Synchronous bilateral retinal metastases from lung adenocarcinoma

Hematogenous retinal metastases from non-small cell lung cancer are rare, and are even more uncommonly observed bilaterally. Non-small cell lung cancer usually metastasizes to the liver, adrenal glands, lung, bone, central nervous system, and kidney. We report the case of a 41-year-old male patient with advanced lung adenocarcinoma heavily pretreated with polychemotherapy and palliative radiotherapy up to June 2003, when synchronous bilateral retinal metastases were diagnosed. The patient's prognosis was worsened by the onset of the retinal metastases and he died three months later.     

Choroidal metastases from lung adenocarcinoma

A 32-year-old woman presented with an unknown visual deficit. Fundus examination revealed a lesion compatible with a metastatic focus. Diagnostic workup revealed a lung mass and the biopsy was compatible with lung adenocarcinoma. The intraocular lesion was the only metastatic site at the time of diagnosis. She received local choroidal treatment and further systemic therapy. A pneumonectomy was performed. Five months later she progressed systemically and has since then received several lines of chemotherapy. Choroidal metastases are an infrequent site of systemic dissemination and associated with a poor prognosis, with a median survival of around 2 months if it is the first manifestation of a lung neoplasm. Here we review the literature on choroidal metastases, their treatment options and epidemiology.     

Cystic liver metastases from lung adenocarcinoma: a case report

Cystic hepatic metastases arising from lung cancer are rare. We herein describe a case of a 71-year-old women admitted to our hospital for abdominal pain 6 months after the resection of a lung adenocarcinoma. Two cystic lesions of the liver were discovered at abdominal ultrasonography and computerized tomography scan. An ERCP excluded a biliary adenoma or adenocarcinoma, and an ultrasound-guided liver biopsy was negative for malignant cells. For persistence of symptoms and lack of a diagnosis, the patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy, a surgical biopsy with a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, and a consequent right hepatectomy. After 2 years of follow-up, the patient is well and disease free. Although cystic liver metastasis are rare and a differential diagnosis difficult, the malignant nature should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of hepatic cysts to offer the patient the best treatment.     

Cytofluorometric analysis of metastases from lung adenocarcinoma with special reference to the difference between hematogenous and lymphatic metastases

Metastatic tumors in the brain, liver, and regional lymph nodes (20 cases each) from patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung were examined by cytofluorometric analysis, and compared with the respective primary lung tumors. The nuclear DNA content of tumor cells was significantly increased in metastatic tumors in the brain and liver compared with the primary (P less than 0.01). However, the DNA content of metastatic tumors in regional lymph nodes was almost identical to that of the primary tumor in many instances. From the viewpoint of the nuclear DNA content of lung adenocarcinoma, blood-borne tumor cells in the brain and liver were considered likely to constitute a discrete tumor cell subpopulation, i.e., probably a more malignant one, different from the major subpopulation in the primary tumor, whereas lymphatic metastases in regional lymph nodes were similar to the primary. The subpopulation with an increased DNA content in hematogenous metastases were thought to have originated from a minor subpopulation in the primary tumor or to have developed at the metastatic site.     

Endotracheal metastases from colon adenocarcinoma

Endotracheal metastases (ETM) from non-lung cancer are seldom seen. Their main clinical symptoms are cough, haemoptysis and dyspnoea, although occasionally an incidental finding is made during a bronchoscopy. Breast, colon and kidney adenocarcinoma might be associated with ETM, lung cancer being the most frequent cause. Its finding is associated with advanced disease but survival will depend on the primary origin, patient status and comorbidity. Therefore, treatment should be individual for each patient. In our centre we recommend pre-surgery bronchoscopy to exclude metastatic endotracheal lesions in patients with metastatic colon adenocarcinoma disease, as this might affect the final outcome and therefore management of the disease.     

Brain metastases from prostate adenocarcinoma

Brain metastases of prostate adenocarcinoma are rare. We report a case of brain metastases from prostate adenocarcinoma 15 months after the diagnosis of the primary tumour. The patient had headache and one solitary metastasis upon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The biopsy performed showed metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma. He was treated with surgery and cranial irradiation.     

