125例老年性结核性脑膜炎诊断及治疗分析

目的总结老年性结核性脑膜炎(结脑)的诊断方法。方法结合临床表现、脑脊液、影像学检查以及免疫学,分析125例老年性结脑临床资料。结果结合临床症状、体征、脑脊液、影像学及免疫学,125例患者临床诊断为结核性脑膜炎,给予诊断性抗结核治疗,大部分病例好转出院。结论老年性结脑发病缓慢,早期临床症状不典型,诊断困难,误诊率及死亡率高。对结脑的患者均应反复行脑脊液及头部核磁共振检查,排除其他颅内感染性病变、脑血管疾病及肿瘤性疾病,尽早做诊断性抗结核治疗。结核性脑膜炎是中枢神经系统的重症结核病。目前,随者人口老龄化,老年结核性脑膜炎患者呈逐年增多趋势,老年患者因其特殊体质关系,导致临床症状不典型、并发症多、误诊率高,治疗困难。使其病死率及后遗症发生率高。     

184例结核性脑膜炎的临床分析

目的通过对结核性脑膜炎(简称结脑)的临床分析,提高其诊断和治疗水平。方法对184例结脑病历资料进行回顾性分析。结果全部病例均接受抗结核和激素治疗,2例行侧脑室外引流术。136例(74%)患者病情好转出院,2例转神经外科,11例自动出院,死亡5例。结论结脑的诊断主要依靠流行病学资料、临床特点、脑脊液改变以及影像学特征等。在诊断困难时,有效的诊断性抗结核治疗有助诊断。     

结核性脑膜炎87例临床分析

目的探讨结核性脑膜炎（结脑）的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析87例结脑患者的临床资料。结果本组合并肺结核47例，胸膜结核8例，泌尿系结核4例，淋巴结核2例。并发脑积水21例，脑梗死22例；脑脊液多次检查均符合结脑改变，脑脊液PCR—TB—DNA检查67例，有47例（71．1％）扩增到结核DNA片段，20例阴性，87例脑脊液腺苷脱氨酶检查有81例（93．1％）高于9u／L；头颅CT增强扫描阳性率100％。87例结脑患者经抗结核及使用肾上腺皮质激素治疗后均治愈。结论结脑临床表现缺乏特异性，脑脊液改变不典型；脑脊液中PCR—TB—DNA对结脑的诊断可作为一个重要的辅助检查，且腺苷酸脱氨酶是一个敏感及特异性强的指标；影像学检查对诊断该病有重要意义。规范应用抗结核药物及使用肾上腺皮质激素配合鞘内注射效果佳。     

隐球菌性脑膜炎与结核性脑膜炎的临床对比分析

目的比较隐球菌性脑膜炎（隐脑）与结核性脑膜炎（结脑）临床表现、实验室检查的差异,探讨两种脑膜炎的鉴别诊断规律。方法对19例隐脑和19例结脑患者的一般情况、临床表现、实验室检查进行回顾性分析。结果与结脑组相比较,隐脑组患者体温、颅压增高较明显,跟底病变及听力下降等脑神经受损症状出现早且多,但颈项强直不及结脑组患者明显。隐脑组患者脑脊液（CSF）中氯化物含量降低不及结脑组患者明显,但葡萄糖含量降低较结脑组患者显著。结论根据患者的临床表现特点及CSF检查结果的不同,可以对结核性脑膜炎及隐球菌性脑膜炎进行初步的临床诊断,避免两类脑膜炎的误诊。     

不典型表现的结核性脑膜炎62例临床分析

目的　总结不典表现的结核性脑膜炎 (结脑)的诊断与治疗。方法 回顾性分析 62例不典型结脑患者的临床资料。结果 本组病例在临床上没有典型的结脑症状，表现意识障碍 17例(27.4%)、头晕、低热 47例 (75.8%)、乏力、精神萎靡 13例 (21.0%)；肢体麻木 21例 (33.9%)、瘫痪5例 (8.1%)、颅神经损害 18例 (29.0%)和尿潴留 10例；(16.1%)、癫痫样发作 4例 (6.5%)。胸部影像学检查阳性 37例 (59.7%)、头颅CT阳性 13例 (21%)。脑脊液检查 :糖降低 30例 (48.4%)、氯化物降低 32例 (51.6%)、蛋白升高 36例 (58.1%)、腺苷酸脱氨酶 (ADA)阳性 58例 (93.5%)、结核抗体 (PPD IgG)阳性 48例 (77.4%)、涂片抗酸杆菌阳性 2例 (3.2%)。 61例经抗结核治疗痊愈，1例死亡。结论 不典型结脑临床表现缺乏特异性，脑脊液改变不典型，但脑脊液中结核抗体阳性对于诊断中枢神经系统结核病有参考意义，且腺苷酸脱氨酶是一个敏感及特异性强的指标，实验实及影像学检查对确诊该病有重要意义。规范抗结核治疗配合鞘内注射效果佳。     

