VX2肝癌兔肝动脉联合门静脉插管模型的建立及其手术方法的比较

近年来,在肝癌双重血供(肝动脉和门静脉)的理论基础上,经肝动脉联合门静脉插管栓塞/化疗灌注/化疔栓塞治疗中晚期肝癌患者的方法在临床上有广泛运用,并在许多临床研究中取得比单纯经肝动脉治疗更好的效果[1-4].但其结果尚未能得到公认及未在基础实验中得到很好证明.兔VX2肝癌模型是少数建立在较大动物体内且适于进行插管实验研究的动物模型[5-6],且已有经肝动脉插管VX2肝癌兔模型的报道[7-8],但尚未见肝动脉联合门静脉插管VX2肝癌兔模型的报道,且目前的研究多采用显微镜下插管的方法,认为显微镜下视野清晰,对血管损伤小,手术需要时间短,插管成功率高[9].     

CT引导下兔VX2肝癌模型制作及血管造影技术

目的改进兔VX2肝癌模型制作方法,研究其血管造影方法及腹腔动脉血管解剖特点。方法对45只新西兰大白兔在CT定位下经皮穿刺肝左叶后注入VX2瘤块制作兔VX2肝癌模型,植入2周后穿刺股动脉行腹腔干-肝动脉造影。结果 42只兔建模成功,肿瘤接种成功率为93.33%(42/45);血管造影可清楚显示腹腔干动脉各分支情况,肝内肿瘤血供丰富。结论 CT引导下经皮穿刺注射VX2瘤块法建模成功率较高。兔VX2肝癌为富血供型肿瘤,血管造影可准确显示肿瘤及其血供,有助于肝动脉途径介入实验研究。     

根治性手术联合肝动脉、门静脉化疗对肝癌疗效的影响

目的 观察根治陛手术联合静脉、肝动脉、门静脉化疗及同时联合肝动脉、门静脉化疗治疗肝癌患者的效果。方法106例肝癌根治性手术患者,随机分为静脉化疗组、肝动脉化疗组、门静脉化疗组和联合肝动脉、门静脉化疗组（联合化疗组）,比较各组间术中出血量、术后并发症发生率、住院时间、化疗副作用发生率以及1、2、3、5年复发率、生存期的差别。结果无一例手术死亡,各组术后并发症发生率、术中出血量和术后住院天数差异无统计学意义;联合化疗组的患者1、2年复发率、5年总复发率均低于静脉化疗组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,其中位生存期较其他3组均延长,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论门静脉化疗在降低肝癌术后复发方面起关键的作用,根治性手术联合肝动脉、门静脉化疗能提高根治性手术肝癌患者的生存期。     

兔VX2肝癌肝动脉栓塞术后肿瘤新生血管的变化与分析

目的分析兔VX2肝癌肝动脉碘化油栓塞术后残癌组织内新生血管生成的变化。方法将36只荷VX2肝癌实验兔随机分为实验组（n=24）、假手术组（n=6）及对照组（n=6）。于接种后第2周行肝动脉、门静脉造影检查,实验组以碘化油栓塞肿瘤供血动脉,假手术组经肝动脉灌注生理盐水2 ml,对照组于造影后处死。实验组、假手术组动物于第3周再接受造影检查并被处死。结果36只实验兔中35只为富血供肿瘤,主要由肝左动脉供血。在肿瘤周边癌组织内3组实验兔VEGF表达阳性率分别为（62.04±19.91）%、（43.38±19.65）%、（43.18±14.01）%,MVD计数分别为39.26±6.80、28.69±5.43、28.71±5.68,实验组与假手术组、对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。VEGF表达阳性率与MVD计数之间呈明显正相关（r=0.46,P=0.01）。结论TACE术后残癌组织的缺氧状态致VEGF表达及MVD计数较栓塞前明显增高,故加强肿瘤抗血管生成治疗是必要的。     

超声引导下瘤块注射建立兔VX2肝肿瘤模型

目的研究超声引导下微创建立兔VX2肝肿瘤动物模型的方法，分析兔VX2肝肿瘤超声、CT及血管造影的影像学特征。方法切除植于兔后腿肌肉内的VX2肿瘤组织并剪成0．5mm见方的块状瘤块，在超声引导下，将瘤块直接注射接种于60只新西兰白兔肝左叶，2周后测定兔肝肿瘤接种成功率，观察研究其超声、CT和血管造影的影像学特征。结果兔VX2肝肿瘤接种成功率为95％（57／60）；荷瘤兔平均自然生存时间为（45±8）d。肝肿瘤的超声表现为圆形或类圆形低回声结节，其周边及内部可见较丰富的血流信号；多排螺旋CT平扫肝肿瘤表现为低密度结节影；肝动脉造影显示VX2肝肿瘤富含血管且血管网杂乱，肿瘤显影以周边为主。结论超声引导下穿刺接种制作兔VX2肝肿瘤动物模型操作简便，成功率高，其影像学特征与人原发性肝癌相似。     

