原因等;将病例的生存期资料行 Kaplan-Meier生存分析,分析肝功能Child-Pugh分级与术后生存时间的关系。结果48例患者全部成功行 TIPS治疗,门静脉压力平均较术前降低约10.6 mmHg(1mmHg=0.133 kPa),静脉曲张出血有效控制,腹水、 腹胀、腹泻等症状明显缓解。术后中位生存时间约5.0月,Child-Pugh分级A到 C组术后中位生存时间依次 缩短。结论TIPS是治疗肝癌患者门静脉高压静脉曲张破裂出血的有效且安全的方法,肝功能状态是术前手 术病例筛选的重要指标。     

原发性肝癌并门静脉癌栓的临床治疗进展

肝癌患者的治疗效果不佳,生存期不长。合并癌栓是进行肝癌临床分期、选择治疗方法、评估预后等方面的重要参考指标。原发性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的治疗方法众多,主要包括外科手术、介入治疗、放射治疗、分子靶向治疗及系统化疗等。目前多学科治疗（MDT）开展综合治疗是趋势,也是提高疗效的途径及发展方向。最近,国内首个肝癌门静脉癌栓多学科诊治达成中国专家共识,将为肝癌门静脉癌栓患者的诊断治疗提供指导性意见推动我国肝癌诊治水平的不断提高。     

Trans-ileocecal portal vein embolization as a preoperative treatment for right trisegmentectomy with caudate lobectomy

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The indication of preoperative portal vein embolization (PVE) has been expanded to hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC), hepatic metastasis, and gallbladder (GB) cancer as well as hilar cholangiocarcinoma (hCC). However, biliary cancers sometimes cause peritoneal dissemination. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed our preoperative trans-ileocecal-vein PVE (TIPE) method on 14 (3 GB cancer, 1 CCC, and 10 hCC), whose estimated residual liver volume was <30%. RESULTS: Out of 14 patients, peritoneal dissemination was encountered in two patients with GB cancer and one with hCC (21.4%) during our procedure. The estimated residual liver volume was 37.4 +/- 2.7% at 14 days after PVE in patients without predisposing cholangitis, while those in patients with cholangitis was 29.3 +/- 1.3% (P = 0.0002). No major complication due to the procedure was encountered in this series. CONCLUSIONS: PTPE could be the first choice for patients with hCC, hepatocellular carcinoma, and hepatic metastases. Although the TIPE proposed here has some potential disadvantages, we would recommend it especially for patients with GB cancer because of its high potential to cause cancerous peritonitis. When a patient had predisposing cholangitis, radical operation should be scheduled on >21 days after PVE rather than on 14 days.     

高强度聚焦超声治疗门脉癌栓的初步临床观察

目的:探讨高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)治疗肝癌门脉癌栓的临床疗效。方法:6例门脉癌栓行HIFU治疗,观察患者治疗前后的临床症状和影像学变化来评价HIFU的临床疗效。结果:6例患者门脉癌栓均缩小或消失。结论:HIFU是一种有效和安全的治疗门脉癌栓的方法,为临床治疗门脉癌栓提供了一种新的手段。     

Macronodular hepatic tuberculosis associated with portal vein thrombosis and portal hypertension

Tuberculosis (TB) of the liver is usually associated with miliary spread. Macronodular TB of the liver is rare. A case of macronodular TB of the liver in a 31‐year‐old woman causing portal vein thrombosis and portal hypertension is presented. Ultrasound and CT appearances are described. There was coexistent ileo‐caecal TB with extensive mesenteric and retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. Macronodular TB should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a patient presents with multiple calcified masses in the liver with portal vein thrombosis and portal hypertension.     

Non‐cavernomatous superior mesenteric thrombosis successfully recanalized with interventional radiological procedures carried out with a combination transmesenteric and transjugular approaches

This is the study of a 52‐year‐old man with oesophageal, rectal and anal varices caused by portal hypertension with complete obstruction of the superior mesenteric vein. Treatment by two sessions of interventional radiological procedures was successful. The first was a catheter‐directed thrombolysis using the transmesenteric approach. The second was percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stent implantation for the obstructed segment of the superior mesenteric vein and the creation of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. In the second session, devices were advanced over a guidewire inserted from the right jugular vein and pulled out of the ileocolic vein using the pull‐through technique.     

