反相高效液相色谱法测定烧伤涂膜中黄芩苷含量

目的建立测定烧伤涂膜中黄芩苷含量的方法。方法用薄层色谱法鉴别涂膜剂中的黄芩,用反相高效液相色谱法测定涂膜中黄芩苷含量。结果薄层色谱法鉴定结果满意;黄芩苷质量浓度在0.712～3.00 g/L范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.998 2(n=6),平均加样回收率为95.37%,RSD为1.55%(n=6)。结论定性定量方法简便、可靠、重现性好,可作为烧伤涂膜的质量控制方法。     

柴黄咀嚼片的制备及质量标准

目的:建立柴黄咀嚼片的制备方法与质量标准.方法:TLC法同时鉴别柴胡和黄芩;HPLC法测定黄芩苷和柴胡皂苷a的含量.结果:TLC法能同时检出柴胡皂苷d与黄芩苷,斑点清晰;黄芩苷、柴胡皂苷a分别在0.180 8～0.723 2 μg(r=1.000 0),0.226～9.024 μg(r=0.999 8)范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系,平均回收率分别为97.71%(RSD=0.92%,n=9),98.83%(RSD=1.12%,n=9).结论:本制剂处方合理,工艺稳定,质量控制方法简便、准确、可靠,可有效控制柴黄咀嚼片的质量.     

三黄清热胶囊质量标准的研究

目的建立三黄清热胶囊中大黄、黄芩、黄柏的定性鉴别方法,及黄芩苷的含量测定方法。方法用显微观察法鉴别制剂中大黄、黄芩、黄柏,用薄层色谱法鉴别大黄、黄柏,用高效液相色谱法测定黄芩苷含量。结果粉末显微鉴别法可以鉴别出大黄、黄芩、黄柏,薄层色谱中检出大黄、黄柏可用于定性分析。黄芩苷在62.4～1246ng(r=0.99998)范围内呈良好线性关系;样品平均回收率98.29%,RSD为0.23%。HPLC法可用于黄芩苷的含量测定。结论本实验所建立的方法简便、准确,灵敏度高,重复性好,可用于三黄清热胶囊的质量控制。     

宫宁颗粒质量标准研究

目的:建立宫宁颗粒的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱法对宫宁颗粒中的黄芩苷进行定性鉴别;以高效液相色谱法测定黄芩苷的含量。结果:供试品薄层色谱中,在与黄芩苷对照品相应的位置上显相同颜色的斑点;黄芩苷检测浓度在20～100μg/ml范围内与峰面积积分值线性关系良好,平均回收率为99.71%(RSD=1.23%)。结论:所建质量标准可用于本品的质量控制。     

接骨合剂的质量控制

目的:制定桃红接骨合剂的质量控制方法.方法:对处方中的三七、栀子等药材进行薄层色谱鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法测定黄芩药材中黄芩苷含量.结果:黄芩苷在0.011 96～0.191 4 mg·mL-1范围内具有良好的线性关系;平均回收率为100.43%(RSD为0.89%).结论:本制剂质量控制方法可行.     

手足清栓的质量标准研究

目的建立手足清栓的质量标准。方法观察手足清栓的性状,检查制剂的重量差异和融变时限;采用薄层色谱法(TLC)对手足清栓中的黄芩、炒栀子、青蒿和广藿香油进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法对黄芩苷和栀子苷进行含量测定:色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18,以甲醇-0.2%磷酸水溶液进行梯度洗脱,检测波长为280 nm(黄芩苷)和238 nm(栀子苷)。结果手足清栓为红棕色子弹形栓剂。制剂的重量差异小,融变时限符合要求。TLC图谱中呈现出黄芩、炒栀子、广藿香油、青蒿的特征性斑点。黄芩苷、栀子苷分别在4.088~408.8μg·m L-1(r=0.9996)和1.599~159.9μg·m L-1(r=0.9998)与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率分别为99.8%(RSD=1.6%)和99.0%(RSD=1.1%)。结论本方法重复性好,可操作性强,可用于手足清栓的质量控制。     

小儿退热颗粒质量标准的研究

目的：修订小儿退热颗粒的质量标准。方法：用薄层色谱法鉴别丹皮酚、黄芩苷、栀子苷；用高效液相色谱法测定黄芩苷的含量。结果：在薄层色谱中均能检出丹皮酚、黄芩苷和栀子苷；高效液相色谱中，黄芩苷在16.64цg/ml-133.12цg/ml范围内有良好的线性关系，平均回收率为97.52%，RSD为1.02%。结论：本质量标准可以有效的控制小儿退热颗粒的质量。     

通淋片薄层鉴别与定量测定研究

目的制订通淋片的质量控制方法。方法采用薄层色谱法鉴别方中柴胡、苦参碱、大黄、乌药,采用高效液相色谱法测定黄芩苷的含量。结果薄层鉴别方法简单;含量测定方法重现性好,黄芩苷进样量在89.12～1 336.80 ng范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系。黄芩苷的平均加样回收率为97.23%,RSD为1.78%(n=9)。结论所采用方法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于通淋片的质量控制。     

黄花透渊口服液的质量控制

目的:建立黄花透渊口服液的质量控制方法.方法:对黄芩苷、绿原酸、苦参碱进行薄层鉴别,用高效液相色谱法测定黄芩苷含量.结果:薄层鉴别方法均无阴性干扰;含量测定的黄芩苷进样量在0.049 6～0.496μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,回收率为95.92%(RSD=1.27%).结论:本方法可用于该复方制剂的质量控制.     

清胃黄连片的质量标准

目的:建立清胃黄连片的质量控制标准。方法:采用薄层色谱法对清胃黄连片中黄芩、黄连、黄柏、甘草、知母、桅子、赤芍进行定性鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法对清胃黄连片中的黄芩苷进行含量测定。结果:黄芩、黄连、黄柏、甘草、知母、桅子、赤芍可在不同的薄层条件下分别检出;利用高效液相色谱法测定制剂中黄芩的有效成分黄芩苷,黄芩苷在0.20～1.60μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为98.46%,RSD为2.89%(n=6)。结论:该法专属性强,重复性好,可用于清胃黄连片的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.