巨块型肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的治疗：附15例报告

目的　探讨外科手术、肝动脉化疗栓塞及联合或不联合门静脉灌注化疗治疗巨块型肝癌伴门静脉癌栓的效果。方法　 15例伴有门静脉癌栓的巨块型肝癌 ,均采用切除原发癌灶并取尽癌栓治疗 ,其中 5例患者留置门静脉化疗泵 ,术后 2周行肝动脉化疗栓塞或联合门静脉化疗。结果　全组术后无严重并发症发生。 6,12 ,18个月生存期分别为 10 0 % (15 /15 ) ,80 .0 % (12 /15 ) ,60 .0 %(9/15 )。结论　手术仍是治疗巨块型肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的有效方法 ,手术后辅以介入为主的综合治疗能有效提高生存率。     

兔肝癌动脉插管介入技术研究

兔VX2肝癌模型是一种适合经导管动脉化疗栓塞术( TACE)实验研究的肝癌动物模型。我们对兔VX2肝癌模型介入插管技术进行了改良,提高了插管成功率,现报道如下。一、材料与方法1.材料:6 ～8个月龄新西兰大白兔20只,体质量2.0～2.5 kg,雌雄不限,购自山东省农业科学院。VX2瘤细胞株由美国引进。介入器械:3F微导管及微导丝、自制股动脉导管鞘等。主要设备:德国西门子大C臂数字减影血管造影(DSA)。2.建立移植性肝癌模型:将瘤细胞接种于兔大腿内侧近腹股沟部位皮下,使其成瘤并传代,2周左右瘤体可长至1 ～2 em3,手术取出传代瘤株,取靠近边缘的鱼肉样肿瘤组织在平皿上剪成l～2 mm3的小块,以生理盐水反复冲洗,作为瘤种备用。将预接种兔麻醉后固定,剑突下切口长1 ～2 em打开腹腔,暴露肝脏。     

选择性门静脉栓塞在肝癌治疗中的作用(文献综述)

肝癌由肝动脉和门静脉双重供血,肝癌细胞容易经门静脉肝内转移,故肝癌经肝动脉栓塞或手术切除后复发率高.选择性门静脉栓塞(SEPV)可扩大肝肿瘤手术切除的指征,有助于预防在肝癌切除术前和术中发生的癌细胞经门静脉肝内转移,与肝动脉栓塞联合应用治疗不能切除的肝癌和门静脉癌栓,可明显提高疗效.SEPV对肝功能有一定的损害,可使门静脉压升高,并有发生异位栓塞的可能.本文还介绍了SEPV的方法和栓塞物质及选择.     

选择性门静脉栓塞在肝癌治疗中的作用

肝癌由肝动脉和门表脉双重供血，肝癌细胞容易经门静脉肝内转移，故肝癌经肝动脉栓塞或手术切除后复发率高。选择性门静脉栓塞可扩大肝肿瘤手术切除的指征，有助于预防在肝癌切除术前和术中发生的癌细胞经门静脉肝内转移，与肝动脉栓塞联合应用治疗不能切除的肝癌和门静脉癌栓，可明显提高疗效。     

原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓的治疗方式探讨

目的　探讨原发性肝癌 (HCC)伴门静脉癌栓 (TTPV )的有效治疗方式。方法　回顾性分析和总结 1995年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 5月期间收治的 95例原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓患者的临床资料。结果　 5 8例行手术治疗 ,其中 6例行单纯肝肿瘤切除术 ,1、3年生存率为 3 3 .3 %、0 % ;5 2例行肝肿瘤切除加门静脉癌栓取栓术 ,其中 43例术后采用了肝动脉和门静脉双插管微量泵灌注化疗 ,其 1、3、5年生存率为 10 0 %、5 5 .8%、13 .9% ,9例未行插管化疗 ,1、3、5年生存率为 77.7%、2 2 .2 %、0 %。另 3 7例未行手术者中 10例行单纯肝动脉栓塞 (HAE) ,1、3年生存率为 2 0 %、0 % ;2 1例行选择性门静脉栓塞 (SEPV)联合肝动脉栓塞 ,1、3、5年生存率为 71.4%、2 8.6%、9.5 % ;6例未作任何治疗者均 1年内死亡。结论　手术治疗原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓有效 ,术后使用肝动脉和门静脉双插管灌注化疗可提高疗效 ,选择性门静脉栓塞联合肝动脉栓塞对不能切除的肝癌伴门静脉癌栓有重要作用     