胰十二指肠切除联合血管重建治疗胰头、十二指肠恶性肿瘤

背景与目的：胰头癌、十二指肠癌的治疗，手术切除仍是唯一可能根治的有效方法。但临床确诊时，多数为晚期，常累及门静脉／肠系膜上静脉、下腔静脉即属手术禁忌症。本研究旨在探讨累及门静彬肠系膜上静脉、下腔静脉的胰头癌、十二指肠癌切除的处理方法，以提高切除率及生存率。方法：总结2002年2月-2005年6月5例联合血管重建胰十二指肠切除术的临床资料及经验，其中胰头癌合并门静脉／肠系膜上静脉切除人工血管重建3例，十二指肠癌合并下腔静脉切除人工血管重建2例。结果：本组病例无围手术期死亡。无人工血管感染、阻塞并发症。随访10个月死亡1例，24个月死亡1例，术后存活超过3年2例，超过4年1例。结论：对累及门静彬肠系膜上静脉、下腔静脉的胰头癌、十二指肠癌行胰十二指肠切除联合血管重建手术是安全的，可提高肿瘤切除率，延长患者生存时间。     

直肠癌局限性肝转移的手术及术后经门静脉途径灌注化疗的疗效分析

目的 探讨直肠癌局限性肝转移的手术及术后经门静脉途径灌注化疗的安全性和有效性。方法 对40例直肠癌局限性肝转移患者行手术治疗,其中同时性肝转移患者18例行同时性手术。术后随机分组行前瞻性对照研究,A组22例行门静脉途径灌注化疗,B组18例行周围静脉化疗,随访观察治疗效果。结果 所有病人均安全度过围手术期,无严重并发症,A组术后生存率和复发率均优于B组,差异有统计学意义〔P＜0.05〕。结论 直肠癌局限性肝转移行手术治疗效果好;直肠癌同时性肝转移者采用同时性手术是安全可行的;术后经门静脉途径化疗可进一步提高疗效。     

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the management of symptomatic malignant pseudocirrhosis

BackgroundPseudocirrhosis is defined by radiologic changes of the liver parenchyma secondary to metastatic disease and/or cancer treatments, and portends a high rate of morbidity and mortality from sequelae of portal hypertension. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is an effective treatment for portal hypertension; however, TIPS is relatively contraindicated in the setting of hepatic metastases. The study aims to determine the technical efficacy and clinical outcomes of patients undergoing TIPS for symptomatic pseudocirrhosis.MethodsRetrospective analysis of patients with hepatic malignancy who underwent TIPS between 2008 and 2020 at a single tertiary care center. Patients with imaging findings of pseudocirrhosis and without history of primary liver malignancy or confounding causes of cirrhosis were included. West Haven scores assessing hepatic encephalopathy were obtained from chart review. Technical success was defined as successful TIPS creation with reduction in the portosystemic gradient (PSG). Clinical success was defined as resolution of variceal bleeding and/or ascites.ResultsNine patients (4 female/5 male), average (± SD) age 61.2±9.5 years with metastatic pseudocirrhosis were included for analysis. Primary malignancy was colorectal adenocarcinoma (n=5), neuroendocrine tumor (n=3), and malignant endothelial hemangioendothelioma (n=1). Average Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD-Na) score was 15.7±3.7. Technical success was 8/9 (89%) with average PSG reduced from 23.5±11.0 to 6.5±2.8 mmHg (P=0.001). Clinical success was 6/9 (67%). Two patients required TIPS revision after initial clinical success. Mild-moderate HE occurred in 6/9 patients post TIPS (67%), with a highest West Haven score of 2. Time from TIPS to death for acute variceal bleeding and ascites was 4.9±4.2 and 12±16.5 months, respectively. Cause of death was disease progression (n=5), variceal bleeding (n=1), or unavailable (n=2).ConclusionsTIPS in the setting of malignant pseudocirrhosis can be created safely with similar clinical outcomes to TIPS performed for benign disease. Rates of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy may be higher amongst patients undergoing TIPS for pseudocirrhosis.     

