Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: an approach without pneumoperitoneum

Summary Diagnostic pneumoperitoneum, which has been considered the first step of any laparoscopic procedure, is no longer an absolute necessity. We devised an alternative to pneumoperitoneum or abdominal insufflation by upward and outward traction on the anterior abdominal wall with a hanger lifting method using subcutaneous wiring. Fairly good room was produced intraabdominally, which was enough in which to perform the cholecystectomy procedure. We have successfully performed 40 cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy with this procedure. No complication was experienced with this method and, moreover, excess instrumentation and complications related to pneumoperitoneum were avoided.     

Hemodynamic effects of argon pneumoperitoneum

The hemodynamic effects of argon pneumoperitoneum were studied to define its possible role as an alternative gas for intraperitoneal insufflation during minimally invasive surgery.Adult pigs were anesthetized and placed on mechanical ventilation. Parameters measured or determined included mean arterial (MAP), pulmonary arterial (PAP), pulmonary arterial wedge (PAWP), right atrial (CVP), and inferior vena cava venous (IVC) pressures, total excretion of CO₂ (VCO₂), oxygen consumption (VO₂), minute ventilation, and arterial blood gases. Also determined were cardiac output, stroke volume, and systemic vascular resistance all indexed to weight (CI, SVI, SVRI). Data were recorded during a 1-h baseline, 2 h of insufflation with argon gas at a constant pressure of 15 mmHg, and 1 h recovery after desufflation.There was no significant change from baseline in VCO₂, VO₂, MAP, PAP, PAWP, CVP, PaCO₂, or arterial pH. Argon pneumoperitoneum significantly increased systemic vascular resistance index and exerted a depressant effect on stroke volume index and cardiac index by 25% and 30% from baseline values, respectively (P<0.05). Inferior vena cava pressure increased as a reflection of the intraabdominal pressure. Argon insufflation had no effect on respiratory function.Argon gas may not be physiologically inert, and in patients with cardiovascular disease its effects may be clinically important.Presented at the annual meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 3 April 1993     

Improved abdominal wall wound healing by helium pneumoperitoneum

Background Despite widespread use of the endoscopic technique in the treatment of inguinal and incisional hernias, knowledge about its impact on abdominal wall wound healing is rare. Questions remain regarding the risk of port-site hernias and hernia recurrence. The current study investigated the gas-dependent effects of pneumoperitoneum on laparotomy wound healing. Methods Laparotomy was performed in 54 male Sprague–Dawley rats. A carbon dioxide (n = 18) or helium (n = 18) pneumoperitoneum of 3 mmHg was maintained before and after laparotomy, with an overall duration of 30 min. The rats in the control group (n = 18) received no pneumoperitoneum. The animals were killed after 5 and 10 days, and the abdominal wall was explanted for subsequent histopathologic examinations of the laparotomy wound. The granuloma formation in hematoxylin and eosin–stained sections was analyzed. Infiltration of macrophages (CD68) and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-8 and MMP-13) were examined by immunohistochemistry. The collagen type 1 to type 3 ratio was investigated by cross-polarization microscopy after Sirius Red staining. Results After 5 and 10 days, the percentages of CD68-positive cells, granuloma formation, and expression of MMP-8 did not differ between the groups. In contrast, after both 5 and 10 days, the expression of MMP-13 and the collagen 1 to 3 ratio were significantly higher after helium pneumoperitoneum than in the control animals. Conclusions The results suggest that helium pneumoperitoneum may ameliorate wound healing within the abdominal wall and could therefore represent a beneficial gas for endoscopic hernia repair.     