Intraventricular metastases from rectal-sigmoid adenocarcinoma

Secondary cardiac tumours are rare. The new diagnostic technology and more effective chemotherapy schedules for primary tumours, leading to a longer survival, have increased the frequency of such tumors. Adenocarcinoma accounted for around 40% of all metastases to the heart; the most frequently involved sites are pericardium and epicardium. We present a patient with an unusual intraventricular metastases from adenocarcinoma of rectal-sigmoid origin.     

Frequent EGFR mutations in brain metastases of lung adenocarcinoma

Lung adenocarcinomas often metastasize to the brain, and the prognosis of patients with brain metastases is still very poor. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene is mutated in a considerable fraction of primary lung adenocarcinomas, in particular those with drastic response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The present study was designed to elucidate the prevalence of EGFR mutations in brain metastases and the timing of their occurrence during cancer progression. EGFR mutations were detected in 12 of 19 metastatic lung adenocarcinomas to the brain (63%). This frequency was higher than those in previous studies for EGFR mutations at various stages of lung adenocarcinoma in East Asia, including Japan (i.e., 20-55%). In 6 cases with EGFR mutations, the corresponding primary lung tumors were also examined for the mutations, and in all of them, the same types of EGFR mutations were detected also in the primary tumors. In 2 of them, second metastatic brain tumors in addition to the first ones were also available for analysis, and the same types of EGFR mutations were detected in both the first and second ones in both cases. These results indicate that EGFR mutations are present frequently in brain metastases and occur preceding brain metastasis. These findings will be highly informative for treatment of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma to the brain.     

SRT与SRS治疗肺腺癌脑转移瘤对比分析

目的 回顾性分析2006年1月至2016年12月间的肺腺癌脑转移瘤患者治疗疗效并进行相关因素分析。方法 多中心回顾性分析肺腺癌脑转移瘤患者208例,其中SRT患者86例,SRS患者122例。分析两组患者的临床特征并比较两组局部肿瘤控制时间、中位生存期及放射性脑损伤情况。结果 SRT、SRS的肿瘤客观缓解率分别为70.9%、71.3%,12个月局部肿瘤控制率分别为89%、86%(P=0.383)。全组中位总生存期为14.3个月,其中SRT为15.6个月,SRS为13.7个月(P=0.349)。多因素分析显示患者预后不佳的主要因素为靶区总体积较大(P<0.001)、GPA评分较低(P=0.012)及无敏感基因突变(P<0.001)。SRT、SRS晚期放射性脑损伤发生率分别为5.8%、14.8%(P=0.043)。结论 SRT与SRS治疗肺腺癌脑转移瘤疗效相似,SRT可能比SRS有更低的晚期放射性脑损伤发生率。     

SRT与SRS治疗肺腺癌脑转移瘤对比分析

目的 回顾性分析2006年1月至2016年12月间的肺腺癌脑转移瘤患者治疗疗效并进行相关因素分析。方法 多中心回顾性分析肺腺癌脑转移瘤患者208例,其中SRT患者86例,SRS患者122例。分析两组患者的临床特征并比较两组局部肿瘤控制时间、中位生存期及放射性脑损伤情况。结果 SRT、SRS的肿瘤客观缓解率分别为70.9%、71.3%,12个月局部肿瘤控制率分别为89%、86%(P=0.383)。全组中位总生存期为14.3个月,其中SRT为15.6个月,SRS为13.7个月(P=0.349)。多因素分析显示患者预后不佳的主要因素为靶区总体积较大(P<0.001)、GPA评分较低(P=0.012)及无敏感基因突变(P<0.001)。SRT、SRS晚期放射性脑损伤发生率分别为5.8%、14.8%(P=0.043)。结论 SRT与SRS治疗肺腺癌脑转移瘤疗效相似,SRT可能比SRS有更低的晚期放射性脑损伤发生率。     

