Ciliochoroidal Effusion Syndrome Associated with Posterior Scleritis

Background

To determine the cause of angle-closure glaucoma in a case of posterior scleritis.

Case

The patient was a 65-year-old woman with unilateral acute angle-closure glaucoma who did not respond to laser iridotomy.

Observations

Slit-lamp examination demonstrated a shallow anterior chamber in the left eye. Intraocular pressure was 22?mmHg even after application of two antiglaucoma eye-drop preparations. B-scan ultrasonography demonstrated scleral thickening and choroidal detachment in the left eye. Ultrasound biomicroscopy showed a shallow anterior chamber with angle closure, annular ciliochoroidal effusion with ciliary body edema, and an anterior rotation of the ciliary body. After instillation of cycloplegics, the ciliary body and ciliary processes rotated posteriorly, resulting in the release of the pressure on the iris. These changes led to the opening of the angle and subsequent normalization of intraocular pressure. A diagnosis was made of ciliochoroidal effusion syndrome associated with posterior scleritis.

Conclusions

Patients with posterior scleritis can develop ciliochoroidal effusion syndrome, which can lead to angle-closure glaucoma. The therapeutic strategy for acute angle-closure glaucoma induced by ciliochoroidal effusion syndrome differs completely from that for acute angle-closure glaucoma with pupillary block. In the case of ciliochoroidal effusion syndrome, it is important to relieve the compression of the angle by the iris by displacing the lens–iris diaphragm posteriorly by cycloplegics.?Jpn J Ophthalmol 2007;51:49–52 © Japanese Ophthalmological Society 2007

     

Bilateral angle-closure glaucoma in association with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Two homosexual men, 35 and 42 years old, had bilateral acute angle-closure glaucoma in association with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. In one patient, the angle-closure attack was the initial manifestation of AIDS. Choroidal effusion with secondary anterior rotation of the ciliary body at the scleral spur appeared to be the pathophysiologic mechanism. Pupillary block, angle crowding, and inflammatory synechial angle closure must be differentiated from anterior rotation of the ciliary body as the mechanism of the angle closure to provide optimal treatment. Whereas primary angle closures are treated with miotics and iridectomy, secondary angle closure may be worsened with this treatment. Cycloplegics and, if necessary, drainage of suprachoroidal fluid may be curative in AIDS-related angle closure associated with a choroidal detachment. Both patients died before the long-term efficacy of this treatment could be assessed.     

Angle-closure glaucoma in association with orbital pseudotumor

PURPOSE: To describe the pathophysiology of angle-closure glaucoma secondary to idiopathic inflammatory orbital pseudotumor. DESIGN: Retrospective, small noncomparative case series. PARTICIPANTS: Three patients with angle-closure glaucoma and orbital pseudotumor. METHODS: The pathophysiology of this entity was investigated using magnetic resonant imaging (MRI) and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Clinical features, anterior chamber angle configuration, and intraocular pressure. RESULTS: Angle closure from anterior rotation of the ciliary body caused by choroidal effusions secondary to pseudotumor was demonstrated using MRI and UBM. Two of the three cases resolved after treatment for orbital pseudotumor. CONCLUSIONS: Idiopathic orbital pseudotumor is a cause of secondary angle-closure glaucoma. The mechanism of angle closure is anterior rotation of the ciliary body secondary to choroidal effusions resulting from the orbital inflammation.     

Bilateral angle-closure glaucoma in a young female receiving cabergoline: a case report

Purpose

To report a case of bilateral acute angle-closure glaucoma after oral administration of cabergoline for the treatment of galactorrhea.

Methods

A diagnosis of secondary drug-induced angle-closure glaucoma was made in a patient with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and myopic refractive shift, which was confirmed by ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) of the ciliary body and anterior segment, sonography, and optical coherence tomography. The treatment included the discontinuation of the culprit drug and the administration of topical anti-glaucoma drops. The treatment course was followed with serial measurements of the IOP and refraction, and with performing UBM.

Results

Five hours after he received a single 0.5-mg oral cabergoline tablet, the patient suffered from acute secondary angle-closure glaucoma and myopic refractive error. UBM demonstrated both effusion of the ciliary body and an anterior rotation of the iris-ciliary body. IOP was reduced 8 h after cessation of the causative agent and administration of anti-glaucoma drops. Refractive errors returned to normal levels after 8 days.