呼气末正压通气对二氧化碳气腹病人动脉血氧合的影响

目的观察腹腔镜手术期间呼气末正压通气(PEEP)对二氧化碳气腹病人动脉血氧合及血液动力学的影响。方法20例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级经腹腔镜肾上腺肿块、输尿管上段结石及肾切除的病人,随机均分为P组和C组。50%氧气混合空气机械通气,P组予以5cmH2O的PEEP,C组无PEEP。观察建立二氧化碳气腹前(T0)、气腹后10min(T1)、30min(T2)、1h(T3)和2h(T4)的PaO2、PaCO2、HR及MAP。结果P组气腹期间PaO2有上升趋势,而C组呈下降趋势,气腹后1hC组显著低于P组(P<0.05)。两组MAP和HR波动均未超过11%。结论腹腔镜手术期间PEEP能促进动脉血氧合,对循环影响较小。     

腹腔镜手术半开放置鞘气腹法安全建立气腹5 598例分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜手术半开放置鞘气腹法建立气腹的可行性及操作方法。方法:回顾分析5 600例腹腔镜术中半开放置鞘气腹法5 598例成功的经验及2例失败的教训。结果:5 600例中5 598例成功建立气腹,1例胃大部切除术后胆囊结石反复穿刺导致空肠穿孔,腹腔镜下行空肠修补术和腹腔镜胆囊切除术;1例剖宫产术后因腹腔内广泛粘连,气体膨胀困难而中转开腹。本组半开放置鞘气腹法成功率为99.96%。结论:半开放置鞘气腹法融合闭合法及开放法的优点,安全可行,操作简便。     

腹腔镜手术中头低脚高体位气腹建立后对冠状动脉血流量的影响分析

目的探讨头低脚高的体位处理对腹腔镜手术期间气腹建立后冠状动脉血流量的影响。方法选取2015年4月至2016年3月行腹腔镜手术的患者56例作为研究对象,根据体位的不同分为头低脚高组(A组,28例)和头高脚低组(B组,28例)。比较两组患者在气腹前(T0)、气腹后10 min(T1)、体位改变后5 min(T2)、10 min(T3)及20 min(T4)各时间点的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、呼气末二氧化碳分压(P_(et)CO_2)及冠状动脉左前降支(LAD)的直径及血流量。应用SPSS 17.0软件对所有临床数据进行统计学分析,体位改变后各时间点HR、MAP、P_(et)CO_2、LAD变化、血流动力学指标、手术时间以均数±标准差(±s)的形式表示,组间比较采用t检验;计数资料以n(%)的形式表示,采用χ~2检验;以P0.05表示差异有统计学意义。结果与气腹前(T0)时间点相比,两组患者的T1、T2、T3、T4时间点的HR、MAP、P_(et)CO_2、LAD直径和血流量均显著下降(P0.05);与气腹后10 min(T1)时间点相比,A组患者的T2、T3、T4时间点的P_(et)CO_2及LAD直径和血流量显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜手术时头低脚高体位可对患者的冠状动脉的血流量产生影响,临床应加强监护。     

开腹、气腹腹腔镜、无气腹腹腔镜结直肠癌手术对高龄患者术中心肺功能的影响

目的探讨开腹、气腹腹腔镜及腹壁悬吊腹腔镜结直肠癌手术对高龄高危患者的心肺功能的影响。方法选择我院普外科2008年2月～2010年1月收治的年龄≥60岁、合并高血压病或心脏基础疾病、NYHA心功能分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级的拟行结直肠癌手术治疗者54例,根据患者意愿分为开腹组、气腹组及腹壁悬吊组。于麻醉前(T1)、气管插管后手术开始前(T2)及开腹、气腹或腹壁悬吊后10min(T3)、30min(T4)、60min(T5)、90min(T6)记录心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)及气道峰压(PIP),T2及T4～T6行血气分析检查,记录pH、PaCO2等数值。结果气腹组1例更改手术方式为悬吊腹腔镜手术,为排除病例,余手术均顺利完成。气腹组在CO2气腹形成后DBP、CVP、PIP明显升高(P0.01),随着手术时间的延长,气腹组逐渐出现动脉血pH降低(P0.05)及PaCO2增高(P0.01)。结论 CO2气腹的建立对心肺功能产生了较明显的影响。对于高龄高危患者,腹壁悬吊腹腔镜手术是一种较理想的手术方式。     

