黄精根茎中的甾体皂苷

大戟科植物珠子草Phyllanthus niruri L．为印度尼西亚的药用植物，广泛分布于中美洲、南美洲及亚洲的热带和亚热带地区，在传统医药中用于治疗黄疸、哮喘、肝炎和疟疾。已知珠子草的地上部分含有生物碱类、黄酮类、酚类、香豆素类、鞣质、萜类和木脂素等多种化学成分，其中对木脂素类研究最多，迄今已发现17种不同的木脂素，有些具有细胞毒等生物活性。作者为研究珠子草中木脂素类的产生和生物合成情况，制备了珠子草各部位（包括愈伤组织、地上部分、根、种子）的细胞悬浮培养液，并用GC—MS比较了它们木脂素类化合物的概况。结果显示，不同部位的细胞悬浮培养液中木脂素类化合物的数量和种类存在显著差异。另外，从细胞悬浮培养液中分离出2个木脂素类化合物荜澄茄素二甲醚（cubebin dimethyl ether，1）和urinatetralin（2），其中化合物2为首次从珠子草中分得，化合物1为新的木脂素。     

诺丽果化学成分的研究进展

诺丽果被波利尼西亚人作为民间药物而广泛使用已有2000多年历史.近年,国内外学者进行了化学成分研究发现,主要舍有环烯醚萜类、木脂素类、糖苷美化合物,具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗菌等药理作用.从化学成分这一方面介绍这一药食兼用的传统植物药,以利于开发和利用.     

三白草中具保肝作用的非对映木脂素

三白草 Saururus chinensis(Lour.)Baill.在韩国民间用于治疗水肿、黄疸和淋病,从该属植物中已分离得到木脂素、新木脂素及黄酮类化合物。作者曾从三白草的水溶性部位中分得2个具保肝活性的黄酮醇葡糖苷酸。     

糙叶败酱中木脂素成分研究

目的研究糙叶败酱(Patrinia scabra Bge.)中的木脂素类化学成分.方法应用柱色谱和HPLC法分离纯化,通过光谱(IR,MS,1HNMR,13CNMR,DEPT,HMQC和HMBC)鉴定其化学结构.结果和结论分离并鉴定了4个木脂素类化合物,分别鉴定为:落叶松脂醇(1),4-[1-乙氧基-1-(4′-羟基-3′-甲氧基)苯基]甲基-2-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基)苯基-3-羟甲基四氢呋喃(2),异落叶松树脂酚(3),去甲络石糖苷(4).化合物2为新的木脂素,化合物3,4为首次从该属植物中分得.     

木脂素类化合物的活性研究进展

木脂素（lignan）是由苯丙素单位（C6～C3）聚合而成的一大类化合物,具有多样的结构和广泛的生物活性。Whiting D等[1]对于1999年之前发现的木脂素和新木脂素做了相关综述,从化合物的结构、生物活性、生源以及代谢方面对木脂素和新木脂素类化合物做了详细的介绍。Lee Na等[2]对于2008年以前的研究进行了总结,     

CD在木脂素类化合物绝对构型测定中的应用

目的介绍圆二色谱(circular dichroism,CD)在木脂素类化合物绝对构型测定中的应用规律。方法在查阅国内外相关文献的基础上,对CD在芳基萘类、联苯环辛烯类、二苄基丁内酯类、双四氢呋喃类、苯并呋喃类等木脂素类化合物绝对构型测定中的应用规律进行综述。结果 CD在木脂素类化合物绝对构型测定中的应用具有一定的规律性。结论初步总结了CD在木脂素类化合物绝对构型测定中的应用规律,以期为该类化合物绝对构型测定提供有益的参考。     

脱脂亚麻子的化学成分

目的分离、鉴定脱脂亚麻子(Linum usitatissimum L.)的化学成分。方法采用硅胶吸附,氧化铝吸附,sephadex LH-20柱色谱等分离手段对亚麻子的化学成分进行分离;利用理化性质以及NMR、MS等波谱技术对化合物进行鉴定。结果分离得到5个化合物,分别鉴定为:腺嘌呤核苷(adenosine,1)、4-β-D-葡萄糖基-香豆酸乙酯(4-β-D-glucopyranosylcoumaric acid ethyl ester,2)、裂环异落叶松脂素双糖苷(secoisolariciresinol diglucoside,3)、草棉黄素-3,8-O-双葡萄糖苷(her-bacetin3,8-O-diglucoside,4)、胡萝卜苷(daucosterol,5)。结论化合物1-2为首次从亚麻子中分离得到。     

