Endoanal ultrasound-guided surgery for anal fistula

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Outcomes following surgical treatment of patients with anal fistula are related to eradication of tracts and the internal opening. In this study, the results of surgery based on endoanal ultrasound (EAUS) findings were evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 102 patients with primary cryptogenetic anal fistula were prospectively examined with EAUS, using a 360-degree rotating 10-MHz probe, equipped with a three-dimensional (3-D) imaging system. Injection of hydrogen peroxide through the external opening was also used. Patients underwent operation on the basis of the EAUS findings. The agreement between findings from EAUS and from surgery was calculated. Clinical results were reported as treatment success, fistula recurrence, and fecal incontinence. RESULTS: Amongst 102 patients, the overall concordance between EAUS and surgical findings was 94.1 % for primary tracts, 91.2 % for internal openings, 96.1 % for secondary tracts, 100 % for abscesses, and 96.1 % for horseshoe tracts. Diagnostic accuracy was improved when hydrogen peroxide injection or 3-D imaging were used. Fistulotomy was performed in 46 patients (45.1 %), fistulectomy in 17 (16.7 %), fistulotomy plus seton placement in 19 (18.6 %), fistulectomy plus seton in 18 (17.6 %), and mucosal flap advancement in 2 (2.0 %). The operation was curative in 100 patients (98.0 %), and unsuccessful in 2 (2.0 %) due to recurrence of the fistula. Fecal continence was preserved in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: These data highlight the diagnostic accuracy of EAUS, particularly when hydrogen peroxide injection or 3-D imaging are used. Basing our surgical decision making on EAUS findings allowed us to carry out curative operations in a significantly large number of patients; the recurrence rate was very low. The accurate EAUS assessment of the relationship between fistulas and sphincters has been the main factor in choosing a sphincter-saving surgical procedure, avoiding fecal incontinence.     

高频线阵及经直肠腔内超声对肛瘘及肛周脓肿的诊断价值

目的探讨利用超声高频线阵探头经肛周和腔内探头经直肠检查肛瘘及肛周脓肿的诊断价值。方法使用ATL超9及Philip HD11XE型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪的5-10MHz高频线阵探头经肛周结合5-9MHz腔内探头,经直肠对43例肛瘘患者进行检查。其中26例进行了手术治疗,检查结果与手术结果进行对比。结果对43例肛瘘患者外口（位置、距肛门距离、数目）、走行（曲直、方向、长度）、内口（是否可见,内口距肛门口的距离）、主管和支管（数目、与括约肌、肛提肌的关系以及走行的方向）、肛周脓肿（有无、范围、位置、数目）等进行详细观测和描述。按照检查结果依据肛瘘诊断标准,超声诊断低位单纯型22例、低位复杂型8例、高位单纯型5例、高位复杂型8例。对26例手术患者诊断主管的敏感度92.3%,漏诊率7.7%;诊断支管的敏感度91.7%,漏诊率8.3%,特异度100%。结论超声诊断能为肛瘘和肛周脓肿提供详细的影像学资料,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

端扫式凸阵腔内探头经会阴超声术前定位男性肛瘘内口

目的 探讨端扫式腔内凸阵探头经会阴超声在男性肛瘘患者肛瘘内口术前定位中的应用价值。方法 对36例男性肛瘘患者术前行超声检查,以频率为3~10 MHz的端扫式腔内探头经会阴超声扫查肛周括约肌及周围组织,观察肛瘘内口的位置和大小;以频率为5~12 MHz的高频线阵探头扫查肛瘘外口和瘘管,并与手术结果对照。结果 端扫式经会阴超声检查均可清晰显示肛周内外括约肌,内口表现为肛管纵行肌的高回声中断缺损,且中断缺损与低回声瘘管相延续。手术证实36例肛瘘患者共38个内口,术前超声共检出33个内口,漏诊3例单纯性肛瘘的3个内口、1例复杂性肛瘘2个内口中的1个,并将1例单纯性肛瘘内口误诊为正常走行的腺管;经会阴部端扫式超声诊断肛瘘内口的符合率为86.84%（33/38）。高频线阵探头超声诊断肛瘘外口和瘘管的符合率为97.22%（35/36）。结论 端扫式凸阵腔内探头经会阴超声术前定位男性肛瘘内口无创、便捷,具有较高价值。     

超声造影术前诊断肛瘘的临床价值

目的 探讨超声造影术前诊断肛瘘的临床价值.方法 45例初步诊断为直肠肛门瘘患者,术前常规超声检查后经肛瘘外口注入SonoVue,观察瘘管走向和内口开口位置,将超声造影检查结果与手术所见对照.结果 45例患者中单纯性肛瘘19例.常规超声检查17例诊断与手术结果相同,诊断符合率89.5%;造影检查18例诊断与手术结果相同,诊断符合率94.7%,二者比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).复杂性肛瘘26例,常规超声检查16例诊断与手术结果相同,诊断符合率61.5%,造影检查24例诊断与手术结果相同,诊断符合率92.3%,二者比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 SonoVue超声造影用于肛瘘术前检查有较高的可视性和准确率,对手术有重要的指导意义.     

