语境对恐惧与惊讶表情加工的影响：社交焦虑的调节作用

目的：探究语境对恐惧与惊讶表情加工的影响，并探讨社交焦虑在其中所发挥的作用。方法：采用2（社交焦虑组别：高、低）×3（语境效价：正性、中性、负性）×2（表情类型：恐惧、惊讶）三因素混合实验设计，被试对面孔表情进行情绪类别判断。结果：（1）情绪性语境能够促进恐惧惊讶表情的识别，且对于恐惧表情，在负性语境下的识别正确率显著高于正性语境；对于惊讶表情，在正性语境下的识别正确率显著高于负性语境。（2）相比于低社交焦虑个体，高社交焦虑个体对恐惧表情的识别正确率更低，更容易将恐惧表情错认为惊讶表情。（3）社交焦虑水平调节负性语境对惊讶表情的影响。对于惊讶表情的识别，低社交焦虑个体负性语境下识别正确率高于中性语境；高社交焦虑个体负性语境与中性语境下的识别正确率没有显著差异。结论：情绪性语境能够提高个体对表情的识别，社交焦虑水平影响个体识别恐惧表情的敏感性，高社交焦虑个体在负性语境下更容易混淆惊讶与恐惧表情。     

自我认知评估对羞耻认知调节策略选择的影响

目的:考察自我指向和他人指向的自我负性认知评估类型对个体选择特定羞耻情绪认知调节策略的影响。方法:采用情境故事法操纵两种能激发羞耻的负性自我认知评估以诱发个体羞耻情绪,比较两种条件下个体在认知情绪调节策略选择上的差异。结果:①自我指向的自我负性认知评估仅和能维持/扩大羞耻严重程度的消极认知策略有关,而他人指向的自我负性认知评估既和上述消极认知策略有关,又和防御型及修复型策略的选用有关。②自我指向的负性认知评估是羞耻体验中的主要负性认知评估类型,而他人指向的自我负性认知评估常伴随前者出现,并可加剧其强度。结论:自我负性认知评估类型对个体认知调节策略的选择有一定影响,但这一影响的表现是复杂的。     

社交焦虑大学生对正性评价解释偏向的初步探究

目的:考察高低社交焦虑大学生对正性评价的解释偏向。方法:选取12名高社交焦虑(SIAS得分超过中国常模均值1个标准差)大学生参加半结构式访谈,了解高社交焦虑大学生受到正性评价的情形和经历及对正性评价的反应,并归纳其解释正性评价的方式;另外选取大学生43人(高社交焦虑21人,低社交焦虑22人),采用简版负性评价恐惧量表(BFNE-S)、正性评价恐惧量表(FPES)、自编正性评价解释方式评定问卷评定其负性评价恐惧、正性评价恐惧水平及对正性评价解释方式,检验社交焦虑个体对正性评价的解释偏向。结果:访谈结果表明,高社交焦虑大学生在受到正性评价时易产生负性情绪,其解释路径可归纳为"正性评价提升他人期望","正性评价增加人际冲突"两类。高社交焦虑组的BFNE-S和FPES评分均高于低社交焦虑组(均P0.001);高社交焦虑组对正性评价的消极解释评分高于低社交焦虑组,对正性评价的积极解释评分低于低社交焦虑组(均P0.05)。结论:高社交焦虑大学生认为正性评价会提升他人期望或带来关注,且相对于低社交焦虑大学生更倾向于用消极的方式解释他人期望提升与关注的后果。     

大学生的父母教养方式与社交焦虑:自我差异的中介作用

<正>已有研究发现,父母教养方式影响个体的社交焦虑[1]。自我差异一般指自我各成分的不统一,是一种有情绪意义、较为稳定的认知结构[2],其中,现实-理想自我差异能够预测焦虑的产生[3]。这种预测性通常被认为是两种自我之间的差异引发的否定性的自我评价所导致的[4]。Higgins等人的     