马尾松松针中木脂素类化学成分的研究

目的研究松科(Pinaceae)植物马尾松(P.massoniana Lamb.)松针(pine needles)水煎液中的化学成分。方法利用Diaion HP-20,Toyopearl HW-40和硅胶等柱色谱技术进行分离纯化,根据化合物的理化性质和光谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果从马尾松针水煎液镇痛作用较强的正丁醇萃取部位分离得到3个木脂素类化合物,其化学结构分别确定为化合物7(massonianoside D): (7S,8r)-4,9′-二羟基-3,3′-二甲氧基-7,8-二氢苯骈呋喃-1′-丙醇基新木脂素-9-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷;化合物8(异落叶松脂素):4,4′,9,9′-四羟基-3,3′-二甲氧基-7-苯基四氢萘木脂素;化合物9(异落叶松脂素-9-O-木糖苷):4,4′,9′-三羟基-3,3′-二甲氧基-7-苯基四氢萘木脂素-9-O-β-D-木糖苷。结论化合物7为新化合物,化合物8,9为首次从本植物中分离得到。     

圆二色谱在木脂素和新木脂素类化合物绝对构型确定中的应用

木脂素和新木脂素是一类由两分子苯丙素氧化耦合形成的次级代谢产物,具有广泛的药理活性。本文对近十年来圆二色谱在双四氢呋喃类、芳基四氢萘类、联苯环辛烯类、二苄基丁内酯类、苯骈二氢呋喃类木脂素和8-4'-氧新木脂素绝对构型确定中的应用规律进行综述,为木脂素和新木脂素类化合物立体构型的深入研究提供参考。     

木脂素类化合物的结构及生物活性研究进展

木脂素类化合物广泛存在于自然界,主要分布于植物的木部及树脂中,是一类重要的天然有机化合物,具有多种生物活性。本文主要对各种木脂素类化合物近5年来所发现的新结构类型及常见木脂素化合物的新生物活性研究进展进行综述,发现其中一些新木脂素类衍生物具有优良的生物活性。     

Dose, timing, and duration of flaxseed exposure affect reproductive indices and sex hormone levels in rats.

Flaxseed ingestion produces large amounts of mammalian lignans. Since lignans have weak estrogenic/antiestrogenic properties, the objective of this study was to determine in rats whether exposure to 5% or 10% flaxseed affects sex hormone levels and reproductive indices when given at different developmental stages. Rats were exposed to either a basal diet (control), 5%, or 10% flaxseed diet starting at weaning on postnatal day (PND) 21 or continuously from gestation to PND 132 for lifetime exposure. Compared to the control, exposure to 5% or 10% flaxseed after weaning produced no marked reproductive effects, whereas lifetime flaxseed exposure caused significant changes that differed depending on the dose. In female rats, lifetime exposure to 5% flaxseed affected the reproductive tract as indicated by delayed puberty onset. In contrast, lifetime exposure to 10% flaxseed caused earlier puberty onset, higher relative ovarian weight, higher serum estradiol levels, and lengthened estrous cycles. In male rats, lifetime 10% flaxseed exposure raised serum testosterone and estradiol levels and produced higher relative sex organ weights and prostate cell proliferation. In contrast, lifetime exposure to 5% flaxseed reduced adult relative prostate weight and cell proliferation, suggesting potential protection against prostatic disease, although sex hormone levels were unaffected. In conclusion, flaxseed can potentially alter reproduction, depending on the dose and timing of exposure.     

Dose,Timing, and Duration of Flaxseed Exposure Affect Reproductive Indices and Sex Hormone Levels in Rats

