威灵仙等4种中药抑制黑素生成作用的机制研究

目的：研究威灵仙等4种中药对melan-a小鼠黑素细胞酪氨酸酶（Tyr）活性、Tyr及酪氨酸酶相关蛋白（TRP）基因转录与蛋白表达的影响,对4种中药抑制黑素生成的作用机制进行初步探讨.方法：用中药提取物处理melan-a小鼠黑素细胞后进行黑素含量测定,左旋多巴染色、实时荧光定量反转录（RT）-PCR和Western blot分别测Tyr及TRP-1、TRP-2的mRNA和蛋白表达水平.以熊果苷作为阳性对照.结果：4种中药在20 μg/mL浓度时具有明确的抑制黑素生成的作用,并且都不同程度地抑制Tyr的氧化活性.威灵仙、五倍子可以同时降低Tyr及TRP-1、TRP-2的基因转录和蛋白表达量.而麦冬、白苏叶可以降低Tyr及TRP-1、TRP-2的合成,但是对基因表达无影响.结论：威灵仙及五倍子提取物可以通过抑制Tyr、TRP-1、TRP-2的基因表达及蛋白合成和Tyr的多巴氧化活性这三方面实现其抑制黑素产生的作用;麦冬、白苏叶在基因转录后的酶蛋白水平发挥抑制黑素生成的作用.     

芦荟素对Melan-a鼠黑素细胞株黑素生成及其相关基因表达的影响

目的:研究芦荟素对Melan-a鼠黑素细胞株的黑素生成及其相关基因表达的影响。方法:分别测定不同浓度芦荟素作用后的Melan-a鼠黑素细胞株的细胞增殖率、酪氨酸酶(TRY)含量及黑素量变化,逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)测定酪氨酸酶相关蛋白(TRP)-1和TRP-2的表达,并与相应浓度的氢醌进行比较。结果:0.01～10.00mmol/L的芦荟素对黑素细胞的增殖率无影响,芦荟素可显著抑制Melan-a鼠黑素细胞株的TRY活性和黑素量生成,抑制作用随芦荟素的浓度升高而增加,0.10mmol/L芦荟素处理的Melan-a鼠黑素细胞株的TRY抑制率及黑素量与0.10μmol/L的氢醌相当(P>0.05);芦荟素还能显著下调TRP-1和TRP-2 mRNA的表达水平(P<0.01),但是TRP-1和TRP-2的变化与TRY及黑素量的变化不平行。结论:芦荟素显著抑制Melan-a鼠黑素细胞株的TRY活性、黑素量和TRP-1/TRP-2 mRNA的表达水平,直接测定黑素细胞TRY浓度和黑素量比检测TRP-1/TRP-2mRNA更能确切地反映芦荟素对黑素细胞的影响。     

淫羊藿苷抑制正常黑素细胞黑素合成的研究

目的:观察中药单体淫羊藿苷对体外培养的正常黑素细胞黑素合成和酪氨酸酶活性的影响。方法:选择高、中、低3个浓度的中药单体作用于体外培养的黑素细胞,测定细胞酪氨酸酶活性、黑素含量和细胞增殖率。采用间接免疫荧光染色法对药物作用的黑素细胞和对照的酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase熏TYR)、酪氨酸酶相关蛋白-1(tyrosinaserelatedprotein-1熏TRP-1)、TRP-2进行标记,然后采用激光共聚焦显微镜半定量分析淫羊藿苷作用后细胞内3种成分表达量的变化。结果:淫羊藿苷明显抑制酪氨酸酶活性和黑素的生成(P<0.01),且呈浓度依赖性,但淫羊藿苷抑制黑素生成的作用较氢醌弱(P<0.01);淫羊藿苷以浓度依赖的方式促进细胞的增殖,氢醌则抑制了细胞的增殖;淫羊藿苷对黑素细胞内TYR和TRP-2的表达没有明显影响,但是对TRP-1的表达却明显增加了。结论:淫羊藿苷能够抑制黑素合成和酪氨酸酶活性,这种抑制可能主要通过抑制酪氨酸酶活性起作用。     

