血培养阴性感染性心内膜炎的临床特点

 目的 探讨血培养阴性感染性心内膜炎的临床特点及手术治疗效果。方法 收集某院心胸外科2014年1月—2021年12月经手术治疗的感染性心内膜炎患者的临床资料,按血培养病原学结果分为阳性组、阴性组,回顾性分析两组患者的临床特点及外科手术效果。结果 共有88例感染性心内膜炎患者,血培养阴性61例(阴性组),阳性27例(阳性组),阳性率为30.7%。83例患者术前超声心动图有阳性发现,包括赘生物、瓣膜毁损、人工瓣瓣周漏、脓肿、腱索断裂等,所有患者均经外科手术治疗。阴性组患者发热的比率较阳性组低(36.1% VS 81.5%),胸闷气促的比率较阳性组高(80.3% VS 74.1%),差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05)。61例阴性组患者的基础心脏病以合并主动脉瓣二叶畸形为主(16.4%);累及主动脉瓣(37例)、二尖瓣(20例)、三尖瓣(2例),2例同时累及主动脉和二尖瓣;阴性组患者瓣膜毁损(78.7% VS 63.0%)和腱索断裂(47.5% VS 22.2%)比率较阳性组高,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05)。两组患者均以心功能不全及栓塞为主要并发症,心功能不全者阴性组18例,发生率29.5%,阳性组7例,发生率25.9%。阴性组患者病死率为8.2%,阳性组为7.4%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论 早期诊断、早期规范治疗,选择合适的手术时机和方案,以及加强围手术期管理,血培养阴性感染性心内膜炎患者可取得较好的治疗效果。     

Endocarditis prophylaxis in a primary care clinic

BACKGROUND. Primary care physicians often make decisions about the use of endocarditis prophylaxis (EP). Compliance with American Heart Association (AHA) recommendations has been found to be poor in hospitalized patients and in a dental school clinic. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of endocarditis prophylaxis in a primary care clinic. METHODS. The problem list of all adult patients seen in a primary care clinic in 1989 was reviewed for diagnoses that might require EP. Eighty-four charts were identified and reviewed. RESULTS. Sixty-five percent of the study patients had documentation in their charts about the need for EP. Mitral valve prolapse was the most frequent diagnosis. The physicians recommended EP for most patients with mitral valve prolapse regardless of whether there was documented mitral insufficiency. Endocarditis prophylaxis was most commonly prescribed for dental procedures. Six patients received prophylaxis for procedures for which the AHA does not recommend prophylaxis. Only 19% of the antibiotic regimens prescribed were entirely consistent with the AHA 1984 guidelines. The most common deviation from the AHA guidelines was continuing oral antibiotics too long. CONCLUSIONS. Compliance with the AHA 1984 recommendations, although better than reported in other settings, was less than optimal in this primary care clinic. Family physicians should consider whether EP is indicated in any patient with cardiac disease. If prophylaxis is indicated, then such a recommendation should be clearly documented in the chart. Family physicians need to be familiar with the 1990 AHA recommendations.     

二尖瓣脱垂综合征163例分析

目的　了解二尖瓣脱垂综合征的临床表现。方法　对 16 3例二尖瓣脱垂综合征患者的症状、体征、心电图以及超声心动图进行分析。结果　 (1)大部分患者无症状 ,有症状的主要表现为胸痛、心悸、头晕、乏力、焦虑等。典型体征为心尖区闻及喀喇音和收缩期杂音。 (2 )心电图表现各异 ,呈非特异性。 (3)超声心动图可直接观察二尖瓣脱垂部位、程度和二尖瓣关闭不全程度。结论　典型的症状、体征对发现本病有一定价值 ,但由于部分患者缺乏症状和体征 ,心电图表现非特异性 ,故诊断有赖于超声心动图     