多发性脑结核瘤13例临床分析

目的 探讨多发性脑结核瘤的临床特点及诊断治疗方法。 方法 回顾性分析2004年1月-2007年12月诊治的13例多发性脑结核瘤。 结果 患者的主要临床表现以头痛、发热和呕吐居多,头痛11例,发热10例,呕吐7例。脑脊液压力增高8例,细胞数异常11例。10例合并颅外结核。颅脑MRI检查中8例报告为T1W1等信号,T2W1为低信号。3例开颅脑组织活检证实为结核性肉芽肿。采用强化抗结核、激素和鞘内注射等综合治疗,获很好的疗效。 结论 脑内多发性结核瘤是一种特殊类型的颅内结核病变,综合其临床表现、影像学和脑脊液检测等特点有助于临床诊断。采用强化抗结核、激素和鞘内注射等综合疗法为佳。     

Role of CT, MRI and cerebral spine fluid immunoassay in the diagnosis of cerebral schistosomiasis

目的探讨脑型血吸虫病的临床特点及诊断方法。方法回顾性分析42例脑型血吸虫病的CT、MRI及脑脊液(CSF)免疫学检查资料。结果通过影像学及免疫学检查确诊40例,1例不能完全排除脑肿瘤通过术后病理检查确诊,1例高度怀疑脑型血吸虫病经吡喹酮诊断治疗证实。结论 CT及MRI对脑型血吸虫病的定位和定性诊断有很大价值。MRI在显示主要病理改变时,其敏感性和准确性均较CT高。CSF免疫学检查对脑型血吸虫病鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

CT MRI及CSF免疫学检查在脑型血吸虫病诊断中的价值

目的 探讨脑型血吸虫病的临床特点及诊断方法.方法 回顾性分析42例脑型血吸虫病的CT、 MRI及脑脊液(CSF)免疫学检查资料.结果 通过影像学及免疫学检查确诊40例,1例不能完全排除脑肿瘤通过术后病理检查确诊,1例高度怀疑脑型血吸虫病经吡喹酮诊断治疗证实.结论 CT及MRI对脑型血吸虫病的定位和定性诊断有很大价值.MRI在显示主要病理改变时,其敏感性和准确性均较CT高.CSF免疫学检查对脑型血吸虫病鉴别诊断有重要价值.     

非典型脑囊尾蚴病的诊断研究

目的 分析非典型脑囊尾蚴病患者血清免疫学检查和脑CT影像学检查特点,为该病诊断提供参考。方法 以446例疑似脑囊尾蚴病患者作为研究对象,所有患者均给予吡喹酮实验性治疗,根据治疗效果及脑CT 或MRI复查结果确诊非典型脑囊尾蚴病。同时,采用间接ELISA 法检测患者血清和脑脊液抗囊尾蚴特异性IgG抗体,采用McAb?ELISA法检测患者血清和脑脊液抗囊尾蚴特异性IgG4抗体,采用PEG?ELISA法测定囊尾蚴循环抗原（CAg）,并进行间接血凝试验（IHA）及脑CT检查。计算上述免疫学检测及脑CT检查的检测效能。结果 446例疑似脑囊尾蚴病患者经吡喹酮实验性治疗后,315例临床症状显著好转,被确诊为非典型脑囊尾蚴病。血清特异IgG、IgG4抗体及囊尾蚴CAg检测阳性率分别为15.47%、15.02%、11.21%, IHA试验阳性率为28.47%,差异有统计学意义（[χ2] ＝ 52.45,P＜0.01）。脑CT检查有疑似囊尾蚴病灶者353例,占79.14%。ELISA、McAb?ELISA、PEG?ELISA、IHA和脑CT诊断非典型脑囊尾蚴病的灵敏度为15.36%～96.82%,特异度为63.36%～99.24%,阳性预测值为86.40%～98.52%,阴性预测值为32.83%～98.25%,阳性似然比为2.64～27.86,阴性似然比为0.05～0.81,OR值7.16～52.80;5项检查合并后其OR值为108.00,较CT检查的OR值提高1倍。结论 非典型脑囊尾蚴病主要通过评价实验性抗囊尾蚴治疗效果而确诊,血清免疫学检测及脑CT检查亦具有重要参考价值。     