siRNA-mediated knock-down of COX-2 in melanocytes suppresses melanogenesis

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme induced in response to multiple mitogenic and inflammatory stimuli, including UV light. UV-induced COX-2 expression induces production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in keratinocytes, which mediates inflammation and cell proliferation. Until recently, studies regarding COX-2 and PGE2 in the skin have focused on keratinocytes and skin cancer and the effect of PGs produced by keratinocytes on melanocytes. However, the effects of COX-2 itself or COX-2 inhibitors on melanogenesis are not well known. Therefore, to establish the role of COX-2 in melanogenesis, we investigated the effects of knock-down of COX-2 in melanocytes on melanin production and the expression of melanogenic molecules through silencing of COX-2 expression with COX-2 short interfering RNA (siRNA). COX-2 knock-down in melanocytes decreased the expressions of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, gp100 and MITF and also reduced tyrosinase enzyme activity. Furthermore, COX-2 siRNA-transfected melanocytes showed markedly reduced alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanin production. In addition, α-MSH-induced COX-2 expression in both scrambled siRNA-transfected and COX-2 siRNA-transfected melanocytes was greater than α-MSH-untreated cells. Our results suggest that COX-2 might be a candidate target for the development of anti-melanogenic agents and α-MSH-induced pigmentation could be closely associated with COX-2 expression. COX-2 inhibitors might therefore be of particular use in whitening cosmetics for hyperpigmentation disorders such as melasma, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and solar lentigo.     

6-Benzylaminopurine stimulates melanogenesis via cAMP-independent activation of protein kinase A

Melanogenesis is a physiological process that results in the synthesis of melanin pigments, which play a crucial protective role against skin photocarcinogenesis. The present study was designed to determine the effects of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) on melanogenesis and elucidate the molecular events of melanogenesis induced by 6-BAP. To elucidate the pigmenting effect of 6-BAP and its mechanism, several experiments were performed in B16 melanoma cells. Melanin content, tyrosinase activity, cAMP production, and Western blots for proteins which are involved in melanogenesis were introduced in this study. Melanin content and tyrosinase activity increased in response to treatment with 6-BAP in a concentration-dependent manner. The tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2 and MITF protein levels were found to increase significantly in response to 6-BAP in a time-dependent manner. In addition, Western blot analysis revealed that 6-BAP increased the phosphorylated level of CRE-binding protein. The increased melanin synthesis that was induced by treatment with 6-BAP treatment was reduced significantly in response to co-treatment with H-89 [a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor], whereas co-treatment with SB203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor) and Ro-32-0432 (a PKC inhibitor) did not attenuate the increase in melanin content levels that was induced by 6-BAP. In a cAMP production assay, 6-BAP did not increase the intracellular cAMP level. These findings suggest that 6-BAP activates PKA via a cAMP-independent pathway and subsequently stimulates melanogenesis by up-regulating MITF and tyrosinase expression.     

女贞子对培养的黑素细胞酪氨酸酶活性和黑素合成的影响

目的 研究女贞子单体酪醇和齐墩果酸对人黑素细胞的增殖、酪氨酸酶活性及黑素合成的影响。方法 采用MTT法测定细胞增殖情况,多巴氧化法测定酪氨酸酶活性,氢氧化钠裂解法测定黑素含量,半定量RT-PCR检测药物对黑素细胞酪氨酸酶和酪氨酸酶相关蛋白-1 mRNA表达的影响。结果 加入酪醇72h后,各组黑素细胞的酪氨酸酶活性和合成黑素能力明显增强,且呈浓度依赖性;酪氨酸酶和酪氨酸酶相关蛋白-1 mRNA表达量分别比空白对照增加39.10%和99.26%;齐墩果酸也能明显激活酪氨酸酶(P<0.01),促进黑素合成(P<0.05),并使黑素细胞酪氨酸酶和酪氨酸酶相关蛋白-1mRNA表达量分别比加入无水乙醇的对照增加31.88%和17.73%。结论 酪醇和齐墩果酸可能通过上调酪氨酸酶和酪氨酸酶相关蛋白-1 mRNA的表达而增强正常人黑素细胞的黑素合成和酪氨酸酶活性:两者可能是女贞子中影响黑素细胞生物学活性的主要成分。     