双重超声造影在肛瘘诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨经静脉超声造影联合经瘘管超声造影在肛瘘诊断中的应用价值。 方法回顾性选取2018年1月至2019年6月中国科学院大学宁波华美医院肛肠外科收治的79例肛瘘患者,在常规二维超声检查的基础上分别行经静脉和经瘘管双重超声造影检查,记录外口的数目、位置、距肛缘的水平距离,瘘管的走行、与括约肌和肛提肌的关系（Parks分类）,内口的数目、位置、距肛缘的垂直距离,分支瘘管的数目、走行,与手术诊断结果作对照分析。 结果双重超声造影诊断肛瘘Parks分类的准确性高于常规二维超声检查（92.41% vs 79.75%）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=5.247,P=0.022）。双重超声造影诊断肛瘘内口和分支瘘管数目的准确性分别为92.79%、85.71%,常规二维超声诊断内口和分支瘘管数目的准确性分别为76.58%、62.86%,差异均有统计学意义（χ²=11.202、4.718,P=0.001、0.030）。 结论双重超声造影检查可充分发挥超声造影技术的优势,对肛瘘的Parks分类、内口及分支瘘管的判断具有较高的准确性,可弥补常规二维超声的不足,为临床治疗决策提供依据。     

3.0 T高分辨率MRI在肛瘘分型与内口定位中的应用价值

目的研究3.0 T高分辨率MRI在肛瘘分型与内口定位中的临床应用价值。材料与方法对156例经临床确诊的肛瘘患者采用3.0 T高分辨率MRI检查,并由2名高年资放射科医生阅片,明确瘘管走向,内口位置,有无支管,有无脓肿、主要瘘管与肛门括约肌之间的关系,并与手术探查结果对照。结果根据Parks分型法分型;内口位置描述采取截石位时钟定位法,MRI内口显示位置与术中所见位于同一象限内认为显示正确。结果 (1)156例肛瘘患者的肛瘘主支Parks分型与手术探查分型符合情况:单纯性肛瘘119例,复杂性肛瘘37例,经手术探查结果符合率均为100%。MRI诊断及术后诊断Parks分型结果分别为:括约肌间型87例/85例;经肛管括约肌型52例/54例;括约肌上型10例/11例,括约肌外型7例/6例;结果符合率分别为97.70%、96.30%、90.90%和85.71%。(2)内口定位与手术探查结果符合情况:MRI诊断内口189个,术后诊断内口205个,诊断符合率92.20%。(3)MRI诊断肛瘘主、支管分别为196支、20支,术后诊断肛瘘主、支管分别为198支、24支,诊断符合率高于80%。(4)MRI诊断肛周脓肿74例,术后诊断肛周脓肿74,诊断符合率为100%。结论 3.0 T高分辨率MRI平扫及多期动态增强检查在肛瘘分型与内口定位中具有重要临床应用价值。     

多排螺旋CT三维重建在复杂性肛瘘定位诊断中价值

目的探讨多排螺旋CT三维重建在复杂性肛瘘定位诊断中的临床应用价值。方法复杂性肛瘘患者18例,瘘管造影后行多排螺旋CT扫描,将原始数据进行曲面重建（curved planar reconstruction,CPR）和容积重建（volume rendering,VR）,并与术后结果进行对照,分析多排螺旋CT三维重建技术用于肛瘘定位、分型的准确性。结果多排螺旋CT准确诊断低位复杂性肛瘘12例,高位复杂性肛瘘6例,其中2例高位复杂性肛瘘误诊为低位复杂性肛瘘,诊断准确率为88．9％;准确定位肛瘘内口29个,漏诊3个,定位准确率为90．6％;发现肛瘘支管38条,漏检3条,准确率为92．7％。结论瘘管造影后行多排螺旋CT三维重建可充分显示复杂性肛瘘的立体形态,为手术方案制定提供影像学依据。     

过氧化氢增强造影超声诊断复杂性肛瘘的临床应用价值

目的 探讨应用过氧化氢增强造影经直肠腔超声诊断复杂性肛瘘的临床应用价值.方法 对49例临床确诊为复杂性肛瘘的住院患者分别进行术前常规经直肠腔超声检查和3‰过氧化氢增强造影超声检查,分别观察瘘管内口、主支、分支的位置及数量,将两者结果与术中结果进行比较.结果 常规经直肠腔超声与过氧化氢增强造影相比直肠腔内超声对内口的判断...     