半开放置鞘气腹法在腹部手术史患者腹腔镜术中的应用

目的　探讨腹腔镜术半开放置鞘气腹法对有腹部手术史患者建立气腹的可行性及操作方法。　方法　回顾分析 1994年 10月～ 2 0 0 2年 1月 2 10 0例腹腔镜术中 117例有腹部手术史患者半开放置鞘气腹法 115例成功的经验及 2例失败的教训。　结果　 117例中 115例成功建立气腹 ,1例胃大部切除术后胆囊结石反复穿刺导致空肠穿孔 ,腹腔镜下行空肠修补术和腹腔镜胆囊切除术 ,1例剖宫产术后因腹腔内广泛粘连气体膨胀困难而中转开腹。本组半开放置鞘气腹法成功率 98 3 % (115 / 117)。　结论　有腹部手术史患者半开放置鞘气腹法建立气腹安全可行 ,融合闭合法及开放法的优点 ,操作简便。     

Systems and instruments for laparoscopic surgery without pneumoperitoneum

The insufflation of carbon dioxide into the peritoneal cavity is a routine technique of abdominal exposure in laparoscopic surgery. Because of adverse physiological effects and technical disadvantages of the pneumoperitoneum, alternative methods of abdominal wall lifting have been explored recently. Two groups of retraction systems exist: intraabdominal lifting and subcutaneous lifting of the abdominal wall. Some systems require additional pneumoperitoneum, because the extent of intraabdominal exposure is not sufficient. Other systems are working completely without gas insufflation. Two systems combine abdominal wall lifting with pressure on the internal organs. Every method allows the use of standard laparoscopic instruments, which originally were designed for a regular pneumoperitoneum. The use of a low-pressure pneumoperitoneum in combination with mechanical augmentation of the peritoneal cavity reduces physiological disadvantages of laparoscopy. But technical advantages, such as combination of laparoscopic and open techniques, can be realized only without gas insufflation. Conventional instruments have been designed to fit the ergonomical needs of isopneumic laparoscopy and to be employed with simple valveless cannulae. Received: 19 November 1996/Accepted: 30 December 1997     

Laparoscopy and collagen metabolism

The collagens represent a vital component within the wound healing process and physiological scar formation. Therefore, analysing the influence of new operative procedures on collagen metabolism is of great surgical interest. As the endoscopic technique has, nowadays, become routinely applied for diverse abdominal diseases worldwide, we present a review of literature facing its impact on collagen biology.     

Hemodynamic and pulmonary changes during open, carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum, and abdominal wall-lifting cholecystectomy

Background: Carbon dioxide (CO2) pneumoperitoneum effects are still controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate cardiopulmonary changes in patients subjected to different surgical procedures for cholecystectomy. Methods: In this study, 15 patients were assigned randomly to three groups according to the surgical procedure to be used: open cholecystectomy (OC), CO2 pneumoperitoneum cholecystectomy (PP), and laparoscopic gasless cholecystectomy (abdominal wall lifting [AWL]), respectively. A pulmonary artery catheter was used for hemodynamic monitoring in all patients. A subcutaneous multiplanar device (Laparo Tenser) was used for abdominal wall lifting. To avoid misinterpretation of results, conventional anesthesia was performed with all parameters, and the position of the patients held fixed thoroughout surgery. The following parameters were analyzed: mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI), stroke volume index (SVI), central venous pressure (CVP), systemic vascular resistances index (SVRI), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), pulmonary vascular resistances index (PVRI), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), end-tidal CO2 pressure (ETCO)2, CO2 arterial pressure (PaCO2), and arterial pH. Results: All the operations were completed successfully. The Laparo Tenser allowed good exposition of the surgical field. A slight impairment of the cardiopulmonary functions, with reduction of SVRI, MAP, and CI and elevation of pulmonary pressures and vascular resistance, followed induction of anesthesia. However, these effects tended to normalize in the OC and AWL groups over time. In contrast, CO2 insufflation produced a complex hemodynamic and pulmonary syndrome resulting in increased right- and left side filling pressures, significant cardiac index reduction, derangement of the respiratory mechanics, and respiratory acidosis. All of these effects normalized after desufflation. Conclusions: Cardiopulmonary adverse effects of general anesthesia were significant but transitory and normalized during surgery. Carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum caused a significant impairment in cardiopulmonary functions. In high-risk patients, gasless laparoscopy may be preferred for reliability and absence of cardiopulmonary alterations. apd: 21 December 2000     