Abstract

Flaxseed ingestion produces large amounts of mammalian lignans. Since lignans have weak estrogenic/antiestrogenic properties, the objective of this study was to determine in rats whether exposure to 5% or 10% flaxseed affects sex hormone levels and reproductive indices when given at different developmental stages. Rats were exposed to either a basal diet (control), 5%, or 10% flaxseed diet starting at weaning on postnatal day (PND) 21 or continuously from gestation to PND 132 for lifetime exposure. Compared to the control, exposure to 5% or 10% flaxseed after weaning produced no marked reproductive effects, whereas lifetime flaxseed exposure caused significant changes that differed depending on the dose. In female rats, lifetime exposure to 5% flaxseed affected the reproductive tract as indicated by delayed puberty onset. In contrast, lifetime exposure to 10% flaxseed caused earlier puberty onset, higher relative ovarian weight, higher serum estradiol levels, and lengthened estrous cycles. In male rats, lifetime 10% flaxseed exposure raised serum testosterone and estradiol levels and produced higher relative sex organ weights and prostate cell proliferation. In contrast, lifetime exposure to 5% flaxseed reduced adult relative prostate weight and cell proliferation, suggesting potential protection against prostatic disease, although sex hormone levels were unaffected. In conclusion, flaxseed can potentially alter reproduction, depending on the dose and timing of exposure.     

肉苁蓉的主要化学成分及生物活性研究进展

肉苁蓉为列当科多年生草本寄生植物荒漠肉苁蓉Cistanche desertico或管花肉苁蓉Cistanche tubulosa的干燥带鳞叶的肉质茎,主要化学成分有苯乙醇苷类、环烯醚萜及其苷类、木脂素及其苷类、多糖等,具有抗衰老、保护肝脏、缓解体力疲劳、抗骨质疏松、润肠通便等多种生物活性。就肉苁蓉的主要化学成分及生物活性等方面的研究进展进行综述,为新药研发提供参考。     

肉苁蓉炮制的研究进展

肉苁蓉为临床常用中药,有"沙漠人参"之称。肉苁蓉的化学成分主要包括苯乙醇苷类、生物碱类、环烯醚萜苷类、有机酸类、木脂素苷以及一些挥发性成分。其药理作用主要表现为促激素样作用、促进免疫、抗氧化、抗衰老、通便等作用。主要对肉苁蓉炮制的历史沿革及现代炮制工艺、炮制前后化学成分和药理作用的变化进行综述,以期为深入开展炮制研究及原理解析提供文献依据。     

Application of a comprehensive metabolomics approach for the selection of flaxseed varieties with the highest nutritional and medicinal attributes

Flaxseed is considered an indispensable generally recognized as safe (GRAS) source of polyphenolic lignans, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), fibers as well as minerals and vitamins. The metabolite content of flaxseed reflects its nutritional and medicinal value. Therefore, the selection of flaxseed variety for food industry is dependent on its metabolome. A metabolomics approach based on liquid or gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry has been applied to discriminate different flaxseed cultivars that are commercially available in Egypt. The available Sakha cultivars were subjected to a comprehensive metabolomics and lipidomics approach for investigation of their metabolomes. Our results showed that among the screened cultivars, Sakha 6, with its yellow-colored testa, showed marked metabolic discrimination. This yellow cultivar showed high accumulation of essential amino acids. Additionally, the oil of this cultivar accumulated the highest content of the two essential PUFA: alpha-linolenic acid (an ω-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (an ω-6 fatty acid). Interestingly, the content of the main antinutritional cyanogenic glycosides such as linustatin and neolinustatin was lower, while, the content of medicinally-important secondary metabolites was higher in Sakha 6 cultivar. These results support the use of this cultivar for human consumption owing to its high nutritional and medicinal value.     

Exposure to flaxseed and its purified lignan reduces bone strength in young but not older male rats

Flaxseed is the richest source of the plant lignan secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG), which is converted to the two major mammalian lignans, enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL), by colonic bacteria. Because both ED and EL can produce biological effects similar to estrogen, exposure to lignans during early stages of development may adversely alter the normal development of bone in males since bone is a hormone-sensitive tissue. To determine whether early exposure to flaxseed or its lignan compromised the acquisition of bone mass or reduced bone strength, male offspring were exposed to one of three diets during lactation only (birth through postnatal day [PND] 21) via mother's milk or continuously from the start of lactation through to adolescence (PND 50) or young adulthood (PND 132). The diets were a basal diet (BD) that was devoid of phytoestrogens, BD containing 10% flaxseed, or BD containing the equivalent quantity of SDG present in a 10% flaxseed diet. To assess bone quantity, the bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) of femurs were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Since the biomechanical properties of bone are indicators of the microarchitecture and thus bone quality, the biomechanical strength of femurs was assessed by three-point bending. At PND 50, ultimate bending stress and Young's modulus, measures of bone strength, were reduced among rats that received the 10% flaxseed diet from PND 0 through PND 50, while there were no marked differences in bone size, BMC, or BMD among groups. Interestingly, this effect does not appear to be due to the lignan in flaxseed, as continuous exposure to the diet containing the equivalent quantity of lignan (10 S diet) did not alter any measures of bone strength. In contrast to PND 50, bone strength did not differ among groups at PND 132, indicating that the compromise in bone strength was not sustained into early adulthood. Bone size, BMC, and BMD continued to be similar among treatment groups at PND 132. In conclusion, exposing male rats to a diet containing 10% flaxseed or an equivalent quantity of lignan either during lactation only or through to early adulthood is safe with respect to bone health, as measures of bone mass and strength were similar to control rats.     