6例原发肺腺癌乳腺转移的临床特征分析

目的：探讨原发肺腺癌乳腺转移的临床特点。方法回顾性分析6例经病理证实的原发肺腺癌乳腺转移患者的临床资料。结果6例均为女性,5例患者的乳腺转移病灶表现为无痛性、生长迅速的乳腺单发结节,1例表现为弥漫性乳房红肿。乳腺转移可以是原发肺腺癌的首发症状,也可在病程中出现。6例患者乳腺转移灶的病理均为腺癌,免疫组化结果显示：5例患者的雌激素受体为阴性,1例为弱阳性;孕激素受体均为阴性;5例患者甲状腺转化因子1表达强阳性,1例阳性。结论有原发肺腺癌病史和快速增长的乳腺结节患者需考虑乳腺转移。免疫组化是鉴别原发或继发乳腺恶性肿瘤的关键。     

Cutaneous metastases from adenocarcinoma of unknown primary

Cutaneous manifestations of malignancy are not uncommon, especially in advanced disease. They may also occur early in malignant disease or they may even signify recurrence particularly if they are paraneoplastic in nature. Clinical diagnosis can be difficult because of the wide spectrum of appearance of these lesions, and, in many cases, because of the lack of an identifiable underlying primary. Presented here is the case of a 65-year-old woman with multiple inflammatory cutaneous metastases, which were sclerodermoid in nature. These appeared 14 months after initial diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of unknown primary (ACUP) and signified the beginning of a rapid deterioration in her condition. The coexistence of limited systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) and ACUP initially raised several interesting diagnostic possibilities. Adenocarcinoma of unknown primary and the sclerodermoid reaction in malignancy are discussed.     

Immunological detection of metastases from prostatic adenocarcinoma

In six patients with known prostatic adenocarcinoma, extraprostatic (metastatic) tumor was suspected on radiographic or radionucleotide studies. When cytological examination of tissue obtained by needle aspiration or biopsy was nondiagnostic, radial gel immunodiffusion was used to identify the presence of prostatic acid phosphatase in the tissue. Four specimens demonstrated prostate-specific acid phosphatase activity, permitting the diagnosis of metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma. The technique is simple and highly specific.     

Ovarian metastases from stage IB adenocarcinoma of the cervix

At the time carcinoma of the cervix is treated by radical surgery, it is believed that ovarian preservation is possible, and will prevent surgical menopause, with its risks of osteoporosis, vaginal dryness, and "hot flashes." However, the data originally used to justify ovarian preservation was based on clinical experience with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Little if any data exist to justify this treatment rationale in patients with adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Two patients who presented with clinical Stage IB adenocarcinoma of the cervix, subsequently underwent radical surgical treatment. Pathologic review of the operative specimens revealed microscopic metastasis to the ovaries in both patients. It is suggested that ovarian preservation at the time of radical surgical treatment for adenocarcinoma of the cervix has not had its safety established, and that sacrificing the ovaries and providing hormonal replacement postoperatively may be a safer course.     

Prolonged activity of bevacizumab in adenocarcinoma of the lung with multiple brain metastases

Patients with lung cancer having multiple brain metastases have poor outcomes. We present long-term disease treatment in a 60-year-old woman having greater than thirty brain metastases of NSCLC adenocarcinoma with a mutant allele of EGFR treated with differing chemotherapies including erlotinib, but disease response in the brain only with bevacizumab. Although initially restricted in use, increasing clinical reports have demonstrated safety of bevacizumab use in brain-involved cancer patients. Our case highlights that disease response to bevacizumab is similar in the brain to systemic disease and likely overcomes anatomical barriers that can limit other therapeutic agents.     