腹腔镜结直肠术中急性胃肠损伤的发生与气腹腹内压力升高的相关性分析

目的探讨腹腔镜下结直肠手术中急性胃肠损伤的发生与气腹腹内压力升高的相关性分析。方法选取2013年6月至2016年3月行腹腔镜结直肠手术的患者92例作为研究对象,进行前瞻性研究,根据术中CO2的气腹腹内压力分为12 mm Hg(A组,46例)和15 mm Hg(B组,46例),应用SPSS 19.0统计学软件对所有的数据进行统计学处理,术中、术后情况呈正态分布的定量数据用均数±标准差(x珋±s)表示,组间比较采用独立t检验;术后急性胃肠损伤发生率等计数资料采用χ~2检验;气腹腹内压力与急性胃肠损伤的相关性采用Pearson相关分析,以P0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。结果 A组与B组相比,两组患者在术中情况(CO2气腹持续时间、术中出血量和手术时间)以及术后急性胃肠损伤的发生率及其他术后情况(住院时间、术后6 h内鼻胃管拔出、呕吐率、首次排便时间及肠蠕动恢复时间)上差异均无统计学意义P0.05。结论腹腔镜下结直肠手术中急性胃肠损伤的发生与气腹腹内压力升高的无相关性。     

Laparoscopy for abdominal emergencies

Background Emergency laparoscopic exploration can be used to identify the causative pathology of acute abdominal pain. Laparoscopic surgery also allows treatment of many intraabdominal disorders. This report was prepared to describe the effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery compared to laparotomy or nonoperative treatment. Methods A panel of European experts in abdominal and gynecological surgery was assembled and participated in a consensus conference using Delphi methods. The aim was to develop evidence-based recommendations for the most common diseases that may cause acute abdominal pain. Recommendations Laparoscopic surgery was found to be clearly superior for patients with a presumable diagnosis of perforated peptic ulcer, acute cholecystitis, appendicitis, or pelvic inflammatory disease. In the emergency setting, laparoscopy is of unclear or limited value if adhesive bowel obstruction, acute diverticulitis, nonbiliary pancreatitis, hernia incarceration, or mesenteric ischemia are suspected. In stable patients with acute abdominal pain, noninvasive diagnostics should be fully exhausted before considering explorative surgery. However, diagnostic laparoscopy may be useful if no diagnosis can be found by conventional diagnostics. More clinical data are needed on the use of laparoscopy after blunt or penetrating trauma of the abdomen. Conclusions Due to diagnostic and therapeutic advantages, laparoscopic surgery is useful for the majority of conditions underlying acute abdominal pain, but noninvasive diagnostic aids should be exhausted first. Depending on symptom severity, laparoscopy should be advocated if routine diagnostic procedures have failed to yield results. Paper presented at the 13th International Congress of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES), Venice, Italy, June 2005 S. Sauerland and E. A. M. Neugebauer are the Conference organizers on behalf of the Scientific Committee of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES), c/o EAES Office, P.O. Box 335, 5500 AH Veldhoven, The Netherlands     

二氧化碳气腹时血液动力学和血浆心钠素的变化

目的 研究ＣＯ２气腹对血浆心钠素（ＡＮＰ）、血液动力学和气道压力的影响。方法 腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）患者４２例，随机分成硫喷妥钠组（２５例）和异丙酚组（１７例）。在手术的不同阶段，抽取静脉血标本，用放射免疫法检测血浆中ＡＮＰ的浓度，同时记录心率、血压、血氧饮和度和气道压力的变化。结果 气腹后１０、３０分，两组ＡＮＰ浓度较麻醉前明显降低（Ｐ〈０．０５），气道压力则明显上升（Ｐ〈０．０１）。两者均在     