Conclusion

Secondary acute angle-closure glaucoma has been reported to occur after the administration of some drugs. In this report, an attempt has been made to describe this adverse reaction after oral cabergoline intake.Key Words: Bilateral angle-closure glaucoma, Cabergoline, Galactorrhea     

原发性急性闭角型青光眼双眼眼前段相关结构的对比研究

目的研究原发性急性闭角型青光眼双眼眼前段相关结构特征。方法采用超声生物显微镜（UBM）眼前段活体结构检查技术、UBM眼前段图像处理技术，对10例原发性急性闭角型青光眼患者的双眼（一眼急性发作期，对侧眼临床前期）房角状态、房角相关解剖结构进行了定量观察及对比研究。结果UBM检查发现：双眼前房深浅（轴深）、房角开放距离500、小梁睫状突夹角、睫状体大小均有显著性差异。结论急性闭角型青光眼急性发作眼较临床前期眼前房更浅，房角关闭，睫状体前位和增大使眼前段更拥挤。采用UBM检查能从解剖学上进一步认识急性闭角型青光眼的发病机制。     

Acute bilateral glaucoma in an LAV-positive subject

A bilateral angle-closure glaucoma is described in a homosexual man, with a positive HIV serology. This angle closure is secondary to an anterior rotation of the ciliary body at the scleral spur following development of an inflammatory cilio-choroidal detachment: which is itself connected with a massive uveal-retinal effusion. The cause of this uveal effusion appears to be cytomegalovirus. This unusual syndrome was the initial manifestation of AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). A symptomatologic treatment with cycloplegics and prednisolone and a specific one with DHPG (9-1, 3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl guanine), resulted in rapid regression of the local lesions; his overall clinical condition however deteriorated rapidly over two months following onset of syndrome.     

A case of acute angle-closure glaucoma secondary to annular ciliochoroidal detachment after unsutured cataract surgery

BACKGROUND: We report a patient with acute angle-closure glaucoma secondary to annular ciliochoroidal detachment after unsutured cataract surgery. CASE: An 82-year-old man was diagnosed with bilateral shallow central anterior chamber depth, flat peripheral anterior chamber, and elevated intraocular pressure. One day previously he had undergone uncomplicated unsutured cataract surgery in the right eye and eight days previously, in the left eye. Ultrasound biomicroscopy revealed annular ciliochoroidal detachment in both eyes. Treatment with intravenous methyl prednisolone deepened the anterior chamber and reduced intraocular pressure. CONCLUSION: Annular ciliochoroidal detachment may lead to anterior rotation of the ciliary body and angle-closure. This clinical entity is indistinguishable from malignant glaucoma when the fundus cannot be visualized.     

PACG急性发作后继发睫状体脉络膜脱离的临床研究

目的:观察急性闭角型青光眼急性发作缓解后继发睫状体脉络膜脱离时眼压、前房深度的变化,探讨继发性睫状体脱离的原因、临床特征及治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析我院2011-08/11住院治疗的84例急性闭角型青光眼急性发作的患者,发作缓解后,经超声生物显微镜(UBM)及B超发现,19例出现睫状体脉络膜脱离,用非接触式眼压计及UBM测量急性发作前后和睫状体脉络膜脱离时的眼压和前房深度,并进行统计学分析。结果:急性发作期眼压50.4±6.5mmHg,中央前房深度1.65±0.12mm;发作缓解继发睫状体脉络膜脱离时眼压7.93±4.3mmHg,中央前房深度1.29±0.1mm。UBM及B超检查显示:继发单纯脉络膜脱离10例,单纯睫状体脱离4例,睫状体脉络膜脱离5例,给予常规抗青光眼手术联合适量糖皮质激素治疗,全部睫状体脉络膜脱离均复位。结论:急性闭角型青光眼急性发作缓解后常可合并睫状体及脉络膜脱离,且治疗前眼压越高,缓解时间越短,缓解后发生睫状体、脉络膜脱离的几率越高,其直接征象为眼压过低、前房更浅,UBM为其最可靠的检查方法,常规抗青光眼手术联合适量糖皮质激素为该类患者的有效治疗方法。     