鬼箭羽化学成分及药理活性研究进展

鬼箭羽是我国传统中药,药用历史悠久,疗效显著,其化学成分包括黄酮类、甾体类、木脂素类、强心苷类、生物碱类、萜类、苯丙素类、酚酸类以及挥发油类等。现代研究表明鬼箭羽具有抗肿瘤、降血糖、抗肝纤维化、保肝、抗氧化、抑菌、抗炎、抗心肌缺血、解热利尿等多种生物活性。本文对鬼箭羽化学成分和药理活性进行了综述,为深入研究鬼箭羽提供资料。     

Exposure to flaxseed or its purified lignan during suckling only or continuously does not alter reproductive indices in male and female offspring.

Based on the reported health benefits of flaxseed, many Canadians are choosing to consume flaxseed or flaxseed-containing foods. However, the safety of exposure to flaxseed during early life such as the suckling period has not been studied, despite the fact that components in flaxseed with potential hormone-like effects can be transferred to nursing offspring via mother's milk. Previous investigations demonstrated that maternal feeding of a 10% flaxseed diet during pregnancy and lactation resulted in estrogenic effects on reproductive indices among male and female offspring. These effects were attributed to the potential estrogenic activity of enterodiol and enterolactone, the two major mammalian lignans that are converted from secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG) in flaxseed by colonic bacteria; however, the effect of exposure to purified SDG at the level of a 10% flaxseed diet was not studied. The objective of this study was to determine whether maternal feeding of flaxseed during lactation altered reproductive indices in male and female offspring. Rat dams were fed basal diet (BD) or BD containing either 100% flaxseed (10F) or the equivalent quantity of SDG present in the 10% (10S) flaxseed diet from the start of lactation until pups were 21 d old. At the end of lactation (postnatal day IPND] 21), suckling pups either continued on the mother's diet or were switched to BD until adolescence (PND 50) or young adulthood (PND 132) to determine if continuous exposure to flaxseed or SDG altered reproductive indices. The reproductive indices that were measured included anogenital distance from birth through PND 21, age and body weight at puberty onset (females only), estrous cycle length, reproductive organ weights at PND 50 and 132, and histological analysis of reproductive organs (uterus, ovaries, prostate) at PND 132. There were no significant effects of exposing male or female offspring to flaxseed or SDG during suckling only or during suckling through the postsuckling period on any of the reproductive indices measured. These findings are in contrast to the estrogenic effects observed in male and female offspring exposed to flaxseed during fetal life through suckling and suggest that fetal life is a more hormone-sensitive period of development. Although maternal feeding of flaxseed during lactation appears to be safe with respect to reproductive indices among offspring, future investigation is required to elucidate whether there are any long-term implications with respect to fertility.     

连翘不同部位化学成分研究进展

目的探讨连翘(Forsythia suspensa)不同部位化学成分研究进展。方法通过对近年来发表的有关连翘化学成分的文献进行归纳总结。结果连翘果实中所含化合物主要有木脂素类、挥发油和萜类、苯乙醇苷类、黄酮类、生物碱类、有机酸类等;花中主要含挥发油类成分,其组成与连翘果实中挥发性成分接近,但活性成分含量较低;叶的化学成分与果实中所含成分具有一定的相似性,部分活性成分的含量甚至高于其在果实中的含量,但种类较少;籽为连翘果实中挥发油的主要来源,其化学成分组成与果实中挥发性成分基本一致。结论连翘果实、叶、花、籽均含不同化学成分且活性成分不同,为寻找新的药源及连翘的综合开发利用提供了新思路。