高龄重症瓣膜病外科手术体外循环管理经验总结

目的：总结老年重症心脏瓣膜病施行瓣膜手术过程中体外循环的管理经验。方法：从2004年9月～2008年12月,共对60例老年重症心脏瓣膜病患者（70～79岁）施行瓣膜置换或成形手术,术前进行全面评估和充分准备,术中采用浅～中低温、中～高流量体外循环,维持灌注压60～90mmHg,HCT24％～30％。结果：主动脉瓣或二尖瓣单瓣置换31例,双瓣置换16例,二尖瓣或主动脉瓣成形13例。其中9例同时行冠状动脉搭桥（CABG）术,2例行升主动脉人工血管置换,3例行带瓣管道升主动脉置换术。无手术死亡,术后早期死亡4例,其中3例死于多脏器功能衰竭,1例死于恶性心律失常。结论：在合理的体外循环管理下,对老年重症瓣膜病人进行心内直视手术是积极安全有效的。     

感染性心脏瓣膜心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的:总结感染性心脏瓣膜心内膜炎外科治疗的经验。方法:回顾性分析1998年6月～2007年6月成都军区总医院心外科手术治疗感染性心脏瓣膜心内膜炎38例。其中先天性心内畸形18例,风湿性心脏瓣膜病16例,原发性细菌性心内膜炎4例。术前22例行血液培养,阳性14例。术前心功能NYHA分级:Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级19例,Ⅳ级15例。行主动脉瓣置换11例,二尖瓣置换6例,主动脉瓣及二尖瓣置换18例,主动脉瓣、二尖瓣置换、三尖瓣置换3例,单纯心内分流修补8例,主动脉置换合并心内分流修补2例。术后应用足量敏感抗生素4～6w。结果:术后早期死亡3例,死因1例为多脏器栓塞后合并脑出血,1例心脏骤停,1例术后低心排。余术后心功能恢复NYHA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级33例,Ⅲ级2例。结论:感染性心脏瓣膜心内膜炎经外科治疗能够取得良好的治疗效果。     

心脏机械瓣替换术(附107例疗效分析)

目的:通过对2000-01～2009-06 107例机械瓣替换术患者术后3个月～9年心功能测定,评价心脏机械瓣替换术疗效.方法:全组病人均在气静复合麻、体外循环下行二尖瓣、主动脉瓣及二尖瓣、主动脉瓣联合置换术.结果:除2例病人死于低心排综合征外,其余105例均在术后心功能有不同程度改善.结论:机械瓣置换对心脏瓣膜病变起到明显改善心功能作用.     

儿童瓣膜性心脏病的外科治疗

报道87例儿童瓣膜性心脏病患者的外科治疗。其中男58例,女29例,年龄4－14（平均10．2）岁,其中二尖瓣置换36例,主动脉瓣置换13例,二尖瓣和主动脉瓣双瓣置换6例,主动脉瓣成形13例,二尖瓣成形19例。所用心脏瓣膜均为机械瓣。同期处理三尖瓣关闭不全41例,室间隔缺损23例,房间隔缺损9例,佛氏窦瘤破裂8例,动脉导管未闭3例。术后早期并发症包括：低心排综合征7例,呼吸衰竭3例,心律失常5例。早期死亡4例,病死率4．60％。随访0．5－14．5（平均6．51）年,晚期死亡3例,病死率3．61％。儿童瓣膜性心脏病手术治疗时,首先应尽量选择瓣膜成形术;对人工心脏瓣膜替换术者,瓣膜尽量选用成人型号,术后常规行华法林抗凝治疗,并要重视对患儿术后风湿活动的治疗。     

复发性心脏瓣膜病的多次手术治疗(附28例报告)

