大理州生活饮用水水碘含量调查分析

目的分析大理州生活饮用水水碘含量分布,为调整干预策略及制定碘缺乏病防控措施提供依据。方法按《全国生活饮用水水碘含量调查方案》及《云南省生活饮用水水碘调查方案》开展调查,对集中式、混合式和分散式供水水碘含量进行检测。结果全州共调查12个县市111个乡(镇、街道)550个村。共采集水样550份,12个县市水碘含量均值2.19μg/L、中位数0.9μg/L;有97.3%水样的水碘含量10μg/L,为碘缺乏地区;不同供水方式水样水碘含量10μg/L占97.3%,其中,集中式供水85.7%、混合式供水98.4%、分散式供水93.8%。结论大理州生活饮用水水碘含量中位数10μg/L,属缺碘地区,须长期坚持使用碘盐,预防碘缺乏病;同时应加强健康宣传,巩固持续消除碘缺乏病阶段目标的成果。     

蚌埠市不同供水类型饮用水水碘调查分析

目的调查蚌埠市生活饮用水水碘含量及高水碘自然村分布情况,指导科学补碘。方法对蚌埠市三县四区以乡为单位开展饮用水水碘含量第一层次调查。按东南西北中5个方位选取1个行政村测定水碘含量,对水碘含量中位数大于10μg/L的乡镇进行第二层次抽样调查。以行政村为基本单位,对集中供水,仅采1份管网末梢水样;对分散供水的行政村,每村按照东南西北中5个方位各采2份水样;当水源数量少于10个时,采集全部水源水样,采用适合缺碘及高碘地区的水碘检测方法测定每个村的饮水碘含量,参照《水源性高碘地区和高碘病区的划定》标准,确定高水碘行政村。结果第一层次调查共检测水样607份,水碘中位数为11.3μg/L,41个乡镇水碘含量大于10μg/L;第二层次调查共检测水样3 084份,水碘中位数为22.8μg/L。高水碘行政村132个,占17.9%,分散式供水区水碘含量与井深之间呈负相关,r=-0.049,P=0.013(P0.05);集中式供水区水碘含量与井深之间呈正相关,r=0.542,P=0.000(P0.05),水碘含量与水井深度有关。结论蚌埠市既存在碘不足地区,又有高碘地区,水碘含量在10~100μg/L的行政村,是否需要补碘,需要进一步研究。     

当阳市居民饮用水碘含量的调查分析

目的调查当阳市居民饮用水碘含量,为制定防治策略提供科学依据。方法采集集中式供水和分散式供水水样,用砷铈催化分光光度法检测水碘。结果 297份水样的碘含量在0~143μg/L之间,平均为21.9μg/L,中位数9.3μg/L,水碘含量≥100μg/L 8份。结论按碘缺乏病病区划分标准,当阳市居民水源一半以上为缺碘地区。但也有少量水源中碘含量较高,接近高碘地区,应加强监测。     

2017年株洲市生活饮用水碘监测分析

目的通过开展饮用水水碘调查,了解2017年株洲市9个县、区内整体生活饮用水碘含量水平,且及时掌握株洲市动态评价人群碘营养状况,为适时采取针对性防治措施和科学调整干预策略提供依据,贯彻"因地制宜、科学补碘"的策略。方法对整个辖区内各地生活饮用水的水碘根据《适合缺碘及高碘地区水碘检测的方法》,进行检测,统计分析。结果株洲市4区5县共检测水碘1 826份,中位值2μg/L,平均值6.465μg/L,水碘范围0～172.8μg/L,水碘低于10μg/L的有1 566份,占85.8%,水碘适量的共260份,占14.2%。水碘明显低于国家标准。结论生活饮用水中的碘含量与地势和大气环境等多自然因素相关,株洲属于缺碘地区,要及时的通过其他途径补充人体的碘含量,采取科学干预措施,因地制宜,以保证人群获得适宜的碘营养。     

连云港市水碘含量调查报告

随着1996年以来降氟和治污改水工程的深入和自来水的普及，城乡饮用水结构发生了改变。因改水造成某些地区成为高碘病区已屡见不鲜。为了解连云港市饮水结构改变对水碘含量的影响。从而进一步确定高碘地区、不缺碘地区和缺碘地区。科学地指导我市碘缺乏病防治工作。我们于2003年4月中旬对全市各乡镇主要饮用水源的碘含量进行了检测，现将结果报告如下。     