白内障术后睫状环阻滞性青光眼的诊治

白内障术后睫状环阻滞性青光眼指在白内障手术后出现的排除瞳孔阻滞、脉络膜渗漏或脉络膜上腔出血后,存在持续浅前房、高眼压的睫状环阻滞性闭角型青光眼。睫状肌麻痹剂有时可有效缓解病情,药物治疗无效时可试用Nd:YAG激光切开周边虹膜切口处的晶状体囊膜及玻璃体前界膜。玻璃体切除手术宜重点切除虹膜周边切口后的晶状体前后囊膜、部分悬韧带及玻璃体前界膜,从而彻底解除睫状环阻滞,建立从玻璃体腔到前房的房水通道。     

Choroidal effusion and hypotony caused by severe anterior lens capsule contraction following cataract surgery

PURPOSE: The case report describes a case of severe anterior capsular contraction associated with choroidal effusion. CASE REPORT: An 81 year old female with primary open angle glaucoma underwent routine phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Eight weeks following surgery the anterior capsule opening had reduced to 3 mm in size. Intraocular pressure was found to be 4 mmHg and B scan ultrasound revealed a large choroidal effusion. Anterior capsulotomy with Nd:YAG laser was performed. At review, two weeks later, the choroidal effusion had resolved and visual acuity had recovered. DISCUSSION: The Nd:YAG laser radial relaxing capsulotomies helped relieve the capsular contraction and associated traction on the ciliary body.     

Bilateral acute angle closure glaucoma in a young patient receiving oral topiramate: case report

This paper reports a clinical case of uveal effusion in both eyes causing bilateral acute angle closure glaucoma in a young patient after oral administration of topiramate, a new anticonvulsant medication. Rarely, some drugs have produced uveal effusions, forward shift of the iris-lens diaphragm, transient myopia and secondary angle closure glaucoma. A 40-year old white woman was seen at the emergency department of the "Hospital Banco de Olhos de Porto Alegre (RS)"--Brazil, with severe headaches and blurry vision in both eyes. Her medications included topiramate, started 10 days before. Slit lamp examination revealed conjunctival injection, chemosis and shallow anterior chambers. Intraocular pressure measured 40 and 38 mmHg. Fundoscopic examination findings were normal. Ultrasound scan was performed and demonstrated separation between the choroidal layer and the sclera. A diagnosis of bilateral uveal effusion associated with the use of oral topiramate was made. Topiramate was then discontinued. The patient reported symptomatic improvement by the third day after initial examination. Symptoms were resolved and visual acuity returned to normal. Topiramate may cause ciliary body edema and relaxation of zonules, which induces a forward shift of the lens-iris diaphragm with acute myopia and angle closure. As the mechanism of angle closure does not involve pupillary block, peripheral iridectomy and topical miotics are not useful in the treatment of this type of secondary angle-closure glaucoma. Drug-induced uveal effusions occur rarely. The patient improved after topiramate discontinuation.     

Ocular findings in Sturge-Weber syndrome

PURPOSE: We reviewed the rare ocular findings of Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) and the results of implantation of the Ahmed valve in cases associated with glaucoma. METHODS: Seven patients (range 18 to 52 years) diagnosed as SWS were reviewed as clinical findings over two years. An anterior chamber maintainer was placed in patients with glaucoma to maintain stable intraocular pressure and minimize the risk of intraocular hemorrhage due to sudden pressure changes during surgery, when an Ahmed valve is implanted. RESULTS: Episcleral venous vessels were prominent in all cases. Diffuse choroidal hemangiomas were seen in three cases. Nevus of Ota was observed in only one case. Three cases had juvenile glaucoma. One also had buphthalmos. No intraocular hemorrhage or choroidal effusion was observed intraoperatively in valve-implant patients. The surgical treatment of the patients with glaucoma gave favorable outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Rare ocular findings such as choroidal hemangioma and nevus of Ota are sometimes seen in SWS. Drainage valve implantation, with an anterior chamber maintainer, is a good choice for treatment when surgery is done in cases with glaucoma. This method may reduce the risk of intraoperative suprachoroidal effusion and expulsive hemorrhage by stabilizing intraocular pressure within normal limits during the surgery.     