无气腹与气腹腹腔镜子宫切除术的临床初步评估

目的探讨应用无气腹腹腔镜行子宫切除术的可行性及其优点。方法比较2003年10月-2008年10月无气腹36例与气腹39例腹腔镜辅助阴式子宫切除术的手术时间、出血量、切除的子宫重量、术后病率、抗生素使用时间、住院时间、麻醉费用、手术费用、住院总费用。无气腹组18例合并心、肺疾病,为气腹禁忌证。结果与气腹组相比,无气腹组手术时间短[（81.0±18.5）min vs（96.5±15.4）min,t=-3.95,P=0.000）],术中出血量少[（53.8±31.6）ml vs（74.2±33.5）ml,t=-2.71,P=0.001],麻醉费用少[（923.6±223.3）元vs（1585.1±253.4）元,t=-12.01,P=0.000],但术后抗生素使用时间长[（5.0±1.0）d vs（3.2±0.9）d,t=14.14,P=0.000],术后住院时间长[（6.1±0.8）d vs（4.6±0.8）d,t=7.65,P=0.000]。2组术中切除子宫重量、术后病率、手术费用、住院总费用差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论无气腹腹腔镜子宫切除术是可行的,尤其对有心、肺合并症者,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

Direct trocar insertion technique: an alternative for creation of pneumoperitoneum.

OBJECTIVES: The direct trocar insertion technique (DTI) for the creation of pneumoperitoneum has been described as an alternative to open and Veress needle (VN) techniques. This study assesses the safety and feasibility of direct trocar insertion without a pre-existing pneumoperitoneum in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic procedures. METHODS: From November 2001 to February 2006, we retrospectively studied 196 (146 women and 50 men) consecutive patients. A single consultant laparoscopic surgeon performed all operations. The mean patient age was 57 years (range, 22 to 81). The procedures included 186 laparoscopic cholecystectomies, 3 laparoscopic appendectomies, 1 laparoscopic Nissen, 5 laparoscopic groin hernia repairs, and 1 conversion to open surgery. RESULTS: Creation of pneumoperitoneum with DTI was feasible in 99.5% of patients. No major complications were associated with the technique. Immediate minor postoperative complications included 1 (0.5%) wound infection and 3 (1.5%) hematomas. At mean follow-up of 23 months, 4 (2%) umbilical wound stitch granulomas and 1 (0.5%) incisional hernia from the umbilical port site were observed. CONCLUSION: This study shows that that when performed by an experienced laparoscopic surgeon the direct trocar insertion technique is a safe and effective alternative for creation of pneumoperitoneum.     

A safe quick technique for placement of the first access port for creation of pneumoperitoneum

Introduction:

Closed and open techniques for creation of pneumoperitoneum are being used simultaneously with varying frequencies. Some studies analyzing slight modifications to both approaches have been published and others are under way. We conducted this study to eliminate some of the disadvantages of the open technique, an already proven safer technique.

Patients & Methods:

In a total of 1250 consecutive patients, who underwent various laparoscopic procedures, a modified open technique was used. This technique involves identification and incision of a point at a junction of the umbilical stalk and linea alba infraumbilically. With this technique, penetration of a blunt trocar was possible under direct vision with minimal and controlled axial force. Time needed to induce pneumoperitoneum, intraoperative (vascular and other organ injury) and postoperative complications were recorded, and data were analyzed.

Results:

Intraabdominal access was successfully achieved in all cases without any vascular or solid organ injury except in 3 (0.24%) cases. In these 3 cases, the procedure failed due to severe adhesions, because of previous abdominal surgeries. Mean time taken to induce pneumoperitoneum was 4.0 minutes (range, 2 to 9.5), while time required to close the first access port was 4.5 minutes (range, 3 to 8). Enterotomy occurred in 2 (0.16%) cases, while a postoperative port-site hernia occurred in 2 (0.16%) cases. Port-site infection occurred in 6 (0.48%) cases, and port-site hematoma in 4 (0.32%) cases. Gas spillage was recorded in only 6 (0.48%) cases.