MR对高位肛瘘的术前诊断价值

目的:探讨MR对高位肛瘘的术前诊断价值。方法:30例高位肛瘘患者,术前均行MR扫描,以手术结果为标准,将MR检查、术前检查结果与手术结果比较。结果:与手术探查结果相比,在诊断肛瘘侵犯位置高低方面,术前MR准确率为83.3%,术前一般检查准确率为56.7%;在肛瘘内口诊断方面,术前MR准确率为80.0%,术前一般检查准确率为53.3%,二者比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:应用MR检查,能较准确地判断肛瘘侵犯部位的高低以及内口的位置,对提高手术的成功率及手术时避免肛门括约肌的损伤具有重要指导意义。     

Comparison of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Percutaneous Fistula Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Combined with Transrectal 360° 3-D Imaging and Conventional Transrectal Ultrasound in Complex Anal Fistula

This study compared the diagnostic accuracy of percutaneous fistula contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) combined with 360° 3-D transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) imaging (CEUS + 360°-TRUS) with that of conventional transrectal ultrasound in the diagnosis of complex anal fistulas. A total of 156 patients clinically diagnosed with complex anal fistula from January 2020 to December 2021 were studied and randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 82) and a control group (n = 74). Patients in the experimental group were examined by percutaneous fistula CEUS combined with CEUS + 360°-TRUS, while patients in the control group were examined using TRUS. The detection of fistulas (main tract, branch and internal orifice) and the accuracy of Parks classification were compared between the two groups. Recurrences were followed up at 1, 3 and 6 mo after the surgery. A total of 156 patients were included, aged 23–68 y (average: 37.7 ± 18.2 y). In both groups, the course of disease was <1 mo in 128 cases, 1–2 mo in 22 cases and >3 mo in 6 cases. A total of 474 fistulas were confirmed by surgery in the aforementioned patients, including 224 main fistulas, 250 branch pipes and 254 internal orifices. The CEUS + 360°-TRUS group had 96.87%, 90.41% and 90.14% diagnostic accuracy for the main tract, branch and internal orifice, which was statistically significant (p < 0.001) compared with the 85.00%, 70.00% and 72.46% for the TRUS group, respectively. The overall accuracy of Parks classification of anal fistula in the CEUS + 360°-TRUS group was significantly higher than that in the TRUS group (90.24% vs. 78.38%, p < 0.001). After 6 mo of follow-up, the recurrence rate in the CEUS + 360°-TRUS group was 4.87%, and the recurrence rate in the TRUS group was 18.91%. Percutaneous fistula CEUS combined with transrectal 360° 3-D imaging has significantly higher accuracy than conventional TRUS in the diagnosis of complex anal fistula, especially for anal fistula branches, internal openings and Parks classification and is beneficial in reducing post-operative occurrence of complex anal fistulas.     

磁共振成像在肛瘘诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨体外相控阵线圈高分辨率MRI对肛周窦道及瘘管诊断的准确性及其应用价值。方法经手术证实的肛瘘患者64例,术前全部行MRI检查,检查序列主要包括矢状面、冠状面快速自旋回波(turbo spin-echo,TSE)T2加权成像(T2 weighted image,T2WI),轴位自旋回波(Spin-echo,SE)T1加权成像(T1 weighted image,T1WI)及脂肪抑制质子强度加权成像(proton density weighted image,PDWI),将影像学诊断与手术结果进行比较。结果 64例肛瘘共74个原发瘘管,89个内口,80个外口,48个肛周脓肿。MRI对原发瘘管、肛周脓肿、内口显示的灵敏度分别为95.8%、100%和94.3%,特异度分别为85.7%、97.5%和92.3%。结论 MRI可准确地判断肛瘘的分型、瘘管走行、有无脓肿和支管形成及肛瘘内口的位置,为中医临床治疗提供重要指导信息。     

L’échographie endoanale dans le bilan préopératoire des fistules anales

Purpose

The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of endoanal ultrasound in the pre-operative evaluation of anal fistulas.

Equipment and methods

A consecutive series of 67 patients with anal fistulas received a pre-operative endoanal ultrasound, either with or without the use of hydrogen peroxide. The position of the internal opening, the type of fistula and the presence of secondary channels were all recorded. The consistency between the surgical data and that of the endoanal ultrasound was assessed.