维A酸促毛囊外毛根鞘无色素黑素细胞分化的实验研究

目的：研究维A酸(all-transretinoic acid，ATA)对毛囊无色素黑素细胞（famelanotic melangeytes，AMMC)的激活作用。方法：以高、中、低3种不同浓度的ATA作用于培养的人毛囊外毛根鞘AMMC，倒置显微镜观察细胞形态的变化，细胞计数法测定ATA对AMMC增殖率的影响，通过间接免疫荧光法结合激光共聚焦显微镜半定量分析药物作用前后AMMC酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase，TYR)、酪氨酸酶相关蛋白-1(tyrosinase related protein-1，TRP-1)和酪氨酸酶相关蛋白-2(TRP-2)表达的变化。结果：ATA能抑制AMMC的增殖，并能促进AMMC表达TYR和TRP-1，但对TRP-2的表达没有影响。结论：ATA能够促进AMMC的分化，同时抑制增殖，其抑制机制可能与凋亡有关。     

中药桂枝抑制黑素生成的作用机理研究

目的研究中药桂枝对小鼠黑素细胞系M el-a黑素生成、酪氨酸酶活性及基因表达的影响,阐明桂枝抑制黑素生成的机理。方法用药物处理M el-a细胞后进行黑素含量、L-DOPA染色、放免法测定酪氨酸酶活性,western b lot和实时RT-PCR分别测酪氨酸酶及酪氨酸酶相关蛋白的蛋白和mRNA表达水平。选取熊果苷作为阳性对照。结果10μg/m l浓度的桂枝提取物在细胞培养水平对黑素生成有明显地抑制作用,强于20μg/m l浓度的熊果苷。桂枝可以抑制酪氨酸酶mRNA表达;减少这种限速酶的蛋白产量,在细胞量相同的情况下,桂枝明显抑制酪氨酸酶的氧化活性。结论中药桂枝有很强的抑制黑素产生的作用,其作用是通过抑制酪氨酸酶的基因表达、蛋白合成和氧化活性这三方面来实现。     

N-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-3-methoxybenzamide (A(3)B(5)) targets TRP-2 and inhibits melanogenesis and melanoma growth

Melanin protects the skin from harmful environmental factors such as UV light. However, excessive melanin production induces hyperpigmentation. Previously, N-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-3-methoxybenzamide (A(3)B(5)), a biaryl amide derivative, was identified for its ability to inhibit melanin production. However, its detailed mechanism of action has not been investigated. We elucidated the inhibitory mechanisms of A(3)B(5) in melanin production. Our results showed that A(3)B(5) had no effect on the production and activity of tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in melanogenesis. However, A(3)B(5) markedly decreased both constitutively expressed and UVB-induced tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2), which plays an important role along with tyrosinase in melanogenesis. The TRP-2 downregulation caused by A(3)B(5) may occur through proteasomal degradation because the A(3)B(5)-induced TRP-2 downregulation was inhibited by the ubiquitination inhibitor, MG-132. In addition, A(3)B(5) inhibited the proliferation of melanocytes and melanoma cells by arresting cells in the G1 stage of the cell cycle and moderately suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Taken together, our results indicate that A(3)B(5) downregulates melanin production and melanoma cell growth via proteosomal degradation of TRP-2 and suggest that A(3)B(5) can be a possible therapeutic agent that effectively regulates both hyperpigmentation and melanoma growth in the skin.     