Presenteeism and Absenteeism Before and After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundAbsenteeism is costly, yet evidence suggests that presenteeism—illness-related reduced productivity at work—is costlier. We quantified employed patients’ presenteeism and absenteeism before and after total joint arthroplasty (TJA).MethodsWe measured presenteeism (0-100 scale, 100 full performance) and absenteeism using the World Health Organization’s Health and Work Performance Questionnaire before and after TJA among a convenience sample of employed patients. We captured detailed information about employment and job characteristics and evaluated how and among whom presenteeism and absenteeism improved.ResultsIn total, 636 primary, unilateral TJA patients responded to an enrollment email, confirmed employment, and completed a preoperative survey (mean age: 62.1 years, 55.3% women). Full at-work performance was reported by 19.7%. Among 520 (81.8%) who responded to a 1-year follow-up, 473 (91.0%) were still employed, and 461 (88.7%) had resumed working. Among patients reporting at baseline and 1 year, average at-work performance improved from 80.7 to 89.4. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that postoperative performance was significantly higher than preoperative performance (P < .0001). The percentage of patients who reported full at-work performance increased from 20.9% to 36.8% (delta = 15.9%, 95% confidence interval = [10.0%, 21.9%], P < .0001). Presenteeism gains were concentrated among patients who reported declining work performance leading up to surgery. Average changes in absences were relatively small. Combined, the average monthly value lost by employers to presenteeism declined from 15.3% to 8.3% and to absenteeism from 16.9% to 15.5% (ie, mitigated loss of 8.4% of monthly value).ConclusionAmong employed patients before TJA, presenteeism and absenteeism were similarly costly. After, employed patients reported increased performance, concentrated among those with declining performance leading up to surgery.     

The German emergency and disaster medicine and management systemdhistory and present

As well for optimized emergency management in individual cases as for optimized mass medicine in disaster management, the principle of the medical doctors approaching the patient directly and timely, even close to the site of the incident, is a long-standing marker for quality of care and patient survival in Germany. Professional rescue and emergency forces, including medical services, are the “Golden Standard” of emergency management systems. Regulative laws, proper organization of resources, equipment, training and adequate delivery of medical measures are key factors in systematic approaches to manage emergencies and disasters alike and thus save lives. During disasters command, communication, coordination and cooperation are essential to cope with extreme situations, even more so in a globalized world. In this article, we describe the major historical milestones, the current state of the German system in emergency and disaster management and its integration into the broader European approach.     

Differences in Osteocyte Density and Bone Histomorphometry Between Men and Women and Between Healthy and Osteoporotic Subjects

Bone defects related to osteoporosis develop with increasing age and differ between males and females. It is currently thought that the bone remodeling process is supervised by osteocytes in a strain-dependent manner. We have shown an altered response of osteocytes from osteoporotic patients to mechanical loading, and osteocyte density is reduced in osteoporotic patients, which might relate to imperfect bone remodeling, leading to lack of bone mass and strength. Hence, information on osteocyte density will contribute to a better understanding of bone biology in males and females and to the assessment of osteoporosis. Osteocyte density as well as conventional histomorphometric parameters of trabecular bone were determined in cancellous iliac crest bone of healthy postmenopausal women and men and of osteoporotic women and men. Osteocyte density was higher in healthy females than in healthy males and lower in osteoporotic females than in healthy females. Bone mass was reduced in osteoporotic patients, both male and female. In females, trabecular number was reduced, whereas in males, trabecular thickness was reduced and eroded surface was increased. There were no correlations between the parameter groups bone architecture, bone formation, bone resorption, and osteocyte density. These results are consistent with impaired osteoblast function in osteoporotic patients and with a different mechanism of bone loss between men and women, in which osteocyte density might play a role. The reduced osteocyte numbers in female osteoporotic patients might relate to imperfect bone remodeling leading to lack of bone mass and strength. M. G. Mullender and S. D. Tan contributed equally to this work.     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI及病理表现

目的探讨肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI和病理特点。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤和2例肝内胆管囊腺癌的影像及临床病理资料，将病变的影像表现与其病理大体形态及组织学表现作对照分析。结果6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤，女4例、男2例；2例肝内胆管囊腺癌均为女性病人；8例病人平均年龄55岁。所有病灶均表现为多房囊性肿块，肿瘤囊腔各分房内常为多种液体成分，在CT上可表现为不同密度、在MRI上可表现为不同信号强度。囊内出现多发大小不等的壁结节在胆管囊腺癌内更常见，囊内有分隔但无壁结节只见于胆管囊腺瘤。在7例CT扫描中，4例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌可见囊壁或分隔上钙化，囊壁、囊内分隔及囊内结节均为轻、中度延迟增强。肿瘤中出现卵巢样间质见于3例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌，且均为女性病人。结论肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌是肝脏不常见的囊性肿瘤，影像上多房、囊内有分隔且各分房囊内密度或信号不一致，高度提示肝内胆管囊腺瘤或囊腺癌的诊断，如囊内伴有多发大小不等的结节，则进一步提示囊腺癌的可能。但影像学表现不能区分肿瘤中有无卵巢样间质。