风湿性心脏病合并心脏恶液质综合征的外科治疗

目的　探讨风湿性心脏病合并心脏恶液质综合征的外科治疗方法和特点。方法　对 1996年 4月至 2 0 0 2年12月符合心脏恶液质综合征诊断标准的 18例风湿性心脏病患者外科治疗的临床资料进行回顾性分析 ,其中二尖瓣置换术 14例 ,二尖瓣及主动脉瓣置换术 4例 ,18例均同时进行 De Vega三尖瓣成形术。结果　术后主要并发症为低心排综合征及在此基础上并发的多脏器功能衰竭 ,早期死亡 4例 ,均为多脏器功能衰竭。结论　外科治疗可提高风湿性心脏病合并心脏恶液质综合征病人的治疗成功率和长期存活率 ,正确恰当的围术期处理是手术成功的关键。     

心内结构无异常胎儿的心脏瓣膜返流超声检查分析

【摘要】目的观察心内结构尤异常的胎儿瓣膜返流出现情况,分析不同孕间符个瓣膜返流愉出率的不同和原闵。方法总结296例往我院做胎儿超声筛查的胎心,除先天性心内结构畸形、动脉导管收缩或早闭病例外,分析不同时期各个瓣膜返流的检出率、结果20～24孕周胎儿,三尖瓣返流检出率10％,1例为巾度,余均为轻度;肺动脉瓣返流检出率3．4％．均为轻度;无二尖瓣和主动脉瓣返流胎心。25～29孕周胎儿,三尖瓣返流检出率53．36％,中度返流18例;二尖瓣返流检出率7．92％,均为轻度返流;肺动脉瓣返流检出率7．03％,均为辑度;主动脉瓣返流枪出率0．014％,均为轻度：30～34孕周胎儿,：三尖瓣返流检出率59％．中度返流4例：二尖瓣轻度返流检出率13％,肺动脉瓣轻度返流检出率14％．无主动脉瓣返流榆出。35～38孕周胎儿,三尖瓣轻度返流检出率58．79％,均为轻度返流;二尖瓣返流检出牢0．17％;肺动脉瓣返流检出牢0．07％;无主动脉瓣返流柃出。结论心内结构无异常的胎儿,出现瓣膜返流的情况很普遍,以—尖瓣返流检出率最高,瓣膜返流与孕阍大小有密切相父性.     

Predictive factors of mortality in combined coronary and vascular surgery. Report of 46 cases

From 1994 and 2003, 46 patients underwent surgical myocardial revascularisation associated to valvular surgery. Surgical indications were for valvular disease in 13 cases (28%), for coronary disease in 16 cases (35%) and associated coronary and valvular disease in 17 cases (37%); Isolated conservative mitral repair was performed in 22 cases (48%); mitral valve replacement in 10 cases (41%), aortic valve replacement in 11 cases (46%) associated mitral and aortic surgery in 3 cases (13%). Intra-aortic balloon pump was used in 4 patients (9%). In the post operative period complete atrio-ventricular heart bloc occurred in 2 cases. For the entire group, 8 deaths (17%) occurred in the hospital, related to low cardiac output in 5 cases (63%). Long term follow up was achieved in a mean period of 18 months. 25 patients (68%) were asymptomatic and one late death occurred after severe heart failure. The predictive factors of hospital mortality were: preoperative ischemic mitral insufficiency. Various large series in the literature have documented operative risk of myocardial revascularisation when combined with valve surgery. In our group the high rate of hospital mortality (17%) explains the difficulties in medical and surgical care of this combined valvular and coronary disease especially in the perioperative period.     

Current role of endovascular therapy in Marfan patients with previous aortic surgery

The Marfan syndrome is a heritable disorder of the connective tissue which affects the cardiovascular, ocular, and skeletal system. The cardiovascular manifestation with aortic root dilatation, aortic valve regurgitation, and aortic dissection has a prevalence of 60% to 90% and determines the premature death of these patients. Thirty-four percent of the patients with Marfan syndrome will have serious cardiovascular complications requiring surgery in the first 10 years after diagnosis. Before aortic surgery became available, the majority of the patients died by the age of 32 years. Introduction in the aortic surgery techniques caused an increase of the 10 year survival rate up to 97%. The purpose of this article is to give an overview about the feasibility and outcome of stent-graft placement in the descending thoracic aorta in Marfan patients with previous aortic surgery.     

