淮北市1995～2001年梅毒流行趋势分析

目的　分析淮北市梅毒的流行趋势 ,为制定防治对策提供依据。方法　对淮北市 1995～ 2 0 0 1年性病疫情报表中梅毒疫情资料进行收集整理 ,采用趋势卡方检验进行分析。结果　淮北市梅毒发病率从 1995年的 0 .11/ 10万上升到 2 0 0 1年的 3.79/ 10万 ,年平均增长速度为 80 .4 % ;梅毒在报告的 8种性病中所占比例逐年增加 ;在性别构成上 ,女性发病增幅上升趋势尤为明显。结论　应尽快制定有效的防治对策 ,突出重点人群、重点环节 ,控制梅毒疫情的蔓延 ,减少病例的发生     

肥东县2001～2003年性病疫情分析

1　资料来源肥东县卫生防疫站性病疫情报表。2　结果2 .1　基本情况　 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 3年全县共报告性病 7种共 2 2 15例 ,发病率分别为 6 0 .2 9/ 10万、6 0 .4 7/ 10万、77.94 / 10万 ,发病率呈上升趋势。2 .2　性病发病数及构成　 2 0 0 1年依次为非淋菌性尿道炎、淋病、尖锐湿疣、梅毒 ;2 0 0 2年、2 0 0 3年均依次为非淋菌性尿道炎、尖锐湿疣、淋病、梅毒。尖锐湿疣和非淋菌性尿道炎报告发病数呈逐年增多趋势。梅毒、淋病构成比呈逐年下降 ,非淋菌性尿道炎构成比呈逐年上升。 (表 1)。表 1　不同性病发病统计病名 2 0 0 1例数构成比 …     

南山区1993～2002年梅毒流行趋势

目的 :分析南山区 10年来 (1993～ 2 0 0 2 )梅毒流行病学趋势 ,探讨影响梅毒流行的因素 ,为制定控制措施提供科学依据。方法 :对南山区 1993～ 2 0 0 2年报告的梅毒疫情资料进行分析。结果 :10年来梅毒发病率增加 6 7.34倍 ,由 1993年发病率为 0 .8/ 10万增加至 5 3.87/ 10万。以 2 0～ 39岁年龄组居多 ,占梅毒发病人数 85 .4 6 % ;以工人发病率最高 ,为32 .5 2 % ,发病率较高行业分别为待业 (无业 )、商服、干职工等 ;婚外传播为梅毒传播的主要因素 ,高达 6 9.38%。近几年女性梅毒呈明显上升趋势。结论 :该区的梅毒发病率仍处于增长期 ,应针对目前流行特征 ,调整和研究防治对策以控制梅毒疫情的蔓延。     

杭州市西湖区1994～2001年梅毒流行病学分析

梅毒是一种传染性强、危害大的性病 ,近年发病率逐年增加。为掌握西湖区梅毒的流行趋势和流行特征 ,对西湖区 1994～ 2 0 0 1年梅毒流行情况进行了分析 ,为今后防治工作提供参考依据。资料来源资料来自西湖区 1994～ 2 0 0 1年性病疫情年报。病例由各级医疗单位报告 ,诊断标准为卫生部疾病控制司编写的《性病防治手册》。人口资料来自西湖区公安分局年度人口统计数。结　　果1　流行趋势　 1994年报告发现首例梅毒 ,之后其发病率一直呈上升趋势 ,病例报告数从 1994年的 1例上升到 2 0 0 1年的 190例 ;发病率由 1994年的 0 2 9/10万上升至 2…     

辽宁省1991～2000年梅毒流行趋势分析

近年来 ,梅毒疫情在我省迅速上升 ,1994年以前疫情报告数不超过百例。从 1994年开始 ,发病率逐年增加 ,到 2 0 0 0年发病率为 2 0 2 8/10万 ,由 1991年占报告的 8种性病发病率的第 5位上升到 2 0 0 0年的第 2位。为了解辽宁省梅毒近 10年的流行态势 ,探讨疫情监测管理办法 ,现就 1991～ 2 0 0 0年我省梅毒疫情资料分析如下。资料和方法　 (1)资料 :来源于 1991～ 2 0 0 0年辽宁省疫情报告系统。 (2 )分析方法 :利用Ｅｐｉ-Ｉｎｆｏ软件进行资料的统计分析。结果　 (1)辽宁省近 10年梅毒的发病情况 :1991～ 2 0 0 0年共报告梅毒 2 44 98例。…     

