极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的诊断与手术治疗

作者报告20例极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症,占同期480例腰间盘突出症手术病例的4.5％,其中椎间孔内突出者17例,椎间孔外突出者3例。该类腰间盘突出症与椎管内间盘突出症有所不同,它累及同节段神经根,并引起剧烈的根性疼症状。CT和CT椎间盘造影术(CTD)是极外侧型腰间盘突出症最佳影像学诊断手段。所有病人均接受了经椎管椎间孔开放腰间盘髓核摘除术。术后随访2月～4年,平均2.8年,优14例,良5例,可1例,优良率为95％。作者强调在腰间盘髓核摘除的同时,要注重神经根管的探查和减压,并认为单侧小关节切除,对腰椎节段稳定性影响不大。     

人工髓核假体置换术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的 比较人工髓核假体（PDN）置换术和传统单纯髓核摘除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效,评价人工髓核假体置换术的实用价值。方法 施行人工髓核假体置换术18例,16例为单节段腰椎问盘突出症,2例为两节段腰椎间盘突出,均采用单枚PDN置人单个椎间盘间隙。对照组单纯髓核摘除术30例,22例为单节段腰椎间盘突出,8例为两节段腰椎间盘突出。观察两组病例的临床效果。结果 PDN组术后临床症状均消失,运动功能明显好转。6例获得9～22个月的随访,9例获得3～9个月的随访,椎间隙高度较手术前平均增加10．5％,无髓核假体移位突出,术后疗效明显优于单纯髓核摘除术组,两者相比差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论 PDN置换术既能恢复脊柱的节段稳定性,又保持脊柱节段的活动性,适当的假体设计与材料选择也能使椎间盘与椎体后柱的负荷获得再平衡,有广泛的应用前景。     

后路髓核摘除椎间隙融合内固定治疗多节段腰椎间盘突出伴不稳

目的探讨后路髓核摘除椎间隙融合内固定治疗多节段腰椎间盘突出症伴腰椎不稳患者的临床疗效。方法对22例多节段腰椎间盘突出症伴腰椎不稳患者,术前进行症状收集、影像学检查及进行VAS及腰腿痛治疗评分,确定病椎,行后路减压髓核摘除,椎间隙融合内固定手术治疗,术后随访并进行VAS评分及腰腿痛评分,对本次随访的VAS评分及腰腿痛评分与术前相应评分进行比较,通过配对比较t检验,比较术前及术后VAS及腰腿痛功能评分。结果 22例患者均获得随访,术后VAS评分较术前明显减少（P〈0.05）;术后腰腿痛评分较术前明显增加,下肢功能明显改善（P〈0.05）。优良率为90.9%。结论后路开窗减压髓核摘除椎间隙融合内固定治疗多节段腰椎间盘突出症伴腰椎不稳是切实可行的手术治疗方式,手术疗效明确。     

腰椎间盘突出症手术疗效与突出类型及纤维环完整性的关系

目的探讨腰椎间盘突出症手术疗效与突出类型及纤维环完整性的关系。方法回顾性分析经后路椎板开窗髓核摘除术治疗的260例腰椎间盘突出症患者的疗效。病例选择条件:均为下腰椎单节段突出,侧突型(单侧坐骨神经症状),不伴有椎管狭窄。随访6～14年,平均8.5年。根据术中所见椎间盘突出的髓核形态及纤维环破损大小,将椎间盘突出症分为四种类型,并对不同类型的术后疗效进行统计学分析比较。结果椎间盘髓核突出较大、纤维环破损较小者,术后疗效佳,复发率低;反之,髓核突出较小或纤维环破损大者,术后疗效差,复发率高。结论腰椎间盘突出症的手术效果与椎间盘突出类型及纤维环的完整性有密切的联系。对临床症状较轻、间盘突出较小且突出物基底较宽的患者应尽量避免开放式手术。椎间盘突出摘除术中除应注意保持脊柱骨性结构的稳定性,还应尽量避免过多地破坏椎间盘纤维环的完整性。     

腰椎间盘突出症术后近期复发再手术临床分析

目的 探讨腰椎间盘突出症近期复发再手术的原因,减少术后复发率.方法 对7例腰椎间盘突出症术后近期复发再手术的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 患者随访平均33.1个月(6～75个月),效果优6例,良1例.结论 腰椎间盘突出症术后近期复发的原因有初次手术摘除髓核不彻底致使髓核碎片残留、椎间盘纤维环突出、瘢痕组织粘连、椎间盘髓核突出合并椎管狭窄未解除椎管狭窄、年龄、体重等有关.     

后路髓核摘除结合弹性棒内固定治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床研究

目的评价后路小开窗髓核摘除结合弹性棒内固定治疗腰椎间盘突出症的效果。方法将36例腰椎间盘突出症分为A组(16例)和B组(20例),A组行后路小开窗髓核摘除结合弹性棒内固定术,B组行单纯后路小开窗髓核摘除术,随访分析患者疗效和并发症,测量和比较手术前后患者ODI、VAS和椎体间高度、角度和MRI T1值。结果所有患者获12个月以上随访,无严重并发症发生。A组疗效优良率为93.8%,B组疗效优良率为90.0%。两组术后1年腰痛VAS、下肢放射痛VAS和ODI均较术前明显减少(P<0.01),手术上下节段的椎间高度、运动范围、髓核MRI T1值较术前均无明显变化(P>0.05)。术后1年手术节段较术前:A组运动范围明显减少(P<0.05)、椎间高度增加(P<0.05)和髓核MRI T1值增加(P<0.05),B组均无明显变化(P>0.05)。A组较B组术后1年手术节段运动范围减少(P<0.05)、椎间高度增加(P<0.05)和髓核MRI T1值增加(P<0.05)。结论后路小开窗髓核摘除结合弹性棒内固定治疗腰椎间盘突出症可达到满意疗效,近期不会导致邻近节段退变,可能有利于手术节段髓核修复。     

