苗药羊奶奶叶的生药学研究

目的:建立苗药羊奶奶叶的生药学鉴别方法。方法:采用性状、显微和薄层色谱等鉴别方法研究苗药羊奶奶叶三种基原植物的生药学特性。结果:羊奶奶叶3种基原植物的药材性状特征、叶横切面显微特征方面均具有显著的差异,可以用于3者之间的鉴别;但三者的叶表面、粉末显微特征,薄层色谱特征无明显区别,可用于羊奶奶叶药材的真伪鉴别。结论:苗药羊奶奶叶薄层色谱特征,叶表面及粉末显微特征均可作为羊奶奶叶生药学鉴别的理论依据。     

维吾尔药薰衣草的生药学研究

目的：研究维吾尔药薰衣草的生药学鉴定特征,为其鉴别及应用提供科学依据。方法：采用观察、显微及薄层色谱鉴别方法对薰衣草的性状、显微和薄层色谱特征进行研究。结果：详细描述了维吾尔药薰衣草的生药学鉴定特征。结论：为薰衣草的鉴别、质量标准提高、开发利用及补充生药学资料提供参考依据。     

壮药幌伞枫的生药鉴别

目的:对壮药幌伞枫Heteropanax fragrns(Roxb.)seem.进行生药学研究,为其鉴定及应用提供科学依据.方法:采用性状、显微和薄层色谱鉴别的方法.结果:幌伞枫在性状、显微和薄层色谱方面具明显特征.结论:研究结果对幌伞枫有鉴别意义.     

民族药透骨草的生药学研究

目的 对多民族常用的植物药透骨草进行生药学鉴定,为其鉴别及应用提供科学依据.方法采用原植物、性状、显微、薄层鉴别方法.结果透骨草在原植物、性状、显微、薄层色谱等方面具有专属性的特征.结论通过原植物、性状、显微、薄层色谱图能够很好地鉴定透骨草.     

傣药"锅麻过"的显微与薄层色谱鉴定

目的:对傣药"锅麻过"[漆树科植物槟榔青Spondias pinnata(L.f)Kurz的果实]进行鉴定研究.方法:采用性状、显微鉴定法及薄层色谱法对傣药"锅麻过"进行鉴定.结果:获得了该药材的性状、组织粉末及TLC特征,绘制了其果实的横切面与粉末显微图.结论:该药材的显微构造和薄层色谱特征为其进一步开发利用提供了可靠的鉴定依据.     

民族药扶芳藤的生药学鉴定

目的 对多民族常用的植物药扶芳藤进行生药学鉴定,为其鉴别及应用提供科学依据.方法 采用原植物、性状、显微、薄层鉴别方法.结果 扶芳藤在原植物、性状、显微、薄层色谱等具有专属性的特征.结论 通过原植物、性状、显微、薄层色谱图能够很好地鉴定扶芳藤.     

民族药五爪金龙的生药学鉴定

目的对多民族常用的植物药五爪金龙进行生药学鉴定,为其鉴别及应用提供科学依据。方法采用原植物、性状、显微、薄层鉴别方法。结果五爪金龙在原植物、性状、显微、薄层色谱等方面具有专属性的特征。结论通过原植物、性状、显微、薄层色谱图能够很好地鉴定五爪金龙。     

吴茱萸与伪品臭辣树果实的生药学鉴定

目的:对吴茱萸及其伪品臭辣树的果实进行生药学鉴定研究。方法:对吴茱萸和臭辣树的原植物形态特征、果实性状特征、横切面与粉末显微特征、薄层色谱特征进行研究,以图文形式详细记录并进行比较鉴别。结果:吴茱萸与臭辣树在原植物形态、果实性状、显微和理化特征方面均不同,可用所描述的各方面特征进行鉴别。结论:该文为鉴别吴茱萸及其伪品臭辣树提供了生药学资料。     

民族药马兰的生药学鉴定

目的对民族药马兰进行系统的生药学鉴定,为其鉴别提供科学依据。方法采用原植物、性状、显微、薄层鉴定方法。结果通过原植物、性状鉴别、显微鉴别、薄层色谱鉴别能够很好地鉴定原植物。结论这些方法简便易操作,可作为该民族药材定性鉴别方法。     

银川引种的金叶接骨木生药学研究

目的:了解金叶接骨木生药学特征、主要化学成分,为金叶接骨木的鉴别和开发利用提供依据.方法:对金叶接骨木茎叶进行生药性状、显微和薄层色谱的鉴别研究.结果:生药学鉴别中可见单宁细胞、腺毛及油细胞等接骨木属显微特征;薄层色谱表明含有黄酮类成分槲皮素、芸香苷以及熊果酸、齐墩果酸等三萜类化学成分.结论:通过以上研究结果建立了有效的鉴别金叶接骨木的方法.     