衢州市1992—1998年梅毒流行情况分析

衢州市位于浙江省西部 ,经济上在省内属欠发达地区。自 1992年 4月柯城区报告首例梅毒以来 ,疫情呈逐年明显上升趋势。为制订控制我市梅毒策略提供科学依据 ,特将近 10年我市的梅毒疫情进行分析。资料来源1　疫情资料　来自市疫情监测年报表。2　人口资料　由衢州市统计局提供。结　果1　流行强度　自 1992年 4月份报告病例以来 ,除 1993年无病例报告外 ,其它 6年疫情呈逐年上升趋势 ,至 1998年发病率达 14 0 4/10万 ,累计报告病人 6 5 7例 ,发病数居法定报告传染病第 6位。无死亡病例。各年发病情况见表 1。2　地区分布　辖区各县市历年报…     

公安县1991～2005年性传播疾病流行病学分析

公安县自1991年规范性病疫情报告后,性病病例报告的种类、数量逐年增加,疫情呈快速增长趋势。为了解全县性病流行情况,探讨流行规律,为制定相应的防制对策提供依据,对全县1991～2005年各医疗单位报告的性病病例进行流行病学分析。1流行趋势1991～2005年共报告性病1119例,1992年报告发病率为3·87/10万,1993年最低,为0.60/10万,2004年最高,为24.26/10万。15年发病率总体呈上升趋势,2002～2005年平均发病率为18.28/10万。2性病的种类及构成1991～2005年全县性传播疾病有淋病、尖锐湿疣、梅毒、非淋菌性尿道炎、生殖器疱疹、软下疳及性病性淋巴…     

2005-2013年甘肃省张掖市梅毒流行特征分析

目的 了解2005-2013年甘肃省张掖市梅毒流行病学特征分析.方法 采用描述流行病学方法对张掖市2005-2013年梅毒的三间分布进行统计分析.结果 2005-2013年共报告梅毒1 535例,年均报告发病率为13.62/10万,发病率呈逐年上升趋势.以隐性梅毒为主,占发病总数的76.55％;6个县区中发病率较高的是甘州区21.54/10万、肃南县19.88/10万,较低的是山丹县6.07/10万、民乐县3.05/10万;男女性别比为1.11：1; 70～79岁组、60 ～ 69岁组发病人数较多,分别占发病总数的24.50％、21.69％;发病人数较少的是0～9岁组、10～19岁组,分别占发病总数的0.20％、0.65％.1月发病最多,占发病总数的12.18％,10月、11月最少,各占6.51％.无明显的季节高峰.结论 张掖市梅毒疫情呈逐年上升趋势,尤其是2010-2011年呈现快速增长的趋势,要进一步规范诊断报告标准,开展高危重点人群健康教育和行为干预,控制疫情传播.     

余杭市1996～2000年淋病、梅毒疫情分析

分析 1996～ 2 0 0 0年期间余杭市淋病、梅毒发病的流行特征 ,探讨流行规律 ,为今后制定相应的防治措施提供科学依据 ,报告如下。资料来源1　余杭市 1996～ 2 0 0 0年法定传染病年报表。2　余杭市公安局人口资料。结　　果1　发病率　余杭市 1996～ 2 0 0 0年共报告发生淋病 2 2 6 4例 ,年发病率 5 7 5 1/ 10万 ;梅毒 332例 ,年发病率 8 4 3/ 10万 ,以早期梅毒为主 ,其中Ⅰ期占 6 0 4 9% ,Ⅱ期占 39 5 1%。淋病发病率 1997～ 1999年呈明显上升趋势 ,1999年最高为88 2 0 / 10万 ;梅毒报告发病率 1998年最高为 11 5 8/ 10万 ,见表 1。表 1　…     

南阳市宛城区6年间性病的流行特征

近年来性病在我区的各个行业中迅速蔓延 ,发病人数逐年上升 ,患病范围不断扩大 ,病种增多。为了解南阳市宛城区性病疫情 ,掌握其流行趋势和流行特征 ,特将本区 6年的性病疫情资料整理分析如下 :1　资料来源　本区属各级医院 ,辖区内医疗网点疫情报告单位的疫情订正年报统计所提供的准确数字。2　性病疫情资料2 .1　流行概况　 1995～ 2 0 0 0年我区共报告性病 792例 ,平均发病率为 16.5 8/ 10万 ,发病呈明显的上升趋势。 1995～2 0 0 0年分别为 1.13 / 10万、 2 .5 1/ 10万、 7.5 4/ 10万、 14.0 7/10万、 3 5 .67/ 10万、 3 7.93 / 10万 ,2…     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.