Presumed topiramate-induced bilateral acute angle-closure glaucoma.

PURPOSE: We describe a case of bilateral angle-closure glaucoma associated with oral topiramate therapy. METHODS: Interventional case report. Case report with echographic illustration. RESULTS: A 51-year-old man developed bilateral acute angle-closure glaucoma 2 weeks after beginning topiramate therapy for bipolar affective disorder. Laser peripheral iridotomy was performed in the right eye without resolution of the acute attack. Echography revealed lens thickening and ciliochoroidal detachments in both eyes. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and anterior and posterior segment anatomy normalized 2 weeks after cessation of topiramate therapy. CONCLUSION: Topiramate, a new sulfa-derivative antiepileptic medication, may cause idiosyncratic ciliochoroidal detachments and ciliary body edema leading to anterior displacement of the lens-iris diaphragm, lens thickening, and acute angle-closure glaucoma.     

Assessing the need for posterior sclerotomy at the time of filtering surgery in patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome

PURPOSE: Posterior sclerotomy has been recommended for prevention of intraoperative choroidal hemorrhages and choroidal effusions in patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) or Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber (KTW) syndrome undergoing glaucoma filtering surgery. In this study, we evaluated this unproven clinical perception. DESIGN: A retrospective, noncomparative, case series. PARTICIPANTS: Seventeen consecutive patients with SWS or KTW syndrome who underwent glaucoma filtering surgery without prophylactic posterior sclerotomy or other prophylactic measures between January 1973 and March 1997 at a university-based practice. INTERVENTION: Glaucoma filtering surgery without prophylactic posterior sclerotomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of intraoperative and postoperative choroidal effusion, choroidal detachment, or choroidal hemorrhage. RESULTS: No intraoperative choroidal effusion, choroidal detachment, or choroidal hemorrhage occurred in this series. After surgery, 6 patients had a transient choroidal effusion. Surgical drainage was not required in any of them. No suprachoroidal hemorrhages occurred after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: We did not encounter significant intraoperative suprachoroidal hemorrhage, choroidal effusions, or a combination requiring therapeutic intervention in our series. This finding leads us to question the necessity for prophylactic posterior sclerotomy to prevent the occurrence of these complications in patients with SWS and KTW syndrome undergoing glaucoma filtering surgery.     

Review of sulfonamide-induced acute myopia and acute bilateral angle-closure glaucoma

Sulfonamide medications can cause an idiosyncratic reaction, resulting in acute transient myopia and acute angle-closure glaucoma. The risk of an adverse reaction to a sulfonamide is approximately 3%, and the exact mechanism of the myopia and angle-closure glaucoma remains controversial. Typical clinical presentation includes bilateral involvement with blurring of vision that generally occurs over minutes to hours, nausea or vomiting, red eye, and headache. Examination may show conjunctival injection, corneal edema, anterior chamber inflammation, and flat or shallow anterior chamber. Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion, although an ultrasound biomicroscopy may be helpful in diagnosing swelling of the ciliary body. Topiramate, a sulfa derivative, is used for the treatment of migraines or seizures. The side effects include acute myopia and angle-closure glaucoma. Treatment of this condition is primarily supportive along with discontinuation of the medication; topical miotics and peripheral iridectomy are not helpful. If intraocular pressure remains uncontrolled, additional therapies, such as topical intraocular pressure-lowering medications, high-dose steroids, and trabeculectomy, may need to be considered.     

Predisposing factors for chronic angle-closure glaucoma

Chronic angle-closure glaucoma is the commonest form of glaucoma in Sino–Mongaloid populations. It is an anatomical disorder of the anterior segment of the eye characterised by permanent closure of part of the filtration angle as a result of iris apposition to the trabecular meshwork. Two pathways lead to this condition: recurrent pupillary block and “creeping” angle closure. East or Southeast Asian ethnic background is an important risk factor for the development of chronic angle-closure glaucoma. Other demographical risk factors include ageing, female gender and a familial tendency. Eyes with chronic angle-closure glaucoma have different anterior segment anatomical relationships when compared to normals. Those eyes at risk tend to be hypermetropic with a shallow anterior chamber, a relatively anteriorly positioned lens and a short axial length. The role of the ciliary body anatomy and ciliary processes in the pathogenesis of this condition requires further investigation.     