Results

The average age of patients was 40.5 years and they were predominantly male (4M/1F). In 26 cases (38.8%), the anal fistula was upper transsphincteric (UTAF) and for 22 patients (32.8%) it was lower transsphincteric (LTAF). It was intersphincteric in 13 cases (19.4%), suprasphincteric in 3 cases (4.4%) and a horseshoe shape for 3 patients (4.4%). The results of the EAU were consistent with those from surgery in 74.6% of cases (50/67). This consistency decreased proportionally with the height of the fistula. The internal opening was accurately predicted in 94% of cases (63/67).

Conclusion

Endoanal ultrasound is a highly accurate method of predicting the position of an internal opening. It can also be used to assess the type and the height of the anal fistula. The information is useful pre-operatively in making relevant surgical decisions.     

经会阴及经阴道超声联合对肛周不同来源感染的诊断价值

目的探讨经会阴超声在男性肛周不同来源感染患者中及经会阴合并经阴道超声在女性患者中的价值。方法68例可疑肛周疾病患者,男38例,女30例,中位年龄37岁。男性患者均采用经会阴超声检查,女性患者联合采用经会阴及经阴道两种检查,分别采用截石位及左侧卧位,所有脓肿、窦道及瘘管均详细描述,非腺源性病变评估病变范围、可能性质并与手术结果进行对比。结果所以患者均完成检查并行手术治疗,共检出58例腺源性感染、10例非腺源性感染。58例腺源性感染中脓肿及外口的符合率均为100%、主瘘管符合率为98.3%(57/58)、内口符合率为86.2%(50/58)、支管符合率为80%(8/10);10例非腺源性中肛周化脓性汗腺炎1例,会阴尿道瘘1例,表皮样囊肿2例,藏毛窦囊肿4例,血栓性外痔2例。结论经会阴及经阴道超声对肛周腺源性炎症性疾病的范围、分型能作出准确诊断,而且无痛、成本最小,对腺源性感染及非腺源性病变的鉴别诊断均具有较高的价值。     

经肛管腔内超声过氧化氢增强造影诊断肛瘘的价值

目的：探讨经肛管腔内超声过氧化氢增强造影技术（HPUS）在肛瘘诊断中的临床价值。方法：对36例专科体检初步诊断为直肠肛门瘘的患者术前先常规进行传统经肛管腔内超声（TAUS）检查后,再将3％过氧化氢通过导管注入肛瘘外口,观察瘘管走向和内口开位置,然后将专科检查,TAUS和HPUS检查结果与手术中所见进行比较分析,结果：HPUS与UAUS对兼管分类的超声诊断准确率分别为91％（33／36）和63％（23／26）,对内口位置的判断准确率分别为72％（26／36）和44％（16／36）,HPUS检出的内口数目为44例,符合率为93％（44／47）,TAUS检出内口数目的符合率为59％（28／47）,结论：HPUS对肛瘘的诊断有较高的可视性和准确率。     

经会阴部超声检查肛管周围感染性疾病

目的：评价经会阴部超声检查法对肛周感染性病变的诊断意义。方法：通过对54例肛周肿物患者与10例正常组的对照检查，显示肛周括约肌及肛周病变，并与手术结果对照。患者取膀胱截石位，选用3-6MHz凸阵探头和5-10MHz线阵探头进行检查。结果：所有受检者均能清晰显示肛管内外括约肌。异常组发现肛周脓肿23例，肛周脓肿合并肛瘘或窦道形成31例，除未发现合并复合高位脓肿及肛瘘各1例外，其他均与手术结果相吻合。结论：经会阴部超声法检查肛管周围感染性疾病是一种简便、易行的方法，值得临床推广。     

内口粘膜瓣封闭高位隧道式切除治疗高位肛瘘疗效分析

目的　探讨治疗高位肛瘘的有效疗法。方法　治疗组 12例 ,采用肛直环下瘘管切除 ,环内隧道式切除瘘管及内口 ,封闭内口及隧道残腔 ,游离内口处粘膜向下牵拉覆盖于已封闭内口下方肛白线处。完整保留肛门直肠环 ;对照组 12例 ,采用传统低位切开高位挂线治疗。结果　两组治愈率比较差异无显著意义(P >0 0 5 ) ,但在术后主要并发症的发生率以及肛管压力的影响上 ,差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 1)。结论　内口封闭 ,肛直环内隧道式切除管壁 ,可缩短疗程 ,减轻痛苦 ,避免并发症     