负性情绪唤醒度对社交焦虑大学生注意解除困难的影响

目的:探讨负性情绪唤醒度在社交焦虑大学生注意解除困难中的作用。方法:选取有社交焦虑的大学生[38分≤Liebowitz社交焦虑量表(LSAS)总分≤72分,贝克抑郁量表第2版(Beck Depression InventoryⅡ,BDI-Ⅱ)总分<14分]和无社交焦虑的大学生(0分≤LSAS总分<38分,BDI-Ⅱ总分<14分)各35名,采用2(组别为社交焦虑组、非社交焦虑组)×3(刺激类型为高唤醒度愤怒面孔、低唤醒度愤怒面孔、中性面孔)两因素混合设计考察有社交焦虑的大学生在不同唤醒度条件下的反应时和正确率。结果:社交焦虑组在高唤醒度条件下的反应时长于低唤醒度和中性条件(均P<0.05);非社交焦虑组在高唤醒度与低唤醒度和中性条件下的反应时差别均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论:相比中性和低唤醒度的负性情绪刺激,有社交焦虑的大学生对高唤醒度负性情绪刺激的注意解除难度更大,但无社交焦虑的大学生没有表现出这种模式。     

高社交焦虑个体对正性面孔的解释偏差

目的:考察高社交焦虑个体是否对正性面孔存在主观解释偏差,探索其对正性社交信息的解释方式,以帮助理解社交焦虑个体对正性刺激的认知加工模式。方法:研究为单因素设计,以被试社交焦虑水平为组间变量。采用社会交往焦虑量表(SIAS),从60名学生中筛选出得分最高的前27%和最低的后27%,分别为高、低社交焦虑组。以正性情绪面孔为材料,给出其在特定社交背景下可能的正性、中性和负性解释,每种解释为一个独立的评分维度。通过自陈报告的方法,要求高、低社交焦虑组被试就想到某一解释的可能性大小进行评分;随后再根据自身对每种解释的相信程度,对三者进行排序。结果:评分结果表明,相比于低社交焦虑个体,高社交焦虑个体更不容易想到对正性面孔的正性解释(P<0.001),而更容易想到负性解释(P<0.001);排序结果表明,高社交焦虑个体更不相信对正性面孔的正性解释(P<0.001)。结论:高社交焦虑个体对正性面孔存在解释偏差;他们不仅无法充分理解正性面孔的积极含义,还更倾向于直接对正性面孔做出负性解释,两者都可能导致社交焦虑症状的维持。     

大学生情绪调节的认知策略、外显自尊、人格特质与社交焦虑的关系

目的探讨大学生在社交焦虑中高、低分组间的性格、自尊、认知性情绪调节策略选择的差异,以及不同的自尊水平、性格和认知性情绪调节策略对社交焦虑的预测作用。方法 540名大学生,完成自我意识量表-社交焦虑分量表、艾森克个性问卷、自尊量表及认知性情绪调节问卷。结果被试社交焦虑得分在性别上没有显著差异,在性格的内外向、稳定程度及部分认知性情绪调节策略因子上存在显著差异。高、低社交焦虑组大学生在自尊、性格特征两维度的差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);在认知性情绪调节策略上,自我责难、沉思、重新关注计划、积极重新评价、理性分析、灾难化、责怪他人等策略上存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。相关分析发现,大学生的社交焦虑与自尊、人格特征内外向维度呈显著的负相关(r=-0.34、-0.46,P<0.001),而与性格特征情绪稳定性维度呈显著的正相关(r=0.38,P<0.001)。多元回归分析显示,内外向、情绪稳定性、自我责难策略及重新关注计划策略进入方程的预测变量中。结论不同性别的社交焦虑表现并无明显差异,而高社交焦虑人群表现出内向不稳定的性格特征且低自尊,倾向于选择理性分析的积极策略,沉思、自我责难、灾难化及责怪他人的消极策略。内向不稳定的性格特征、对自我责难和重新关注计划的认知性情绪调节策略的选择倾向,可以显著增加社交焦虑发生的可能性。     