目的 总结复发性心脏瓣膜病行多次心脏瓣膜手术治疗的经验.方法 回顾性分析2004年6月-2015年6月行3次或以上瓣膜手术的28例复发性心脏瓣膜病患者的病例资料,其中男15例,女13例,年龄55.6±6.5(44~67)岁,均有2次或以上二尖瓣和(或)主动脉瓣置换或成形手术史,均行再次心脏瓣膜手术,其中二尖瓣置换18例,三尖瓣置换10例.二尖瓣置换在中低温心脏停搏下进行,均同期行三尖瓣成形;三尖瓣置换在体外循环心脏跳动下进行.10例采用股动静脉结合上腔静脉插管,其余18例均常规行动静脉插管.对心脏停搏患者采用主动脉根部灌注停跳液进行心肌保护.结果 全组患者体外循环时间65~300min,平均125min;18例二尖瓣置换患者主动脉阻断时间55~107min,平均80min.全组死亡2例,死因均为严重低心排综合征.术后早期主要并发症包括呼吸衰竭3例,严重低心排综合征2例,因纵隔出血行二次开胸探查止血2例,重症感染性休克1例.随访6~36个月,患者心功能明显改善,置入瓣膜未发现异常.结论 复发性心脏瓣膜病行3次或以上瓣膜手术虽然具有较高的手术风险,但只要准确把握手术时机、采用正确的手术技术及妥善的围术期处理,仍然能取得满意的手术效果.     

国产GK-2型人工心脏瓣膜的临床应用20年报告

目的报告近20年间共应用402枚GK-2型侧倾式碟瓣行瓣膜替换术301例患者的效果。方法男性113例,女性188例。年龄1.6～68(37.59±10.23)岁。心功能Ⅱ级21例,Ⅲ级193例,Ⅳ87例。术式为二尖瓣置换(MVR)183例(60.80%),二尖瓣及主动脉瓣置换(DVR)92例(30.56%),主动脉瓣置换(AVR)21例(6.98%),三尖瓣置换(TVR)5例(1.66%)。术后48h胸腔引流管拔出后给予口服华法令或新抗凝片,凝血酶元时间维持在正常的1.5～2倍(PTR)。本组共使用GK-2型二尖瓣290枚,主动脉瓣112枚(其中自行设计的波浪缝合缘主动脉瓣51枚)。结果早期死亡10例,死亡率为3.32%(10/301)。术后早期无瓣周漏、机械瓣故障等瓣膜相关死亡。对生存的291例随访31d至20年,平均随访10.48±4.35年。所有受访者死亡17例。术后心功能均有不同程度的改善,多数心功能恢复至Ⅰ、Ⅱ级。结论经20年的临床应用和术后随访观察,该型瓣膜具有多项优点,临床应用可靠,促进了国产瓣膜在治疗瓣膜病中的作用,大大降低了医疗成本。     

老年瓣膜病的外科治疗

总结 40例老年心脏瓣膜置换病例 ,年龄 (6 4.5 6± 3.5 1)岁。其中 2例置换生物瓣 ,其余均置换机械瓣。行二尖瓣置换术 14例 ,主动脉瓣置换术 10例 ,二尖瓣、主动脉瓣双瓣置换术 13例 ,改良Bentall手术 3例。术前常规行冠状动脉造影术 ,7例证实存在冠状动脉狭窄者同期行冠状动脉搭桥术。结果死亡 2例 ,其中 1例术后早期死于重度低心排 ,1例术后 8个月死于多脏器功能衰竭 ;1例术后第 18天出现Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞 ,安装永久起搏器 ;其余患者无严重术后并发症发生。随访 4个月～ 7年 ,共随访 33例 ,随访率 80 .2 5 % ,心功能均有明显改善 ,无远期死亡。结果提示 :①本组老年瓣膜病行瓣膜置换术 ,近、远期效果良好 ,单一的老龄因素已不应视为瓣膜替换术的禁忌证 ;②老年性瓣膜病患者术前应常规行冠状动脉造影术 ,对于合并冠状动脉狭窄者 ,积极行冠状动脉搭桥手术 ;③老年患者脏器功能储备减退 ,术后易并发多器官衰竭 ,防治各种并发症是术后顺利恢复的关     