墨旱莲乙醇提取物动物致色素作用和对小鼠B16黑素瘤细胞黑素生成的影响

目的选择离体实验中对黑色素合成的关键酶—酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase,TYR)有激活作用的墨旱莲(旱莲草),研究其动物致色素作用和对小鼠B16黑素瘤细胞黑素生成及相关基因犤TYR、TYR相关蛋白(TRP-1/2)mRNA犦表达的影响。方法以棕色豚鼠为动物模型,用Schmorl法染色,计数含黑素的细胞;用多巴(DOPA)-氧化酶染色,计算每100个基底细胞中DOPA阳性细胞数。培养的小鼠B16黑素瘤细胞以四甲基偶氮唑盐比色(MTT)法、氢氧化钠(NaOH)法和体外氧化DOPA反应方法分别测定细胞的增殖活性、黑素生成量及TYR活性;逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)测定TYR及其TRP-1/2基因的表达。结果墨旱莲乙醇提取物可使豚鼠表皮基底层中含黑素颗粒细胞增多,使豚鼠表皮内DOPA阳性细胞增多(P<0.05);具有促进小鼠B16黑素瘤细胞黑素合成及TYR活性作用(P<0.05),对细胞TYR基因有上调作用,而对TRP-1/2mRNA的表达无明显作用。结论墨旱莲乙醇提取物具有促进黑素合成及上调酪氨酸酶基因表达的作用,对白癜风色素恢复有较好应用和开发的前景。     

The expression of melanogenic proteins in Korean skin after ultraviolet irradiation

For proper melanin production, several specific enzymes such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1) and dopachrome tautomerase are required. Their expressions are increased after exposure to UVB. However, it is not known how long tyrosinase and TRP-1 activities continue after UV irradiation in vivo. The purpose of this study is to measure the changes in expressions of tyrosinase, TRP1, and MITF after exposure to UV on skin in a Korean population. We established an immunohistochemical staining protocol for specimens which were obtained from UV-irradiated skin in five healthy Korean males on the 2nd, 5th, 7th, 28th, and 56th days after UV irradiation. Tyrosinase, TRP-1, and MITF expressions increased until 7 days after UV irradiation and then dropped to the basal constitutive level 4 and 8 weeks later. Interestingly, tyrosinase increased prior to TRP-1. This study reveals the time-sequence of melanin-synthesized enzymes and provides important information for the clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of whitening agents.     

α-硫辛酸对体外培养的黑素细胞影响的实验研究

目的　建立正常人表皮黑素细胞体外培养体系 ,研究α 硫辛酸对体外培养的黑素细胞的影响。方法　采用MTT法测定α 硫辛酸对黑素细胞活力的影响 ,以左旋多巴为底物测定酪氨酸酶活性 ,NaOH裂解法测定黑素合成 ,并与茶多酚的结果进行比较。结果　α 硫辛酸对黑素细胞活力有抑制作用 ,能使细胞增殖力降低 ,酪氨酸酶活性减弱 ,黑素合成减少。结论　α 硫辛酸对体外培养的黑素细胞增殖、酪氨酸酶活性及黑素生成都有抑制作用 ,这为临床应用α 硫辛酸治疗色素性疾病提供了实验依据。     

复方木尼孜其颗粒对小鼠B16黑素瘤细胞酪氨酸酶活性及黑素合成的影响

目的 研究复方木尼孜其颗粒对小鼠B16黑素瘤细胞酪氨酸酶活性及黑素合成的影响.方法 培养小鼠B16黑素瘤细胞,采用MTT法测定不同浓度复方木尼孜其颗粒对细胞增殖的影响,采用L-DOPA氧化法测定其对细胞酪氨酸酶活性的影响,采用NaOH裂解法检测细胞黑素含量.结果 复方木尼孜其颗粒高剂量组能明显抑制小鼠B16黑素瘤细胞黑素的合成,但是对酪氨酸酶活性无影响.结论 复方木尼孜其颗粒能抑制小鼠B16黑素瘤细胞黑素的合成,在治疗色素性皮肤病中有一定前景.