社交焦虑大学生元情绪评价、情绪调节方式的探索及指导

目的:了解社交焦虑大学生对社交焦虑的元情绪评价、情绪调节方式的特点,探索元情绪评价指导对改善大学生社交焦虑的效果.方法:选择高、低社交焦虑大学生参加研究,以"准备演讲"为实验任务,并在任务前对高社交焦虑实验组进行元情绪评价指导;任务结束后要求被试报告在实验任务进行中的元情绪评价和情绪调节方式.结果:在准备演讲过程中,高社交焦虑大学生对自身情绪的清晰度显著低于低社交焦虑者,且主要采用重视调节;元情绪评价指导能降低高社交焦虑大学生的重视调节.结论:高、低社交焦虑大学生的元情绪评价、情绪调节方式之间存在显著差异,元情绪评价指导可以帮助高社交焦虑大学生改善其情绪调节方式.     

社交焦虑对大学生手机成瘾的影响：认知失败和情绪调节自我效能感的作用

目的:探讨社交焦虑对手机成瘾的影响以及认知失败和情绪调节自我效能感在二者关系中所起的作用。方法:使用交往焦虑量表、认知失败量表、情绪调节自我效能感量表、手机成瘾指数量表对838名大学生进行调查。结果:①社交焦虑与认知失败、手机成瘾两两之间显著正相关,情绪调节自我效能感与社交焦虑、认知失败、手机成瘾显著负相关;②社交焦虑不仅直接影响大学生手机成瘾水平,还通过认知失败的中介作用间接影响大学生手机成瘾水平;③情绪调节自我效能感调节该中介效应的前半路径,相较于高情绪调节自我效能感的大学生,认知失败的中介效应对低情绪调节自我效能感的大学生作用更强。结论:认知失败是社交焦虑诱发大学生手机成瘾的重要桥梁;情绪调节自我效能感是社交焦虑影响大学生认知失败进而导致手机成瘾的保护性因素。     

大学生自我效能感与情绪关系研究

目的探讨大学生一般自我效能感、学业自我效能感和焦虑、抑郁情绪的关系。方法采用一般自我效能感量表、学业自我效能感问卷、焦虑自评问卷、抑郁自评问卷对102名大学生进行问卷调查。结果①大学生自我效能感在性别,年级,专业,独生与否,父母文化程度,家庭氛围等人口学变量上不存在显著差异(P>0.05);②相关分析显示,一般自我效能感与抑郁(r=-0.399,P<0.01)、焦虑(r=-0.231,P<0.01)存在显著负相关,学业自我效能感及其学习能力自我效能感维度与抑郁(r=-0.399,-0.354;P<0.01)存在显著负相关;③回归分析显示,一般自我效能感分别进入焦虑、抑郁的回归方程,分别可以解释焦虑、抑郁5.3%和15.9%的变异量。结论一般自我效能感越高,负性情绪越低,心理健康状况越好;学业自我效能感不能有效预测负性情绪的变化。     

Adaptive and maladaptive self-focus in depression

BACKGROUND: Studies of rumination suggest that self-focused attention is maladaptive and perpetuates depression. Conversely, self-focused attention can be adaptive, facilitating self-knowledge and the development of the alternative functional interpretations of negative thoughts and feelings on which cognitive therapy of depression depends. Increasing evidence suggests there are distinct varieties of self-focus, each with distinct functional properties. This study tested the prediction that in depressed patients brief inductions of analytical versus experiential self-focus would differentially affect overgeneral autobiographical memory, a phenomenon associated with poor clinical course. It was predicted that, relative to analytical self-focus, experiential self-focus would reduce overgeneral memory. METHODS: 28 depressed patients either thought analytically about, or focused on their momentary experience of, identical symptom-focused induction items from [Cogn. Emotion 7 (1993) 561] rumination task. Participants completed the Autobiographical Memory Test [J. Abnorm. Psychol. 95 (1986) 144] before and after self-focus manipulations. RESULTS: Experiential self-focus reduced overgeneral memory compared to analytical self-focus. Analytical and experiential self-focus did not differ in their effects on mood. LIMITATIONS: In the absence of a reference condition, only conclusions concerning the relative effects of analytical and experiential self-focus can be made. CONCLUSIONS: Results (1) support the differentiation of self-focus into distinct modes of self-attention with distinct functional effects in depression; (2) provide further evidence for the modifiability of overgeneral memory; and (3) provide further evidence for the dissociation of overgeneral memory and depressed mood. Clinically, results support the usefulness of training recovered depressed patients in adaptive experiential forms of self-awareness, as in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.     