感染性心内膜炎外科治疗--附21例报告

目的　回顾分析感染性心内膜炎外科治疗经验。方法　对2 1例感染性心内膜炎患者术中彻底清除炎症坏死组织后,作主动脉瓣置换(AVR) 10例、二尖瓣置换(MVR) 7例、MVR 三尖瓣DeVega成形1例、三尖瓣置换(TVR) 1例、三尖瓣瓣膜缺损修复2例;同期室间隔缺损(VSD)修补2例、漏斗胸矫治1例;本组急症手术7例,均为主动脉瓣病变,其中高热不退2例、循环衰竭少尿5例;围手术期均使用足量敏感或广谱抗生素、改善心功能和全身营养支持治疗。结果　全组术后早期死亡2例,1例死于多器官系统衰竭(MOSF)、1例死于脑血管意外,其余19例均痊愈出院。结论　手术可提高感染性心内膜炎治疗成功率。恰当的手术时机、合理的手术方法和正确的围手术期处理,均是外科治疗成功的关键。     

Ebstein's anomaly--experiences with surgical treatment in adulthood

INTRODUCTION: Long time results with operative treatment of Ebstein anomaly were examined. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 1985 to March 2001 16 patients with Ebstein anomaly were operated on. Ages ranged from 16 to 49 years at the time of operation. In 7 cases tricuspid valve repair was possible, and in 9 cases prosthetic valve was inserted. In all but one biological prosthesis has been used. In 15 cases atrial septal defect occurred as a concomitant anomaly, which was closed by direct suture in 9 cases and with patch (2 Dacron, 4 pericardium) in 6 cases. RESULTS: There was no early death (30 days postoperatively). 1 patient following tricuspid repair was reoperated on at the 9th postoperative day because of significant tricuspid insufficiency. Tricuspid valve replacement was performed with a biological prostheses. There were 3 late deaths: 2 patients (12.5%) in the first postoperative year (1 cardiac cause, 1 unknown), 1 patient died 6 years postoperatively following reoperation. There were 3 more patients requiring reoperation (total reoperation rate 28.6%) one of them a few days after the primary operation and two others 9 and 11 years following the first operation. 13 patients were recalled to control investigations. The authors could not contact 2 patients, 1 patient living abroad could not appear at our clinic. 10 patients have been investigated 6 months to 16 years after the operation. There were 9 patients in New York Heart Association class I or II. 2 patients had their own repaired valve; both had tricuspid insufficiency grade III. Both were completely active. 8 patients had previously tricuspid valve replacement and good valve function, but six of them have not been working any more. There were 5 female patients under 35 at the time of operation and 2 of them had successful pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with Ebstein anomaly in NYHA stage III-IV. can be successfully treated surgically.     

Relevant factors in mitral valve reconstructive surgery. Report of 150 cases

150 patients had mitral valve repair for mitral valve incompetence. There were 57 males and 93 females with a mean age of 22 years, 39% were less than 15 years of age. 60% of the patients were in Class II NYHA and 40% in Class III and IV. According to Carpentier's classification, isolated type I was present in 18 patients (12%), type II in 98 patients (64%) and type III in 34 cases (24%). Mitral repair included correction of valve prolapse, valvular enlargement with pericardial patch and annuloplasty with semi-rigid ring in 128 cases and PTFE patch along the posterior leaflet in 12 cases. The perioperative mortality rate was 2.6% (4 patients). All patients had early post-operative echocardiography. According to this, mitral regurgitation was absent or tiny in 135 patients (92%), grade II in 10 cases and grade III in 2 cases. It was moderate or important in twelve patients (8%). In the late post-operative period, three patients were lost to follow-up. All the others patients were reoperated upon for mitral dysfunction in a mean time of 37 months. The reason for reoperation was in the majority of the cases the recurrence of mitral regurgitation related to increase of valvular and sub valvular disease. The late mortality rate is 7% (10 patients). Out of 126 reviewed survivors on the long run, 71 patients (56%) are asymptomatic in class I, 53 patients (42%) in class II and 2 patients in class III NYHA. Mitral valvuloplasty is the preferred procedure in mitral insufficiency surgical management. It is associated to a low early mortality and morbidity rate. Despite the need for reoperation in about 10% of the cases in the long follow-up, mitral repair offers a good quality of life without anticoagulant treatment.     