166例脑型血吸虫病的诊断与治疗

目的 目的 探讨脑型血吸虫病的临床诊断和治疗方法。方法 方法 选择解放军171医院1989-2013年收治的166例脑 型血吸虫病患者的临床和影像学资料、 诊断及治疗方法进行分析。结果 结果 166例脑型血吸虫病患者中, 根据临床表现、 病原学、 免疫学结合CT、 MRI辅助检查确诊156例, 其中病理检查确诊74例, 诊断性治疗确诊10例。102例患者行口服吡 喹酮40 mg/kg治疗, 于14～36 d临床症状好转后出院。64例行开颅手术, 术后辅以口服吡喹酮抗血吸虫治疗。其中, 48 例术后恢复良好, 7例肢体瘫痪加重, 4例肢体发麻加重, 11例术后仍有癫痫发作, 无手术死亡病例。随访81例, 66例症 状及体征消失, 7例肢体轻瘫但生活能自理, 5例生活不能自理, 3例死于其他原因。结论 结论 颅脑影像学和实验室专项检 测对脑型血吸虫病诊断有重要价值。脑型血吸虫病治疗应根据患者具体情况采取内科治疗或外科手术治疗。     

新型隐球菌性脑膜炎与结核性脑膜炎的临床鉴别

目的 探讨新型隐球菌性脑膜炎与结核性脑膜炎的鉴别要点。 方法 回顾分析19例隐球菌性脑膜炎及50例结核性脑膜炎患者的临床表现、脑脊液改变和头颅CT或MRI特点。 结果 隐球菌性脑膜炎延误诊断时间为（2.3±1.7）个月,合并颅外结核病26.3%,合并慢性基础病36.8%,颅神经损害发生率5.3%,颅内压（320.0±57.7）mmH₂O,脑脊液葡萄糖含量（1.2±0.8）mmol/L, PCR-TB阳性率0,抗结核抗体阳性率10.5%,红细胞沉降率（42.1±31.2）mm/1h、头颅CT或MRI检查阳性发现率57.9%等方面与结核性脑膜炎存在差异。而2者在临床症状、脑脊液白细胞数、蛋白、氯化物、腺苷脱氨酶含量和头颅CT或MRI表现等方面差异无统计学意义。 结论 隐球菌性脑膜炎临床表现不典型,与结脑不易鉴别,容易误诊。但提高对隐球菌性脑膜炎的认识,并行多项指标检测有利于早期诊断。     

脑脊液标志物在结核性脑膜炎诊断中的研究进展

结核性脑膜炎(tuberculous meningitis, TBM)患者早期的临床表现和影像学变化均不具有特异性,且缺乏有效的实验室诊断方法,致使其诊断异常困难。早期诊断TBM对于患者的及时治疗和改善预后至关重要。脑脊液(cerebrospinal fluid, CSF)中存在多种生物标志物,对TBM早期诊断具有一定的潜在价值。本文主要针对CSF中宿主诊断生物标志物用于TBM诊断的研究进展及挑战进行综述和讨论。     

Diagnosis of cryptococcal and tuberculous meningitis in a resource‐limited African setting

Objectives Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) and tuberculous meningitis (TBM) are common in HIV‐infected adults in Africa and difficult to diagnose. Inaccurate diagnosis results in adverse outcomes. We describe patterns of meningitis in a Malawian hospital, focusing on features which differentiate CM and TBM with the aim to derive an algorithm using only clinical and basic laboratory data available in this resource‐poor setting. Methods Consecutive patients admitted with meningitis were prospectively recruited, clinical features were recorded and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was examined. Results A total of 573 patients were recruited, and 263 (46%) had CSF consistent with meningitis. One hundred and twelve (43%) had CM and 46 (18%) had TBM. CM was associated with high CSF opening pressure and low CSF leukocyte count. Fever, neck stiffness and reduced conscious level were associated with TBM. A diagnostic index was constructed demonstrating sensitivity 83%and specificity 79% for the differentiation of CM and TBM. An algorithm was derived with 92% sensitivity for the diagnosis of CM, but only 58% specificity. Conclusions Although we demonstrate features associated with CM and TBM, a sufficiently sensitive and specific diagnostic algorithm could not be derived, suggesting that the diagnosis of CM and TBM in resource‐limited settings still requires better access to laboratory tools.     

Rapid diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis meningitis by enumeration of cerebrospinal fluid antigen-specific T-cells.