Conclusion:

We recommend a modified open technique as the technique of choice in all cases requiring laparoscopic surgery in general and developing countries in particular where intraabdominal adhesions are not uncommon.     

呼气末正压通气对二氧化碳气腹期间病人肺内分流的影响

目的观察二氧化碳气腹期间不同呼气末正压通气(PEEP)对肺内分流的影响。方法35例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级经腹腔镜行中、上腹部手术的病人,随机分为P0组(不予PEEP)、P1组(予4mm Hg PEEP)、P2组(予7mm Hg PEEP)及P3组(予9mm Hg PEEP)。观察注气前5min、注气后30、60、120min的SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2、PETCO2及血气分析。结果与注气前5min比较,四组注气后30min SBP、DBP均显著增高、HR均显著增快(P<0.05或P<0.01);P3组注气后60、120min仍高于注气前(P<0.05或P<0.01),并且其HR、DBP高于P0组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。P0、P1、P3三组注气后PaCO2、动脉血-呼气末二氧化碳分压差(Pa-ETCO2)、肺泡氧分压-动脉血氧分压差(A-aDO2)均显著增高(P<0.05或P<0.01),PaO2注气后30、120min显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);P2组差异无统计学意义,并且其PaO2高于P0组,PaCO2、Pa-ETCO2、A-aDO2均低于P0组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。P2、P3两组注气后吸气峰压(Ppeak)均显著增高(P<0.01),并高于P0组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论气腹期间采用7mm Hg PEEP的通气模式能有效改善肺的换气功能,且对循环功能的影响较小。     

腹腔镜检查在腹部肿瘤诊断中的应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜在腹部肿瘤诊断中的应用价值。方法:分为二组,实验组:诊断为腹部肿瘤,于剖腹术前行腹腔镜检查31例;对照组:经腹腔镜检查和活检术证实腹部肿瘤14例。结果:在实验组有4/31例(12.9%)、对照组有9/14例(64.82%)证实肿瘤在腹腔内广泛转移;全组腹腔镜检查诊断准确率为100%,避免不必要的剖腹探查13/45例(28.88%)。结论:腹腔镜检查对腹部肿瘤的诊断准确率高,有助于恶性肿瘤的准确分期,可避免许多不必要的剖腹探查,且并发症少,在腹部肿瘤的诊断中,是一个重要的辅助检查手段。     

Laparoscopy versus laparotomy in management of abdominal trauma

Background A majority of abdominal injuries (AIs) are associated with shock, hence most of the patients are hemodynamically unstable, which limits the use of video-assisted laparoscopy (VAL) in their management. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the possibility of using VAL in management of stable and unstable patients with abdominal trauma. Methods In a period of six years 2,695 patients with AIs were evaluated. The subjects were evaluated retrospectively and divided into two groups. Group 1, consisting of 1,363 patients, had conventional routine investigations following which they underwent laparotomy for confirmatory diagnosis and definitive management. The second group, consisting of 1,332 patients, underwent diagnostic laparoscopy in addition to the conventional investigations in the first group; 411 patients of this group had therapeutic laparoscopy. Demographic information, incidence of organs injuries and operative findings, success rate of VAL and laparotomy repair, complications, associated injuries, and hospital mortality were evaluated. Results The age of 62.6% of our patients was 20–50 years, while 10.6% and 14.5% were less than 19 and greater than 50 years, respectively. Associated injuries were head, chest, musculoskeletal, and vertebral column. Most of the victims presented with shock; 50.7%, 24.7%, and 15.9% of the patients were in mild, moderate, and severe shock respectively, and 8.7% of the subjects had stable hemodynamic status. In the first group 47.1% of the laparotomies were absolutely indicated and 24.4% were negative. Of the patients who had laparotomy, 26.0% would have been managed confidently by VAL. In the second group following VAL 42.5% of the patients did not require surgical intervention. VAL surgery was performed in 30.8% of patients. Conversion to laparotomy was performed in 26.7% of the patients. Conclusions The VAL technique can be confidently used as a main tool to expedite evaluation and treatment of patients with abdominal trauma in cases of both stable and unstable hemodynamic status.