浅析《回回药方》中药西瓜治疗脑系疾病的作用机理

目的:浅析《回回药方》中药西瓜治疗脑系疾病的作用机理。方法:对回医药经典典籍《回回药方》,残卷12"众风门"运用药西瓜治疗脑系疾病的方剂进行梳理、厘析,结合古今中外文献对药西瓜的论述和药理学研究,探讨药西瓜治疗脑病的作用机理。结论:药西瓜可能是通过药西瓜苷、葫芦素B、E、K、药西瓜醇和d-药西瓜素等化合物的联合作用祛痰质性津液,清除异常粘液质,开通脑阻,而使脑经通畅,阴阳调和,以达到拮抗炎性反应、降低Ca2+超载、降低兴奋性氨基酸的毒性反应、清除自由基、保护脑神经和促进受损的神经细胞功能的恢复的目的,这可能是药西瓜治疗脑系疾病的机理所在。结论:药西瓜是回族医药治疗脑病的常见药物,值得进一步研究。     

Effect of combination of Capsicum frutescens and Citrullus colocynthis on growth,haematological and pathophysiological parameters of rats

The toxicity of diet containing 10% of Capsicum frutescens or 10% of Citrullus colocynthis fruits or their 1:1 mixture (5% + 5%) to rats treated for 6 weeks was evaluated. Body weight loss, inefficiency of feed utilization, diarrhoea, and enterohepatonephropathy characterized C. colocynthis toxicosis in rats. Despite impairment of rat's growth neither nephropathy nor diarrhoea was detected in rats fed the 10% C. frutescens diet. Feeding the mixture of C. frutescens and C. colocynthis caused more pronounced effects and death of rats. Vital organ lesions accompanied by anaemia and leucopenia were correlated with changes in serum ALP, AST and ALT activities with alterations in concentrations of total protein, albumin, urea and other serum constituents. Serum bilirubin concentration did not change. Copyright -Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of combined Citrullus colocynthis and Rhazya stricta use in Najdi sheep

The effect of oral administration of 0.25 g/kg/day of Citrullus colocynthis fruits, 0.25 g/kg/day of Rhazya stricta leaves or mixture of the two plants at 0.25 g/kg/day of C. colocynthis fruits plus 0.25 g/kg/day of R. stricta leaves in Najdi sheep was examined. Oral administration of 0.25 g/kg/day of C. colocynthis fruits or 0.25 g/kg/day of R. stricta leaves for 42 days proved not fatal but that of the mixture of the two plants (0.25 g + 0.25 g/kg/day) proved fatal within 26 days with profuse diarrhea, dehydration, loss in condition, ataxia and recumbency, prior to death. These manifestations accompanied by enterohepatonephrotoxicity, gelatinization of the renal and epicardial fat and transudate in serous cavities were correlated with alterations in serum LDH and AST activities and concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulin, bilirubin, cholesterol and urea and hematology.     

Immunostimulating activity of the hot water-soluble polysaccharide extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum,Alpinia galanga and Citrullus colocynthis

Hot water polysaccharide extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Link. (family Compositae) Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (family Cucurbitaceae) and Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. (family Zingiberaceae) were tested for their immunostimulating activity in mice. The fractions from Anacyclus pyrethrum and Alpinia galanga showed a marked stimulating effect on the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) and increased the number of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), and spleen cells of mice. In this case, the optimum doses were 50 and 25 mg/kg for the two fractions, respectively. On the other hand, the polysaccharide extracts of both Anacyclus pyrethrum and Alpinia galanga markedly enhanced the proliferation of the murine spleen cells in vitro using two tests (in vitro and in vivo effect). The results of the in vivo effect at a doses of 50 and 25 mg/kg, showed a stimulation index better than obtained with the in vitro effect at 50 and 25 microg/ml for Anacyclus pyrethrum and Alpinia galanga, respectively. While the extract of Citrullus colocynthis showed much weaker and variable immunostimulating activity.     

The hypoglycaemic and antihyperglycaemic effect of citrullus colocynthis fruit aqueous extract in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits

Effects of the aqueous, glycosidic, alkaloidal and saponin extracts of the rind of Citrullus colocynthis on the plasma glucose levels were investigated in normal rabbits, while the effects of saponin extract on the fasting plasma glucose levels were studied in alloxan induced diabetic rabbits. In normal rabbits, oral administration of aqueous extract (300 mg/kg) produced significant reduction in plasma glucose after 1 h and highly significant after 2,3 and 6 h. Phytochemical screening revealed that the rind of C. colocynthis and its aqueous extract contains tertiary and quaternary alkaloids, glycoside and saponin components. The hypoglycaemic effects of these components given orally at a dose (50 mg/kg) were studied in normoglycaemic rabbits. Result showed that the alkaloidal extract did not significantly lower the blood glucose levels from 132 mg/100 ml at 0 h to 120 mg/100 ml after 6 h, while the glycosidic extract significantly lowered the fasting glucose levels after 2 and 3 h and highly significant after 6 h. The effect was more pronounced with saponin extract, the saponin significantly lowered the fasting glucose levels after 1 and 2 h and highly significant (P<0.001) after 3 and 6 h. Graded doses (10, 15 and 20 mg/kg) of saponin extract, when given orally to alloxan diabetic rabbits, produced a significant reduction of plasma glucose concentration. These results suggest that the aqueous extract of the rind of C. colocynthis possesses a hypoglycaemic effect and its hypoglycaemic action could be attributed for more extent to the presence of saponin in addition to the presence of glycosidic components.     