The OTSC? Proctology clip system for anorectal fistula closure: the 'anal fistula claw': case report

Abstract Surgical treatment of high or complex anal fistulas often renders unsatisfying results. This is the report of the first successful closure of such anal fistula using a special Nitinol clip and applicator, the OTSC? Proctology system (Ovesco AG, Tuebingen, Germany): A 54-year old female patient was suffering from a high transsphincteric anal fistula. After seton drainage of the fistula for ten weeks, the fistula track was debrided using a special fistula brush. After transanal clip release from the applicator, the internal fistula opening was adequately closed by the clip. Eight months after clip closure the fistula had healed and the clip was removed using the OTSC? Proctology Clip Cutter. Fistula closure using the OTSC? Proctology system represents a promising sphincter-preserving minimally invasive procedure.     

Endosonographic evaluation of perianal fistulas and abscesses: comparison of two instruments and assessment of the role of hydrogen peroxide injection

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to compare the performance of a mechanical radial endosonoscope and an endorectal electronic probe and to evaluate the value of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) injection in the diagnosis of perianal fistulas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-one patients underwent clinical and endosonographic studies for suspected perianal fistulas or abscesses. Endosonography was performed using two instruments: a mechanical radial endosonoscope (Olympus GF-UM20) and an electronic endorectal probe (Hitachi EUP-R53). The patients were re-examined during and following H(2)O(2) injection using both systems. RESULTS: Thirty-seven fistulous tracts were visualized with the electronic endorectal probe versus only 9 with the mechanical radial endosonoscope. Four patients had anal stenosis, precluding the use of the larger electronic probe. Three fistulas were detected in these patients using the mechanical radial endosonoscope. H(2)O(2) injection was not feasible in 26 patients (43%). Visualization of 11 (31%) fistulas improved after administration of H(2)O(2). Six fistulous tracts not detected before H(2)O(2) administration were clearly visualized during injection and for several minutes thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: Work-up of perianal fistula should be preferably performed using the endorectal electronic probe. However, the mechanical radial endoscope is preferred in patients with anal stricture. H(2)O(2) injection should become an integral part of every sonographic study of perianal fistulas.     

Which method is best for imaging of perianal fistula?

Background: Successful surgery for perianal fistula is contingent upon accurate pre-operative classification of the primary tract and its extensions. We aimed to find, using “evidence based medicine” (EBM) methods, the optimal technique for fistula classification: MRI, anal endosonography (AES) or clinical examination. Methods: A clinical question was derived, “In patients suspected of having perianal fistula, how does MRI compare to AES and clinical assessment for discriminating simple from complex disease”. A search of primary literature and secondary evidence resources was performed and expert opinion sought. Inclusion criteria were blinded prospective studies (level 2b +) of patients undergoing preoperative MRI, clinical examination ± AES using a clinical outcome based reference standard. Retrieved literature was appraised using EBM methods. Results: The highest-ranking evidence found was level 1b. MRI is more sensitive 0.97(CI 0.92–1.01) than clinical examination, 0.75(0.65–0.86) but comparable to AES, 0.92(0.85–0.99) for discriminating complex from simple disease. The positive LR for MRI confirming complex disease is 22.7 compared to 2.1 and 6.2 for clinical examination and AES, respectively. Conclusion: MRI is the optimal technique for discriminating complex from simple perianal fistula, although AES is superior to clinical examination, and may be used if MRI availability is restricted.     

基于耦合剂造影三维容积内插屏气检查(3D-VIBE)动态增强技术诊断直肠阴道瘘

目的 探讨基于超声耦合剂造影三维容积内插屏气检查（3D-VIBE）动态增强（DCE）MRI对直肠阴道瘘（RVF）的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析23例经手术或肠镜证实的RVF患者，术前均接受MR检查，扫描前分别向肛管、阴道灌入适量超声耦合剂，而后采集矢状位、冠状位和轴位T1WI、轴位T2WI、轴位脂肪抑制T2WI、DWI和3D-VIBE DCE-MRI，记录瘘口数量、开口位置、瘘管支数及周围软组织病变情况，并与手术及肠镜结果进行对比。结果 23例患者中，12例经手术治疗，11例接受肠镜检查，共发现26个瘘口、27支瘘管，6例合并周围脓肿，3例存在放射状损伤。超声耦合剂造影+3D-VIBE DCE-MRI对于瘘口、瘘管的显示率及诊断周围脓肿、放射性损伤的准确率均高于各常规序列（P均<0.05）。结论 基于超声耦合剂造影3D-VIBE DCE-MRI对RVF诊断价值较高。