少见危重心脏瓣膜病手术及围术期处理

目的总结危重心脏瓣膜病手术救治休会。方法从1993年10月至1998年5月，对7例少见危重心脏瓣膜病进行了休外循环心内直视手术。其中．创伤性二尖瓣前叶撕裂合并慢性缩窄性心包炎1例．行心包剥脱及二尖瓣成形术；二尖瓣置换术后感染性心内膜炎严重瓣周漏1例，行再次二尖瓣置换水；二尖擗置换术后机械瓣膜故障1例；二尖瓣重度狭窄并心脏骤停1例；二尖瓣脂肪瘤1例(术前诊断为左房粘液瘤)，行二尖瓣置换术；联合瓣膜病行二尖瓣置换术重虚低心排出量综合征，再次手术行主动脉瓣置换1例；法乐四联症合并主动脉瓣关闭不全，行心内矫治及主动脉瓣置换术1例。结果 本组无手术及术后远期死亡。术后低心排出量综合征5例．急性心包填塞2例．严重肝、肾砷能损害2例，反复室颤1例，难以纠正的低血钾、低血钠各l例．术后经积极救治，惠均垂愈出院。结论 危重心脏擗膜病内科治疗无效的患，庄及时手术解除严重毁损的瓣膜及相关病变．纠正循环血液动力学障碍；该类病例围术期并发症较为蹙出．是临束救治的难点；及时合理地实施手术、麻醉力求平穗、良好的心肌保护措施以及强有力的术后处理是抢救成功的关键。     

夹层动脉瘤合并主动脉瓣关闭不全的外科治疗5例

手术治疗升主动脉瘤合并主动脉瓣关闭不全５例。主动脉造影示升主动脉扩张呈梨形，长９～１１．７ｃｍ，直径６～８ｃｍ。４例伴中至重度主动脉瓣关闭不全，１例为主动脉瓣狭窄与关闭不全。心功能Ⅱ级２例，Ⅲ级３例。切除升主动脉瘤，４例做主动脉根置换（Ｂｅｎｔａｌｌ手术），１例分别置换升主动脉和主动脉瓣。术中吻合口出血和术后心包内明显渗血各１例均治愈，全组病例康复出院，随访３～２４个月，症状消失、心功能均改善为Ⅰ级。重点讨论了有关手术指征、心肌保护、手术方式和术中注意事项。     

主动脉瓣及二尖瓣双瓣置换术48例临床观察

目的：探讨主动脉瓣及二尖瓣双瓣置换术的手术方法和效果。方法：全组病例在全麻、低温、体外循环下实施手术。中度血液稀释，主动脉根部灌注冷停跳液，心包腔内放置冰屑，经右心房、房间隔置换二尖瓣，主动脉根部横切口置换主动脉瓣。18例合并三尖瓣关闭不全者同期行De Vega环缩术，9例合并左心房血栓者同期行血栓取出术，1例合并动脉导管未闭者同期行动脉导管缝闭术。结果：术后低心排6例，二次开胸止血5例，放置起搏器2例，死亡2例，死亡率为4．16％。结论：对风湿性心脏病主动脉瓣及二尖瓣双瓣置换患者，加强围术期处理，提高手术技巧，术中良好的心肌保护以及平稳灌注，重视三尖瓣病变的处理和保留二尖瓣下结构是手术成功的关键。     

267例心脏瓣膜病患者冠状动脉造影分析

本文报告２６７例，２７０次心脏瓣膜病换瓣术前冠状动脉造影结果。患者中男性１８１，女性８６例，平均年龄５４．４岁。１５．４％的患者合并５０％以上的冠状动脉狭窄，９．７％的患者换瓣同时需行搭桥手术或因冠状动脉病变太重不宜手术治疗。本组冠状动脉狭窄的发生率随年龄而增加，男性多于女性。分析表明，瓣膜病患者的胸疼多因主动脉瓣病变（尤其是狭窄）引起，不能反映患者有无冠状动脉病变。术前常规冠状动脉造影对提高手术成功率甚为重要，５０岁以上的国人患者都应进行这一检查。笔者还讨论了瓣膜病患者冠状动脉造影的操作特点，左室造影所见和左房血栓征象的临床意义。     