Inguinal lymph node metastases from rectal adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The prognosis of patients with inguinal lymph node metastases from rectal adenocarcinoma is poor. The purpose of this study is to analyze the clinical behavior and response to different therapies in a group of these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of 32 patients with inguinal lymph node metastases from rectal adenocarcinoma, diagnosed between January 1985 and December 1996, were retrospectively analyzed. The cohort was divided into: Group A (synchronous), and Group B (metachronous), according to the time of diagnosis. RESULTS: There were 17 males and 15 females, with a mean age of 53.5+/-13.8 years. Bilateral inguinal lymph node metastases were diagnosed in 17 patients, and unilateral in 15 patients. Fourteen of 18 patients in Group A (78%) and 13 of 14 patients (93%) in group B, respectively, had concomitantly extrapelvic metastatic disease. Seventeen patients in Group A treated with colostomy + chemoradiotherapy (45 Gy/20 fractions to the pelvis and groin area + 5-fluorouracil 450 mg/m2/weekly) had a progressive metastatic disease; the remaining patient was lost to follow-up after an abdominoperineal resection plus superficial groin dissection. Median survival was 8 months (range, 4-30 months). Overall 5-year survival was 0%. Ten patients in Group B were treated with chemoradiotherapy (50 Gy/25 fractions + 5-fluorouracil 450 mg/m2 + leucovorin 30 mg/m2); three patients received supportive care only, and one patient was treated with a groin dissection. All of them died of disseminated metastatic disease at a median of 13 months (range, 6-57 months). Overall 5-year survival was 0%. CONCLUSION: The presence of inguinal metastases in patients with rectal cancer heralds systemic disease and, due to a poor response to the different therapies, only palliative treatment should be indicated.     

Treatment of peritoneal metastases from small bowel adenocarcinoma

Abstract

Background/purpose: Peritoneal metastases (PM) affect approximately one third of patients with metastatic small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA). Treatment options are (1) systemic therapy?±?palliative surgery and (2) cytoreductive surgery with intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS?+?IPC). Due to scarce evidence, PM from SBA represents a therapeutic challenge. This narrative review summarised and discussed the evidence that investigated available treatment options.

Methods: Studies were discussed if they investigated first line systemic therapy for advanced SBA or CRS?+?IPC for PM from SBA. Extracted outcomes were objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and grade III–V toxicity/morbidity.

Results: Eighteen studies (15 observational, 3 phase II) that investigated systemic therapy and six observational studies that investigated CRS?+?IPC were reviewed. In studies that investigated systemic therapy, ORR, DCR, median PFS, median OS, and grade III–V toxicity ranged from 6% to 50%, 50% to 90%, 3 to 11 months, 8 to 20 months, and 10% to 68%, respectively. Fluoropyrimidine–oxaliplatin revealed favourable survival outcomes compared to fluoropyrimidine–irinotecan, fluoropyrimidine–cisplatin, fluoropyrimidine monotherapy, and other regimens. In studies that investigated CRS?+?IPC, median DFS, median OS, and grade III–V morbidity ranged from 10 to 12 months, 16 to 47 months, and 12% to 35%, respectively.

Conclusion: Based on available evidence, fluoropyrimidine–oxaliplatin should be regarded as optimal first line systemic treatment. In selected patients, CRS?+?IPC appears safe and may be more effective than systemic therapy as single treatment. Future studies should evaluate survival and morbidity of CRS?+?IPC in larger cohorts, as well as the value of chemotherapy with targeted agents in metastatic SBA with subgroup analysis for PM from SBA.     

Synchronous and metachronous ureteric metastases from adenocarcinoma of the colon

Primary adenocarcinoma of the ureter occurs in only <1%. Furthermore, metastatic carcinoma to the ureter is very rare and has been described to occur from breast, lung, stomach and prostate cancers. However, metastases to the ureter from colon cancers are extremely rare, and have been largely reported as incidental post-mortem cases. We describe two cases of asymptomatic ureteric metastases secondary to adenocarcinoma of the colon; one is synchronous, whilst the other is a metachronous ureteric metastasis. With the increasing use of radiological imaging modalities such as CT and MRI (Clin Imaging 2001;25:197–202, 2001), together with increasing survival rates of primary cancers, asymptomatic ureteric metastases are more likely to be diagnosed. In summary, metastatic ureteric carcinoma of colonic origin must be considered as a differential diagnosis when there is a radiological abnormality of the ureter in patients with a history of adenocarcinoma of the colon. This should be considered even in patients with colon adenocarcinoma who have previously undergone adjuvant chemotherapy with curative intent.     

Activity of pemetrexed against brain metastases in a patient with adenocarcinoma of the lung

A 53-year-old woman was with adenocarcinoma of the lung metastatic to the brain was treated after several lines of chemotherapy with pemetrexed. After six cycles an impressive regression of the brain metastases was documented.A brief review of the literature on response of cerebral metastases to chemotherapy is added.