SETTING: Hospital in-patients with suspected tuberculous meningitis (TBM), predominantly in India. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secreting Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-specific T-cells are present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with TBM and to evaluate the feasibility of CSF enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) for the diagnosis of active TBM. DESIGN: Prospective blinded hospital-based study. RESULTS: The overnight ELISpot assay detected M. tuberculosis antigen-specific IFN-gamma secreting T-cells in CSF from nine of 10 prospectively recruited patients with TBM, and zero of seven control patients with meningitis of other aetiology. This corresponds to a diagnostic sensitivity of 90% (95%CI 56-100) and specificity of 100% (95%CI 59-100). CONCLUSION: This pilot study demonstrates proof-of-principle for a new T-cell-based diagnostic test for TBM which is rapid, sensitive and specific.     

20例成人耐药结核性脑膜炎临床观察

目的分析成人耐药结核性脑膜炎(结脑)的临床特点。方法对2008年1月—2008年12月住院的20例成人耐药结脑病例进行回顾性分析。结果20例脑脊液结核分枝杆菌培养阳性中,耐单药者10例,多耐药者6例,耐多药(MDR)者4例。耐药结脑病情危重,合并意识障碍者10例(50%),合并高颅压者18例(90%),脑脊液常规生化及细胞学符合典型结脑特点,脑膜脑炎8例(40%),脑脊髓膜炎4例(20%)。抗结核并辅助激素和脱水药物治疗好转19例,死亡1例。结论耐药结脑经早期抗结核并辅助治疗,疗效满意。     

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??Abstract??Objective To investigate the applicability of Hristea diagnostic scoring in differentiated diagnosis between viral meningitis (VM) and tuberculous meningitis (TBM).Methods The study was performed retrospectively in resident patients with TBM (n=87) or VM (n=76) in our hospital.The prediction of TBM was determined by Hristea diagnostic scoring using parameters such as duration of symptoms before admission??neurological stages??cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/blood glucose ratio and CSF protein concentrations.The diagnostic value of the scoring was assessed by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.Results The Hristea scores of all parameters were significantly different between TBM and VM patients.The sensitivity??specificity??positive predictive value and negative predictive value of Hristea scoring for TBM were 89.7%??86.8%??88.6% and 88.0%??respectively.The area under the ROC curve value for the diagnostic scoring was 0.92.Conclusion Hristea diagnostic scoring is helpful in early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of TBM and VM??and the usefulness of the scoring should be validated in larger series.     

Serial lactate determinations in tuberculous meningitis

Lactate levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined in 21 patients with culture-proved tuberculous meningitis (TBM). All patients showed uniformly high lactate level (greater than or equal to 3.9 mmol/l). Neither the clinical stage of TBM nor the prognosis was related to the CSF lactate concentration. Repeated CSF studies demonstrated persistently high lactate levels in the early stage of illness despite adequate antituberculous therapy.     

结核性脑膜炎患者血清及脑脊液中sTRAIL、OPG水平测定及其临床意义

目的 探讨结核性脑膜炎患者肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体（TRAIL）及其受体骨保护素（OPG）在血清及脑脊液中的水平变化并探讨其临床意义.方法 采用ELISA法检测30例结核性脑膜炎患者（结脑组）急性期和20例对照组的血清及脑脊液中TRAIL和OPG的水平,并分析其与病情严重程度的关系.结果 急性期结脑患者血清TRAIL、OPG水平较对照组明显升高,差异有显著性（P＜0.05）,重症组患者血清TRAIL、OPG水平与轻症组比较明显升高,差异有显著性（P＜0.05）;脑脊液中的TRAIL、OPG水平与对照组比较明显升高,差异有显著性（P＜0.05）.结论 TRAIL及其受体OPG可能参与了结核性脑膜炎的病理过程,且其水平的高低与病情的轻重程度有关.     

Detection of antibody to Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein antigens in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with tuberculous meningitis

Antibodies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples obtained from 442 patients with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and 102 control patients. Antibodies were found in the CSF of 87% of patients with clinical (culture-negative) TBM, 72% of patients with culture-positive TBM, and 65% of patients with autopsy-proven TBM. That anti-M. tuberculosis antibodies were detected in the CSF of patients with clinically diagnosed cases more frequently than in patients with culture-positive cases suggests that the detection of antibodies in CSF tends to decrease as bacillary load increases. Of the patients with clinical TBM who were coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 70% exhibited anti-M. tuberculosis antibody in CSF, which suggests that antibody responses in this group were substantially weaker than those in HIV-negative patients with clinical TBM. Some groups showed a stronger response to certain antigens, which suggests that antigen recognition patterns may be specific for the stage of disease.