重症患者CABG手术及共围术期处理

报道重症患者冠状动脉旁路移植 (CABG)手术及其围术期处理的经验。 45例重症患者施行CABG手术 ,男 32例 ,女 13例 ,年龄 41～ 78岁。其中冠心病合并病变包括左室功能重度减退 (EF <30 % ) 7例 ,心脏瓣膜病 13例 ,心肌梗死后巨大左室室壁瘤 6例 ,75岁以上伴有高血压、糖尿病和肾或肺功能重度不全者 8例。瓣膜置换或升主动脉瘤术中左冠脉开口血供受影响而行急症CABG术 6例。全组择期CABG手术 40例 ,急诊手术 5例。冠状动脉旁路 1～ 4支 ,人均 2 .9支。 45例中单纯CABG术 2 0例 ,余 2 5例同期处理合并病变。术后早期并发症包括 :低心排综合征 6例 ,肾衰 3例 ,呼吸衰竭 2例 ,多器官功能衰竭 1例。 6例低心排综合征者应用I ABP后 5例痊愈 ,3例肾衰行腹透或血透治疗后均康复。全组早期死亡 2例 ( 4 4% ) ,分别死于低心排综合征和多器官功能衰竭 ,43例康复出院。晚期死亡 1例。术前控制好冠心病患者的血压、心率和糖尿病 ;术中使缺血心肌完全再血管化 ,加强有效的心肌保护 ;术后及时处理低心排与肾衰等 ,能显著地提高重症患者CABG手术的疗效。     

主动脉瓣病变的影像学研究进展

随着人口老龄化程度的加剧,主动脉瓣退行性病变导致的狭窄及关闭不全成为老年人主动脉瓣换瓣治疗的主要病因。因此,准确评估主动脉瓣病变患者的瓣环直径、瓣膜和瓣周毗邻病变情况以及冠状动脉和心功能对于该类疾病的临床决策及预后判断具有十分重要的意义。本文拟就目前临床应用最为广泛的超声心动图、计算机断层扫描以及磁共振在主动脉瓣膜置换术前影像学评估中的优缺点以及研究进展作一综述,旨在为换瓣患者的术前评价提供更为丰富和客观的临床资料。     

Hemodynamic effects of high versus low-osmolar contrast media for ventriculography in severe aortic stenosis

The hemodynamic effects of high-(diatrizoate meglumine/sodium) and low-(iopamidol) osmolar constrast administration for left ventriculography were compared in 15 patients with severe aortic valve stenosis. Patients were similar with respect to aortic valve gradient, aortic valve area, age, body surface area, and baseline hemodynamics as well as associated coronary disease and valvular insufficiency. Administration of diatrizoate meglumine/sodium was associated, with a 22% increase in heart rate, and marked (27%) decrease in left ventricular systolic pressure, with a small (15%) increase in left ventricular end diastolic pressure. In contrast, administration of larger volumes of iopamidol was associated with only a slight (9%) increase in heart rate, a small (6%) decrease in left ventricular systolic pressure, and a smaller (6%) increase in left ventricular end diastolic pressure. In patients with severe aortic valve stenosis iopamidol may offer a safer hemodynamic profile than diatrizoate meglumine/sodium.     