重度三尖瓣病变行三尖瓣置换术27例临床应用

目的 探讨三尖瓣置换术(TVR)手术指征及方式,总结三尖瓣病变的手术治疗经验.方法 2005年9月至2010年5月共施行TVR 27例,其中置换生物瓣膜23例,机械瓣膜4例;同期行二尖瓣置换术8例,二尖瓣、主动脉瓣双瓣膜置换术4例,房间隔缺损修补术4例.结果 手术病死率为11.1％(3/27),其中2例术后死于重度低心排血量综合征,1例术后第7天死于多器官功能衰竭.术后二次开胸止血1例,经积极治疗后顺利康复出院.随访率91.7％(22/24),1例术后3年死于生物瓣膜毁损,1例术后19个月死于脑栓塞.随访期间心功能NYHA分级恢复至Ⅰ级6例,Ⅱ级14例.结论 行TVR的患者中、远期病死率均较高,对于严重的三尖瓣病变患者,正确的手术方式、合理的围手术期处理是手术成功的关键.对于年龄大于50岁、随访不便以及未生育适龄女性患者来说,优先考虑置换生物瓣膜.     

Absence of cardiac valve dysfunction in obese patients treated with sibutramine.

OBJECTIVE: Serotonin-releasing agents prescribed as weight-loss medications have been implicated as a cause of acquired aortic and mitral valve abnormalities. Sibutramine hydrochloride (MERIDIA) is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with proven efficacy of weight reduction. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of cardiac valve disease in sibutraminetreated patients. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus enrolled in an ongoing double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm, 12-month study of sibutramine (followed by a 12-month open label extension) underwent transthoracic echocardiographic imaging and color Doppler interrogation for assessment of cardiac valve anatomy and function. RESULTS: A total of 210 patients were evaluated. Of these, 133 were receiving sibutramine (72 in the double-blind period), and 77 were receiving placebo. The mean+/-Standard Deviation age was 54+/-9 years, and the mean duration of treatment was 229+/-117 days (approximately 7.6 months). The prevalence of left-sided cardiac valve dysfunction was low and similar for the two treatment groups (sibutramine 3/133, or 2.3%; placebo 2/77, or 2.6%). All five cases were cases of aortic insufficiency; four were mild, one was severe (in a placebo patient). All three sibutramine cases were patients over age 50; two had a history of systemic hypertension. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of left-sided cardiac valve dysfunction was not higher than background in obese patients treated with sibutramine for an average of 7.6 months.     

二尖瓣脱垂返流的超声心动图量化评价

目的采用超声心动图连续方程法量化评价二尖瓣脱垂所致返流的严重程度。方法二尖瓣脱垂返流患者26例,采用Simpson方程获得左室心功能参数及二尖瓣返流的返流量(RV)和返流分数(RF)。结果连续方程法测得RV为(51.47±17.46)mL,RF为(43.23±9.13)%,ROA为(1.39±0.63)cm2,并获得了心功能量化参数。结论超声心动图连续方程法能精确量化二尖瓣脱垂所致偏心性返流的严重程度。     