Malignant glaucoma due to drug-related angioedema

PURPOSE: To report postsurgery angioedema resulting in malignant glaucoma.Interventional case report. METHODS: Three hours after uncomplicated cataract surgery on the right eye, a 61-year-old woman developed angioedema with swelling of the parapharyngeal tissue. Visual acuity deteriorated, and tonometry revealed an intraocular pressure of 60 mm Hg, with shallow anterior chambers, in both eyes. RESULTS: Ultrasound showed choroidal effusion on both eyes. Intraocular pressure could only be controlled surgically by procedure to deepen the anterior chamber. The angioedema regressed after withdrawal of candesartan, an angiotensin II antagonist that the patient had taken for 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Angioedema without urticaria is well documented in patients receiving angiotensine-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II antagonists. Drug-related angioedema may lead to a choroidal effusion syndrome with malignant glaucoma. Surgical intervention may trigger angioedema. Most important in treatment is withdrawal from the implicated medication and control of intraocular pressure.     

Uveal effusion and angle-closure glaucoma in primary pulmonary hypertension

PURPOSE: To report a patient with uveal effusion and intermittent angle-closure glaucoma associated with primary pulmonary hypertension. METHODS: Observational case report. RESULTS: A 78-year-old woman with primary pulmonary hypertension noticed pain and decreased vision in her right eye. Ocular examination disclosed excessive dilation of conjunctival and episcleral veins and uveal effusion with annular ciliochoroidal detachment in both eyes. The right eye revealed corneal edema with folds in the Descemet membrane, congested iris vessels, and a markedly shallow anterior chamber with a partially closed angle, corresponding to a recent attack of angle-closure glaucoma. Systemic treatment of her congestive heart failure with an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist resulted in a partial resolution of the uveal effusion and complete normalization of the anterior chamber depth. CONCLUSION: Primary pulmonary hypertension may cause uveal effusion, leading to a forward displacement of the lens-iris diaphragm and intermittent angle-closure glaucoma.     

Bilateral angle-closure glaucoma associated with uveal effusion: presenting sign of HIV infection.

A 40-year-old homosexual man presented with acute myopia and bilateral angle-closure glaucoma. Recognition of an anterior chamber configuration of a modestly shallowed central chamber with marked peripheral shallowing clinically suggested uveal effusion. B-scan echography provided definitive, confirmatory evidence of diffuse choroidal thickening with ciliochoroidal effusion. Treatment with aqueous suppressants, cycloplegics, and topical steroids resulted in complete resolution of the angle closure and reversal of induced myopia. The patient, who was systemically well without signs of AIDS or AIDS-related complex, was later tested and found to be serologically-positive for the human immunodeficiency virus.     

闭角型青光眼中虹膜睫状体囊肿的发病情况

目的:观察闭角型青光眼中虹膜睫状体囊肿的发病情况,虹膜睫状体囊肿与前房轴深、房角的关系。方法:利用超声生物显微镜(UBM)对闭角型青光眼患者740例1057眼进行眼前节检查。结果:闭角型青光眼740例1057眼中检出合并虹膜睫状体囊肿者42例60眼,占被检眼数的5.68%。60眼虹膜睫状体囊肿中虹膜睫状沟囊肿56眼(93.33%),睫状冠囊肿4眼(6.67%);其中单发囊肿33眼(55.00%),多发囊肿27眼(45.00%)。不伴有虹膜睫状体囊肿的患者前房轴深1.16～2.37(平均1.843)mm;合并有虹膜睫状体囊肿的患者前房轴深1.67～2.78(平均2.297)mm。伴有及不伴有虹膜睫状体囊肿的闭角型青光眼患者房角粘连>2个象限的比率分别为66.67%和44.59%。结论:虹膜睫状体囊肿在闭角型青光眼中的发病率较高,多为虹膜睫状沟囊肿,对前房轴深影响不大,但可以增加房角粘连范围,引起闭角型青光眼。