A New Flavone C-glycoside from Citrullus colocynthis

Objective To study the chemical constituents of Citrullus colocynthis. Methods The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 and recrystallization as well. NMR spectra and physicochemical property were characterized for structural identification. Results Eleven compounds were isolated and identified as β-sitosterol (1), α-spinasterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), α-spinasterone (3), bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (4), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (5), 6-C-p-methylbenzoylvitexin (6), dihydrocucurbitacin E (7), cucurbitacin E (8), dihydro-epi-iso-cucurbitacin D (9), dihydroisocucurbitacin B-25-acaetate (10), and cucurbitacin E 2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11). Conclusion Compound 6 is a novel compound. Compounds 1-5, 7, 9, and 10 are isolated from C. colocynthis for the first time.     

维药药西瓜化学成分的分离与鉴定

目的研究药西瓜Citrullus colocynthis的化学成分。方法采用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20等色谱手段结合重结晶技术进行分离纯化,通过NMR波谱数据和理化性质确定化合物的结构。结果从药西瓜中分离得到11个化合物,分别鉴定为β-谷甾醇(1)、α-菠甾醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(2)、α-菠甾酮(3)、双-[(2-乙基)己基]邻苯二甲酸酯(4)、对羟基苯甲酸(5)、6-C-对甲基苄基牡荆素(6)、双氢葫芦素E(7)、葫芦素E(8)、异表双氢葫芦素D(9)、双氢异葫芦素B-25-乙酯(10)、葫芦素E-2-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(11)。结论化合物6为新化合物,命名为6-C-对甲基苄基牡荆素;化合物1～5、7、9、10均为首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

An inventory of the ethnobotanicals used as anthelmintics in the southern Punjab (Pakistan)

A survey was conducted in southern Punjab, Pakistan, in order to document existing ethnobotanical knowledge by the herdsmen/key respondents about anthelmintics in ruminants. A 3-satge process was used to document the plants being used to treat and/or control helminthes. This paper describes 29 plants to treat helminthosis in ruminants. The main plants used were Lamium amplexicaule L., Mallotus philippinensis Muell., Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal., Azadirachta indica A. Juss., and Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. A few of these plants have been scientifically validated for their claim by herdsmen on modern lines while majority of them still needs investigations. This documentation could provide a foundation for the scientific study and verification of those plants which merit such study.     

Toxicity studies on six plants used in the traditional Arab system of medicine

Toxicity studies were done on six plants used in the traditional Arab system of medicine, namely: Aloe vera, Ammi majus, Areca catachu, Citrullus colocynthis, Cuminum cyminum and Zizyphus spina-christi. During acute toxicity tests, observations were made for 24 h while the animals were treated for 3 months in chronic treatment. External morphological changes, visceral toxicity, haematological changes, and spermatogenic dysfunction, besides effects on average body weight and vital organ weight, were recorded. In the acute toxicity test, C. colocynthis showed a dose dependent toxic effect. On chronic treatment, per cent lethality was found to be significant in A. catachu, A. vera and C. colocynthis treated groups where haematological changes were also observed. The spermatogenic dysfunction was significant in A. vera and C. colocynthis treated animals. C. cyminum and Z. spina-christi on the other hand, reduced sperm abnormalities.     

Ethnoveterinary practices for the treatment of parasitic diseases in livestock in Cholistan desert (Pakistan)

AIM OF THE STUDY: This study was conducted to document the ethnoveterinary medicinal (EVM) practices for the treatment of different parasitic diseases of livestock in Cholistan desert, Pakistan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An initial reconnaissance survey (rapid rural appraisal) among the local shepherds was conducted to identify the traditional healers. Information was collected from the traditional healers using a well-structured questionnaire through open-ended interviews and guided dialogue technique. RESULTS: The parasitic diseases reported in livestock were: tick and lice infestation, mange, myiasis and helminthiasis. A total of 77 ethnoveterinary practices comprising of 49 based on plant usage and 28 based on dairy products, chemicals and other organic matter were documented. A total of 18 plant species representing 14 families were documented to treat the parasitic diseases. The plants included: Aerva javanica (Amaranthaceae), Aizoon carariense (Aizoaceae), Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), Brassica campestris (Cruciferae), Capparis decidua (Capparaceae), Capsicum annuum (Solanaceae), Citrullus colocynthis (Cucurbitaceae), Cyperus rotundus (Cyperaceae), Calligonum polygonoides (Polygonaceae), Eruca sativa (Cruciferae), Ferula assafoetida (Umbelliferae), Haloxylon salicornicum (Chenopodiaceae), Mallotus philippinensis (Euphorbiaceae), Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae), Pinus roxburghii (Pinaceae), Salsola baryosma (Chenopodiaceae), Solanum surratens (Solanaceae) and Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae). CONCLUSION: The EVM practices documented in this study need to be validated using standard parasitological procedures. Issues that should be addressed are efficacy (vis-à-vis claims made by the respondents), quality, safety and standardization of doses.