2017年漯河市居民生活饮用水碘监测结果分析

目的了解漯河市居民生活饮用水碘含量情况,为科学调整碘缺乏病防治策略提供数据支持。方法以行政村为单位对漯河市居民饮用水碘含量进行普查,采集水源末梢水样,进行碘含量检测。结果共采集2186份水样,水碘含量范围在0.2～655.1μg/L,中位数为10.9μg/L。集中供水和分散供水的水碘含量差异有统计学意义(H=204.18,P<0.05)。水碘中位数>100μg/L的有92个行政村,占所有行政村数的9.47%。结论临颍县92个行政村水碘中位数>100μg/L,占临颍县行政村数的25.07%,人口占临颍县23.86%,按GB/T19380-2016标准,这些行政村应划定为水源性高碘地区。建议停止对水源性高碘地区供应加碘盐,加强健康教育,科学引导居民食用无碘盐,同时加强全市饮用水碘含量监测、水源性高碘地区8～10岁儿童和孕妇的碘营养水平监测,避免高碘造成危害。     

巴中市外环境生活饮用水水碘含量调查

目的掌握巴中市生活饮用水的水碘含量状况,为落实科学补碘、预防缺碘和高碘危害提供参考依据。方法以巴中市5个县(区)198个乡(镇、街道)为调查范围,2017年开展乡级居民生活饮用水的水碘含量调查,用GB/T 5750.5-2006《砷铈催化分光光度法》检测水样中水碘含量。结果巴中市198个乡(镇、街道)954个村(居委会),乡级混合供水占90.9%,村级以分散供水为主(79.1%);共采水样3 973份,分散供水占94.8%;水碘中位数2.20μg/L(0.0～97.0μg/L),10μg/L的占92.1%(3 660份);水碘中位数乡级均10μg/L、村级10μg/L的占98.5%;水碘含量为井水自来水泉水;调查井最深90 m,井深20 m的占0.8%,≤20 m的浅水井水碘含量与井深呈正相关,井深≤1 m的水碘含量最低。结论巴中市自然外环境仍然普遍缺碘,未发现水源性高碘地区,需继续实施食盐加碘预防人群碘缺乏。     

"五水共治"对杭州市外环境居民生活饮用水碘含量的影响

目的了解杭州市"五水共治"实施对外环境居民生活饮用水碘含量的影响, 为因地制宜、科学补碘提供科学依据。方法 2017年5月, 在杭州实施"五水共治"过程中, 在13个区(县、市)以乡镇为单位按照供水方式的不同采集水样, 水碘检测采用国家碘缺乏病参照实验室推荐的"适合缺碘及高碘地区水碘检测的方法"。按照水源类型(自来水、井水、泉水), 区域(城市、郊区、农村)等进行水碘分布状况分析。结果全市共检测水样722份, 水碘中位数为1.1 μg/L, 范围为0.3 ～ 105.0 μg/L, 各区(县、市)水碘中位数均< 10 μg/L。全市182个乡镇中, 集中供水94个, 分散供水3个, 混合供水85个;自来水、井水和泉水的水碘中位数分别为1.3、0.9、1.6 μg/L, 城区、郊区、农村的水碘中位数分别为3.6、1.2、1.0 μg/L。结论杭州市外环境居民生活饮用水碘含量偏低, 仍属于碘缺乏地区, 在开展"五水共治"措施的同时应继续实行食盐加碘防治碘缺乏病的策略。     

扬州市饮用水水碘含量调查

目的:了解扬州市饮用水结构改变对水碘含量的影响,从而进一步确定高碘病区、不缺碘地区和缺碘地区,科学地指导碘缺乏病防治工作。方法:采用砷铈氧化还原法测定水碘含量。结果:调查的883份样品中,水碘值<10μg/L的有417份,占47.23%,水碘值10~200μg/L的有464份,占52.55%。结论:扬州市是缺碘和碘适宜地区。     

枣庄市市中区生活饮用水水碘调查分析

目的 通过对2008年和2021年枣庄市市中区居民生活饮用水水碘含量及其地理空间分布变化特点进行分析,评估当地水碘含量水平,为防治碘缺乏病及科学补碘提供依据。方法 根据《山东省生活饮用水水碘含量调查方案》,在全区11个乡镇(街道办事处)范围内,以行政村为单位进行采样调查,应用Arc GIS 10.2软件建立空间数据库并绘制水碘分布图进行考察研究。结果 2008年和2021年市中区居民生活饮用水水碘含量中位值分别为1.80μg/L、1.82μg/L,而水碘含量≤10μg/L的分别占总调查数的96.92%、96.35%。同时,市中区居民饮用水水碘含量局部自相关检验差异有统计学意义(2008年：Z=-6.513 654～4.526 347,P<0.05;2021年：Z=-4.993 302～5.303 331,P<0.05);主要呈现3种聚集模式,水碘分布存在以高-高值、低-低值、高-低值3种聚集模式为主的局部空间聚集现象,水碘相对高值主要分布在市中区南部的平原区域,较低值主要分布周边的低山丘陵区域。结论 枣庄市市中区水碘含量普遍较低,仍属于外环境缺碘地区,建议补充水源水碘含量短...     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.