Self-focus and social evaluative threat increase salivary cortisol responses to acute stress in men

This experiment tested the hypothesis that self-focused attention might increase cortisol release. Social self-preservation theory suggests that social evaluation and associated feelings of shame are associated with cortisol reactivity, whereas one implication of objective self-awareness theory is that self-critical awareness and associated feelings of anxiety might be associated with increases in cortisol. 120 participants completed a public speech task either in front of an evaluative panel (social threat), in a non-evaluative setting while watching themselves in real-time on a television (self-focus), or in the mere presence of a non-evaluative person (control). Cortisol increased comparably among men in the social threat and self-focus conditions, but not among men in the control condition. There were no effects for women. Shame was correlated with increased cortisol in the social threat condition, whereas anxiety was correlated with increased cortisol in the self-focus condition. One broad implication of this work is that negative evaluation may increase cortisol regardless of whether this source comes from oneself or others.     

Narcissism in the Comprehensive System for the Rorschach

The Egocentricity Index (ECOI) is the oldest clinical index in the Comprehensive System for the Rorschach. According to Exner's 1993 edition of The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System the ECOI, reflections, and pairs are valid Rorschach measures of self-focus and narcissism. The present article reviews research on these indicators and concludes that they are probably unrelated to self-focus or self-esteem. Furthermore, their relationship to narcissistic personality disorder and depression has not been established. Reflection but not pair responses appear to be weakly related to psychopathy and male homosexuality. The research summary in The Rorschach is unbalanced and omits numerous negative findings.     

Emotion suppression affects cardiovascular responses to initial and subsequent laboratory stressors

Objective. The study of anger suppression and risk for cardiovascular disease has relied predominately on inspection of correlations between trait anger‐in and cardiovascular risk factors and disease. This approach tells us little about whether inhibitory processes have anything to do with outcomes, and cannot speak to whether suppression of anger per se affects cardiovascular parameters. Drawing on the broader emotion regulation literature, we examined the effects of experimentally induced anger and general negative emotion in the context of expressive and experiential suppression on cardiovascular responses to initial and subsequent laboratory stressors. Design. Of all participants, 201 healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of six conditions formed by crossing emotion (anxiety, anger) and suppression (experiential, expressive, control) conditions. Methods. Participants completed a mental arithmetic task with anxiety or anger induction under their respective suppression manipulation instructions, and subsequently were exposed to a cold pressor task. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate values were obtained for each experimental epoch. Results. More robust SBP responses to the initial stressor were evidenced for those in the expressive versus the control condition. In response to the subsequent stressor, those in the experiential suppression condition showed the most pronounced SBP responses, suggesting pronounced delayed effects of this type of suppression. Effects of suppression on SBP reactivity were indistinguishable across anxiety and anger conditions. Conclusion. Effortful suppression of negative emotion has immediate and delayed consequences for stress‐induced cardiovascular reactivity. Theoretical and clinical significance of these findings are discussed.     

Specificity of emotion regulation deficits in social anxiety: An internet study

Objectives. There is evidence for an association between social anxiety and emotion regulation difficulties. This study investigates that emotion regulation difficulties are specific to two domains of social anxiety. Design and Method. An explorative study was conducted to examine the associations between emotion regulation facets and social anxiety in the normal population. N= 149 healthy volunteers participated in an internet‐based survey. Measures. Emotion regulation deficits were measured by the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale which consists of six subscales. Social anxiety was measured by the Social Phobia Scale and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale. Results. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that anxiety of interactive social situations is associated with non‐acceptance of negative emotions, impulse control difficulties, and lack of functional emotion regulation strategies over and above the impact of age and general psychopathology. In contrast, anxiety of being observed by others was not specifically associated with emotion regulation strategies. Conclusion. The results support the hypothesis that specific emotion regulation deficits are relevant to specific aspects of social anxiety. Implications for further research and therapy are discussed.     