Surgical treatment of mitral insufficiency using annuloplasty suture technic

In 1991 a simple and cheap technique was introduced for mitral valve repair at our department. After repairing the mitral leaflets, where indicated a posterior leaflet annuloplasty was performed with a semicircular suture and the annulus fixed for the appropriate size by tying the stitch. Between July 1991 and December 1995 86 patients underwent the above procedure (average age 56.8 +/- 10.4 years). 45 patients had primary mitral valve disease (myxomatous degeneration, rheumatoid disease, endocarditis), the other 41 had functional mitral regurgitation secondary to severe aortic valve or coronary artery disease. Echocardiography showed severe mitral regurgitation in 77% of the patients. In 45 cases the mitral valve itself was also repaired (valvotomy, quadrangular resection, wedge resection, etc.) in 29 cases the aortic valve was replaced as well, while 24 patients required additional revascularisation of the myocardium. The 30 day mortality was 3.5%. One week after surgery echocardiography was performed at all patients and showed acceptable mitral valve area (2.28 +/- 0.39 cm2). In 28 cases mild mitral regurgitation was found, the other valves were competent. All but 3 patients were followed up (96.4%). There were 6 late deaths (3 cardiac, 2 non cardiac, 1 embolic, 7.2% late mortality). During the follow up period (31.7 +/- 11.2 months) 5 patients required mitral valve replacement for severe recurrent mitral regurgitation (6.0%). In two cases new chorda rupture caused the recurrence, in an other case the suture had torn out of the annulus due to inadequate surgical technique. In the last two cases the annulus had dilated with intact Prolene annuloplasty stitch present, 86.8% of the survivors were in NYHA class I. or II. Our results suggest that mitral valve repair in selected cases can be performed without using expensive annuloplasty rings. The suture used for annuloplasty should be strong, non absorbable and non stretchable. Since 1994, when we started using GoreTex suture instead of Prolene no more patients required reoperation for annuloplasty failure.     

应用大剂量依普利与卡维地络联合治疗女性心肌炎后心肌重塑安全性及疗效观察

目的评价大剂量依那普利与卡维地络联合治疗在心肌炎后心肌重塑患者中应用的安全性及疗效。方法63例女性心肌炎后心肌重塑患者,平均年龄17.56岁(13~28岁),心功能Ⅱ-Ⅳ级,左室射血分数(36.28±9.26)%,从小剂量开始使用,只要能够耐受尽可能递增到卡维地络20mg/d,依那普利20mg/d,血压达到最低耐受程度100~90/60~50mmHg,治疗中严密监测各项相关指标。结果平均治疗6周,治疗后心功能和6min步行距离较前明显改善〔(2.04±0.66)m比(3.5±0.65)m,(310.29±180.14)m比(200.87±175.97)m,P<0.001〕,超声心动图检查左室舒张末径(LVEDD)和收缩末径(LVESD)减少〔(60.38±9.12)mm比(55.03±9.80)mm和(48.37±10.27)mm比(43.17±11.03)mm,P<0.001〕;LVEF明显增加〔(36.28±9.26)%比(45.37±6.14)%,P<0.001〕;二尖瓣关闭不全85%达到完全关闭,15%的患者二尖瓣关闭明显改善,返流面积由(3.16±0.23)cm2减少至(0.65±0.36)cm2。三尖瓣关闭不全88%达到关闭,未关闭患者三尖瓣返流面积由(1.98±0.02)cm2减少至(0.3±0.01)cm2。结论大剂量应用依那普利和卡维地络联合治疗心肌炎后心肌重塑是安全的、有效的。能明显提高心肌炎患者活动耐量,使绝大部分患二尖瓣、三尖瓣关闭不全的患者完全关闭,改善心功能,增加LVEF。     

Doppler echocardiography in the examination of normally functioning artificial mitral and aortic valves

Patients with prosthetic valves were investigated by Doppler echocardiography in 902 cases between November 1987 and February 1990. The parameters of 209 of 344 mitral and 258 of 299 aortic prosthetic valves were evaluated. No significant correlation was found between the type of aortic or mitral prosthetic valves and the measured gradient. As concerns the size of the valve and the measured gradient, a close correlation for aortic valve replacement was detected. For a normally functioning mitral prosthetic valve, a maximum early diastolic velocity of less than 2 m/s (16 mm Hg gradient) and a pressure half-time of less than 130 ms (mitral valve area 1.8 cm2) were characteristic. In cases of aortic valve replacements, the maximum velocity was less than 3 m/s (36 mm Hg gradient), except for the small-diameter valves. More than 95% of the cases met these criteria. (Even if small-diameter valves were included, a maximum velocity of more than 3 m/s occurred only in 8.9%.) Doppler echocardiography is a suitable tool for detecting normal prosthetic valve function, while colour Doppler allows the optimal alignment of jet direction and Doppler beam.     