Effect of selective internal radiation therapy and hepatic arterial chemotherapy on normal liver volume and spleen volume.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) and hepatic arterial chemotherapy (HAC) on normal liver volume and spleen volume in patients receiving these treatments for advanced liver cancer. METHODS: In a phase III clinical trial to assess the benefit of SIRT over HAC one group of patients received SIRT + HAC while a second group received HAC only. All patients in this trial who had abdominal CT scans available before treatment, and at 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment were evaluated. Changes in normal hepatic parenchyma (NHP) volume, portal vein diameter and spleen volume were calculated for each patient and analysed for significant trends. RESULTS: The mean NHP volume decreased by 17% (P = 0.001) 12 months after treatment among patients receiving SIRT + HAC (N = 22), while the mean NHP volume among patients treated with HAC only (N = 15) was unchanged at 12 months. The mean portal vein diameter increased by 9% in both treatment groups, P = 0.048 and P < 0.001, respectively. The mean spleen volume increased by 48% (P < 0.001) and 26% (P = 0.001), respectively, in the two groups 12 months after treatment started. There was no clinical evidence of hepatic failure, portal hypertension or splenic dysfunction in any of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of patients with SIRT + HAC causes contraction of the normal hepatic parenchyma, while treatment with HAC alone has no significant effect. Treatment with either SIRT + HAC or HAC alone causes a significant increase in portal vein diameter and spleen volume by 12 months after treatment. The increase in spleen volume and portal vein size is likely to be due to portal hypertension resulting from scarring within the liver as a result of chemical and radiation hepatitis.     

胃癌合并肝硬化门脉高压症的诊治分析

目的探讨胃癌合并肝硬化门脉高压症的临床特征和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2007年12月我院收治的42例胃癌合并肝硬化门脉高压症患者的临床资料，其中手术治疗30例。结果12例未行手术治疗者均在胃癌诊断后1年内死亡。手术患者无围手术期死亡，其中27例获得随访，随访时间3个月至8年，中位随访时间3年，1，3，5年生存率分别为74．1％（20／27）,44．5％（12／27）和22．2％（6／27），死亡原因：2例死于化疗后白细胞显著下降所致的严重感染和急性肝功能衰竭，1例死于上消化道大出血，其余患者死于胃癌复发和转移。结论胃癌合并门脉高压症患者手术并发症发生率高，手术方式需根据肝功能情况、上消化道出血史以及肿瘤的部位等采用“个体化”原则。加强围手术期处理和选择适当的辅助治疗有利于改善患者的预后。     

经导管动脉化疗栓塞对肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的疗效评价

目的:探讨经导管动脉化疗栓塞对原发性肝细胞癌合并不同分型门静脉癌栓的疗效和预后因素,并评价此标准对临床的指导意义.方法:回顾性收集中国医科大学附属第一医院介入病房2007年1月至2009年12月间符合纳入标准的201例肝细胞癌患者,所有病例均接受规律的经导管动脉化疗栓塞治疗,然后根据合并门静脉癌栓的位置不同而分为4型,并相应的分成四组(I-Ⅳ组),最后对各组进行疗效和生存等统计学分析.结果:全部病例总缓解率为5.5%;有效率为48.3%;3个月、6个月、1年、2年及3年累积生存率分别为91.0%、81.1%、49.8%、15.4%和5.0%;中位生存时间为12个月.I-Ⅳ组的中位生存期分别为20个月、11个月、9个月和3个月.多因素分析显示,门静脉癌栓分型,凝血酶原时间,治疗次数和疗效为影响肝细胞癌患者生存期的独立预后因素.结论:在肝脏功能储备良好的情况下,经导管动脉化疗栓塞是肝细胞癌的一种安全有效的治疗手段,并且随着合并门静脉癌栓位置不同,预后也不同,对I型,Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型门静脉癌栓疗效较为显著,预后相对较好,但Ⅳ型预后较差.