高位腰椎间盘突出症后路髓核摘除加内固定融合的疗效观察

[目的]探讨高位腰椎间盘突出症采用后路髓核摘除加内固定融合术的治疗效果.[方法]采用VAS疼痛10分法和中华医学会骨科分会脊柱外科学组腰椎手术疗效标准评估手术疗效.[结果]术后1周及末次随访疼痛VSA评分明显改善,固定节段融合好,无内固定松动及邻近节段的退变加重.[结论]本手术操作简便安全,创伤小,髓核摘除直接,初期随访疗效好,为高位腰椎间盘突出症提供了一种行之有效的手术途径和临床经验,是值得推荐的一种治疗方法.     

多间隙腰椎间盘突出症的手术治疗

目的 探讨节段减压术式治疗多间隙腰椎间盘突出症的指征、手术方法和疗效。方法 自1992年8月-2000年2月,采用节段减压术式治疗多间隙腰椎间盘突出90例。病变间隙双侧对称黄韧带开窗、黄韧带环切、双侧对称神经管扩大和部分间隙髓核摘除。结果 经4个月－8年随访,优良率91．1％。结论 节段减压术式具有以下优点：减压充分、脊柱后柱破坏小并能有效防止神经根粘连、提前下床锻炼时间和远期疗效理想。     

椎体撕脱型腰椎间盘突出症

腰椎问盘突出症是骨科常见病，但腰椎间盘突出的发生机制目前所知甚少，对于突出物的组织起源也缺乏一致的认识。有研究认为腰椎问盘突出物主要是髓核组织；有研究认为主要是纤维环组织；有报告认为以软骨终板为主；更有人认为是新合成的纤维软骨组织。近来，我们在临床上发现一种新的腰椎问盘突出类型——椎体撕脱型腰椎问盘突出，其组织学特征为软骨终板连同其下的椎体松质骨一并撕脱游离突出于椎管内。     

MED治疗腰椎间盘突出症术后近期MRI的改变

目的:观察显微内窥镜椎间盘手术（microendoscopic discectomy,MED）治疗腰椎间盘突出症术后早期 MRI改变,探讨其与临床效果的关系。方法:对15例单节段或多节段腰椎间盘突出症患者行MED治疗后3个月复查腰椎MRI,并记录手术后症状改善情况。结果:MED术后患者的症状都有明显的缓解,复查MRI显示原来突出的椎间盘消失或突出减小,椎管内未见明显疤痕形成,原手术通道仍清晰可辨,通过椎旁肌的部分有纤维化和轻度组织水肿。结论:MED治疗腰椎间盘突出症近期疗效肯定,手术创伤小,能减少硬膜外粘连疤痕形成。但也有髓核摘除不彻底时从破裂纤维环处脱出的危险。     

Hazards and complications of endoscopic transurethral ureterolithotripsy and lithoextraction and means of prevention

Complications related to ureterolithotomy and ultrasonic ureterolithotripsy performed under the control of visual endoscope were analyzed in 86 ureterolithiasis patients, methods of their prevention discussed. All the aforementioned complications were distributed into three groups: inapplicability of surgery due to anatomic and functional defects of lower and upper urinary tracts, intraoperative, and postoperative complications. The commonest ones were ureteral abruption and perforation, acute pyelonephritis, temporary vesicoureteral reflux. Their control measures were considered as relative methods of treatment: immediate surgical intervention in case of ureteral abruption, renal catheterization in patients with insignificant ureteral perforation or acute pyelonephritis. Adequate ureteroscopy, careful consideration of pro- and contraindications, catheterization of renal pelvis and urinary bladder performed within 2-3 days after the surgery and adequate antibacterial therapy are the most decisive steps in the control of aforementioned complications.     

牙体牙弓颌骨阻力中心及其临床意义

牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心在正畸矫治力系统中具有重要的意义,也是正畸学领域争论较多的一个问题。Dermaut等研究表明,当力作用于物体阻力中心时,物体将发生平动,否则将发生平动和转动的复合运动。目前,国内外多数学者认为牙体、牙弓及颌骨存在阻力中心,但其位置存在争议。本文就牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心及其临床意义作一综述。     

Characterisation and differentiation of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas - presence and expression of collagen types I and II

AIM: Chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas are rare benign skeletal neoplasms with reported overlapping histology. Aim of this study was to analyse the biochemical composition of the matrix of these tumour entities in order to further characterise the cellular phenotypes of these neoplasms using typical cell biological marker genes. METHODS: The matrix compositions of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas were analyzed by HE-histology, histochemistry, and immunolocalization techniques. Cellular gene expression patterns were detected by mRNA in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Chondroblastomas are rich in collagen type I and show foci of an osteoid-like matrix, whereas collagen type II as a typical marker of chondrocytic differentiation was not detected in any of the specimens. Chondromyxoidfiibromas had foci of chondroid appearance with chondroblastic cellular differentiation characterised by collagen type II expression. CONCLUSION: These results characterise chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas as skeletal neoplasms that have a different biology and which can be distinguished by matrix protein expression products: collagen type II, the typical marker of chondroblast differentiation, could only be detected in chondromyxoidfibromas, but not in chondroblastomas. Thus, both neoplasms are clearly different on the cell biological level.     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.