联合冠状动脉旁路移植术和其他心脏手术

目的　回顾分析联合冠状动脉旁路移植术和其他心脏手术的临床效果。方法　 134例患者中 ,75 .4 %例有Ⅲ～Ⅳ级心绞痛 (CCSS) ,5 1.2 %有个至少 1次心肌梗死史。冠状动脉造影示梗阻性病变在左主干 (LM) 34例次、左前降支 (LAD) 130例次、对角支 91例次、回旋支 84例次、右冠状动脉 80例次。伴有冠状动脉弥漫性病变 4 1例。左室射血分数 (LVEF) 18%～ 6 9% ,4 5 %～ 30 % 5 0例 ,<30 % 13例 ;伴左心室壁瘤 5 6例 ,同时伴瓣膜功能不全 4 2例。全部患者均在体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植术 ,对 36例伴有冠状动脉弥漫性病变者同期激光心肌打孔 (TMLR) ,同期左心室壁瘤切除三明治式缝合11例 ,巨大室壁瘤心内补片左室成形 4 5例 ;同期心脏瓣膜手术 4 2例 (其中 4例患者同时心脏室壁瘤切除心内补片成型 )。结果　人均旁路 2 .4 6支 ,6例患者需IABP辅助 11～ 5 4h ;2次开胸止血 6例 ;并发室上速和房颤 2 8例 ,室性心律失常 10例 ,2例电转复 ,余均药物控制 ;全组手术死亡 3例 ,死亡原因分别为严重低心排综合征 (2例 )和多脏器功能衰竭。 131例患者手术后心绞痛等症状均缓解 ,心脏功能明显改善。随访 4～ 6 0个月 (平均 12 .7个月 ) ,随访率 89% ,6 5例已恢复全日工作。结论　与单纯冠状动脉旁路多植术相比 ,联合冠     

急性降主动脉夹层合并冠心病患者临床特点与危险因素分析

目的探讨急性降主动脉夹层合并冠心病患者的临床特点与危险因素,为其临床早期诊治提供依据。方法收集沈阳军区总医院心血管内科自2002年4月至2016年11月收治的448例急性降主动脉夹层患者,根据冠状动脉造影结果分为冠心病组与非冠心病组,分析两组患者的临床特点与危险因素。结果冠心病组患者173例,非冠心病组患者275例。冠心病组患者年龄、血小板计数、B型利钠肽、肌酸激酶、肌钙蛋白阳性率均高于非冠心病组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);冠心病组患者第一破口距左锁骨下动脉开口外缘的距离更远,于非冠心病组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析提示,年龄与第一破口距左锁骨下动脉开口外缘的距离是急性降主动脉夹层合并冠心病的独立危险因素。结论急性降主动脉夹层合并冠心病的发病率较高,年龄与第一破口距左锁骨下动脉开口外缘的距离是其独立危险因素。     

The significance of calcific valvular heart disease in Tc-99m pyrophosphate myocardial infarction scanning: radiographic, scintigraphic, and pathological correlation.

Technetium-99m pyrophosphate (PPi) is currently considered the best scanning agent for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. False-positive scans have been reported in association with unstable angina, alcoholic cardiomyopathy, and ventricular aneurysms. In this study, 86% of patients (12/14) with either calcific aortic or mitral valvular heart disease had positive PPi cardiac scintiscans and the location of the PPi uptake was limited to the calcific valve in all (9/9) of the patients who underwent valve replacement surgery. Six patients with valvular disease without radiologic evidence of calcium had negative PPi heart images. Three of these patients had surgical valve replacement, and in none was there increased uptake in the resected valve. Seventy-five percent of the patients with calcified aortic valves had localization of the PPi activity to the area of the aortic valve, whereas 50% of the patients with calcified mitral valves showed a diffuse pattern of uptake on the cardiac image. In vitro demonstration of increased radioactivity in surgically removed cardiac valves warrants the conclusion that Tc-99m PPi is taken up by calcified heart valves. We conclude that while PPi heart scanning is a sensitive indicator of acute myocardial infarction, false-positive scans can occur in the presence of calcific valvular disease, due to localization of PPi in the calcified portion of the valve.     