Determining factors in mitral valve reconstructive surgery. Report of 150 cases

150 patients had mitral valve repair for mitral valve incompetence. There were 57 males and 93 females with a mean age of 22 years. 60% of the patients were in Class II NYHA and 40% in Class III and IV. Type I was present in 18 patients, type II in 98 and type III in 34 cases. Mitral repair included correction of valve prolapse, valvular enlargement with pericardial patch and annuloplasty with semi-rigid ring in 128 cases and PTFE patch along the posterior leaflet in 12 cases. The perioperative mortality rate was 2.6%. All patients had early post-operative echocardiography. According to this, mitral regurgitation was absent or tiny in 135 patients, grade II in 10 cases and grade III in 2 cases. It was moderate or important in twelve patients. In the late post-operative period. All the others patients were reoperated upon for mitral dysfunction in a mean time of 37 months. The reason for reoperation was in the majority of the cases the recurrence of mitral regurgitation related to increase of valvular and sub valvular disease. The late mortality rate is 7%. Out of 126 reviewed survivors on the long run, 71 patients are asymptomatic in class I, 53 patients in class II and 2 patients in class III NYHA. The estimated mitral regurgitation by echography in those patients is absent or trivial in 96 cases. grade II in 29 cases and grade III in one case. Mitral valvuloplasty is the preferred procedure in mitral insufficiency surgical management. It is associated to a low early mortality and morbidity rate. Despite the need for reoperation in about 10% of the cases in the long follow-up, mitral repair offers a good quality of life without anticoagulant treatment.     

三维瓣膜成形环在风湿性二尖瓣瓣膜病合并三尖瓣关闭不全术中的临床应用

目的 通过对风湿性二尖瓣瓣膜病合并三尖瓣关闭不全的患者在置换二尖瓣的同时施行三维瓣膜成形环治疗三尖瓣关闭不全,初步探讨这一新术式的疗效.方法 选取风湿性二尖瓣瓣膜病合并三尖瓣关闭不全者18例（治疗组）,在行二尖瓣置换术的同时施行三维瓣膜成形环治疗三尖瓣关闭不全.同期18例（对照组）患者行二尖瓣置换术的同时施行De Vega环缩术.比较两组术中手术情况及术后2周、术后6个月时心脏超声指标的变化.结果 两组患者均康复出院,术后2周和术后6个月复查超声显示右心房横径、右心室横径、三尖瓣反流程度均较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;而且治疗组优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 三维瓣膜成形环治疗三尖瓣关闭不全远期效果满意.     

先天性主动脉瓣下狭窄的超声诊断分析

目的 探讨主动脉瓣下狭窄(SAS)的超声心动图诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析30例SAS的超声心动图特征及手术所见.结果 单纯SAS 9例,其中隔膜型3例,肌肥厚性5例,二尖瓣畸形导致的1例.21例合并有其他心血管畸形,其中室间隔缺损(VSD)6例,动脉导管未闭(PDA)7例,主动脉瓣狭窄(AA)5例、主动脉缩窄(COA)3例.根据三尖瓣反流、心内或大血管水平分流压差,估测肺动脉收缩压52～75mm Hg.2例患者漏诊弥漫型SAS;1例被误诊为肥厚型心肌病(HCM).结论 SAS合并其他心血管畸形在解剖、血流动力学上有许多特异之处,把握其特殊表现,有助于超声心动图做出准确诊断,从而为手术治疗提供有价值的参考.     

Surgery of the mitral valve--in the work of József Kudász

The author described his results of surgical treatment of mitral valve disease. Of 57 patients, the isolated mitral procedure was performed in 72%, and the combined (valve and coronary) in 28% of the cases. In 75% of the patients valve repair, and in 25% valve replacement were performed. There were 2 cases (3.5%) of early mortality after combined surgery where patients had also ischaemic heart disease. All the replaced valve prostheses and 84% of repaired mitral valve had a normal function. The mitral regurgitation was moderate in 14%, of cases and mild in 2% of cases at the follow up, but no reoperation was needed. After the surgery 85% of patients had sinus rhythm, 13% had atrial arrhythmia and in 2% the pacemaker was needed. Attempt of valve repair had to be made in all patients with mitral valve disease which can be performed in almost every case of degenerative valve prolapse and the rupture of chordae tendineae.