自动情绪调节策略对焦虑个体负性情绪的作用

目的:探讨自动情绪调节策略对焦虑者负性情绪的调节作用。方法:以状态—特质焦虑量表(SATI)为标准,筛选出焦虑组和正常组被试各90名,以句子整理任务启动不同的自动情绪调节策略。结果:①启动自动表达抑制策略时焦虑组对情绪图片的唤醒度显著高于正常组,而启动自动认知重评策略时两组无显著差异;②焦虑个体在自动认知重评策略的调节下对情绪图片的唤醒度最低,而无策略组的唤醒度最高。结论:自动认知重评和自动表达抑制均能有效下调焦虑个体的负性情绪体验,且自动认知重评的效果优于自动表达抑制,因此自动情绪调节策略有助于缓解焦虑个体的焦虑感。     

急性心肌梗塞病人心理健康及有关心理社会因素调查

目的：探讨急性心肌梗塞患者的负性情绪及相关吲素。方法：91例急性心肌梗塞（AMI）病人和90例正常人应用SCL-90、SAS、SDS、LES、SSRS等量表进行对照调查。结果：AMI组在焦虑、抑郁、强迫、敌对、人际关系敏感、恐怖、偏执、躯体化等因子均明显高于正常组，存一年内的负性生活事件也明显高于对照组。社会支持度低于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：负性情绪、负性生活事件发生率，缺乏社会支持可能是急性心肌梗塞发生发展的危险因素。     

Collaboration in Experiential Therapy

We offer a view of the nature and role of client‐therapist collaboration in experiential psychotherapy, focusing on Gestalt and emotion‐focused therapy (EFT). We distinguish between the necessary condition of mutual trust (the emotional bond between client and therapist) and effective collaboration (regarding the goals and tasks of therapy). Using a case study of experiential therapy for social anxiety, we illustrate how the development of collaboration can be both complex and pivotal for therapeutic success, and how it can involve client and therapist encountering one another through taking risks by openly and nonjudgementally disclosing difficult experiences in order to enrich and advance the work.     

急性心肌梗塞病人的负性情绪研究

急性心肌梗塞 (AMI)是危害人类健康的重要疾病之一 ,也是一种高危因素的疾病 ,它的发生发展除与生物因素有关外 ,还与个性、情绪反应等心理因素有关联。本文对 5 1例非猝死性心肌梗塞患者与正常人的负性情绪进行评估 ,以期能找出负性情绪与AMI发生发展的关系 ,为心肌梗塞患者的综合防治提供一些信息和依据。1　资料与方法1.1　资料来源AMI组患者来源于 2 0 0 1年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 2月在某综合医院心血管科的住院病人 ,根据世界卫生组织 (WHO) 1979年诊断标准确诊为急性心肌梗塞的患者。所有患者不伴有其它脏器的严重器质性疾病 ,符合入…     

Emotional processing in experiential therapy: why "the only way out is through."

The purpose of this study was to examine observable moment-by-moment steps in emotional processing as they occurred within productive sessions of experiential therapy. Global distress was identified as an unprocessed emotion with high arousal and low meaningfulness. The investigation consisted of 2 studies as part of a task analysis that examined clients processing distress in live video-recorded therapy sessions. Clients in both studies were adults in experiential therapy for depression and ongoing interpersonal problems. Study 1 was the discovery-oriented phase of task analysis, which intensively examined 6 examples of global distress. The qualitative findings produced a model showing: global distress, fear, shame, and aggressive anger as undifferentiated and insufficiently processed emotions; the articulation of needs and negative self-evaluations as a pivotal step in change; and assertive anger, self-soothing, hurt, and grief as states of advanced processing. Study 2 tested the model using a sample of 34 clients in global distress. A multivariate analysis of variance showed that the model of emotional processing predicted positive in-session effects, and bootstrapping analyses were used to demonstrate that distinct emotions emerged moment by moment in predicted sequential patterns.