Features of carcinoid heart disease identified by cardiac computed tomography

BackgroundCarcinoid heart disease (HD) is a rare form of valvular heart disease, the features of which have not been fully described by cardiac computed tomography (CT).MethodsAll patients with carcinoid HD that underwent cardiac CT, either preoperatively or for assessment of coronary arteries, between Apr-2006 and Dec-2019 at the Royal Free Hospital, UK, were reviewed.ResultsOf 32 patients with carcinoid HD, 29 (91%) had heart valve involvement. Abnormalities of the tricuspid and pulmonary valves were present in all patients, affecting all three leaflets in 23/26 (89%) unoperated patients for both valves. The aortic valve was affected in 4/29 (14%) patients and the mitral valve in 5/29 (17%). Left heart valves were affected in 6/29 (21%) patients. One patient (1/29; 3%) had all four valves affected. Severe changes with significant valvular regurgitation were seen in ≥75% of patients with tricuspid, pulmonary, and aortic valve abnormalities. Three patients had carcinoid myocardial metastases (3/32; 9%) and one patient had constrictive pericarditis (1/32; 3%). Ten patients had surgery of whom four (40%) had invasive coronary angiography preoperatively. Ten patients had a patent foramen ovale. Cardiac CT allowed an accurate assessment of damage to different leaflets/cusps, particularly of the pulmonary valve, where visualization with echocardiography was often (3/8; 38%) incomplete.ConclusionCardiac CT is a powerful tool for assessment of cardiac valve abnormalities, coronary arteries and the spatial relationship of coronary arteries with myocardial metastasis in patients with carcinoid HD, and should form part of multimodal imaging of this complex pathology.     

心脏瓣膜手术前行冠状动脉造影及同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术分析

目的探讨心脏瓣膜病患者术前选择性行冠状动脉造影及同期施行冠状动脉旁路移植术的效果及经验。方法对211例50岁以上行心脏瓣膜手术的患者进行统计,其中男104人,女107人,年龄50~75岁(60±3·5岁)。术前对有心绞痛等相关症状、糖尿病、高脂血症、心电图存在缺血等冠心病高危因素的患者行冠状动脉造影,冠状动脉狭窄超过50%为阳性,狭窄超过75%(左主干超过50%)者同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术。结果211例患者中行冠状动脉造影术128例(60·7%,其余患者无症状及相关危险因素未造影),其中30例冠状动脉存在单支或多支病变,狭窄程度>50%,造影阳性率23·4%。同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术24例(80·0%),手术死亡1例,其余患者随诊4~38个月,效果良好。结论50岁以上瓣膜病患者术前行冠状动脉造影可为术前诊断和排除冠心病、选择术式提供帮助。     

Pathophysiology of valvular heart disease: Implications for nuclear imaging

Summary  In general, the echocardiogram has become the mainstay of diagnosis in patients with valvular heart disease. Its strength is that it provides information about valve pathoanatomy and about the severity of stenosis and regurgitation not available by other techniques. However, radionuclide studies offer a more precise gauge of left and right ventricular ejection performance, which is useful in the timing of surgery. Because, at present, most cardiac catheterization procedures in patients with valve disease are performed to evaluate coronary anatomy, a noninvasive technique for detecting coronary disease could obviate the need for invasive studies prior to surgery. The presence of left ventricular hypertrophy especially in aortic stenosis has made myocardial imaging less than perfect in this preoperative evaluation, but clearly this is an area of potential fruitfulness in the use of radionuclide techniques. Additional studies regarding the utility of exercise RNA seem warranted and might be of particular interest in mitral regurgitation, in which little is known about the ability of such studies to help time mitral valve surgery. The addition of estimates of loading during exercise studies is an attractive pathophysiologic adjunct and should be helpful in the interpretation of such studies. The potential role for targeted “hot spot” imaging of ischemia, apoptosis, and necrosis in patients with valvular heart disease remains undefined, although such imaging represents another potential area of investigation that warrants further evaluation.