石棉尘、羽毛尘对女工呼吸系统的影响

粉尘可引起接尘工人的呼吸系统损害 ,对工人的肺功能产生一定的影响。由于所接触粉尘的种类、浓度不同 ,对呼吸系统损害的性质、特征、程度也有所不同[1] 。本文通过对接触石棉尘和接触羽毛尘女工的呼吸系统症状及肺功能进行比较 ,从而了解不同粉尘对接尘女工呼吸系统的损害特点。1　对象和方法1 1　对象　　接触石棉者均为手纺石棉线女工 ,共 317人 ,平均年龄( 41 0 6± 10 5 3)岁 ,平均接尘工龄 ( 16 5 2± 8 2 8)年 ;羽毛女工来自羽毛收购及成品加工厂的工人 ,共 135人 ,平均年龄 ( 39 97±12 44 )岁 ,平均接尘工龄 ( 15 13± 8 15 )…     

94例棉尘作业女工肺通气功能测定分析

棉尘对其接触者可造成呼吸系统损伤[1]。为了解棉尘作业工人肺功能情况,我们对某棉纺厂94名接触棉尘女工进行了肺通气功能测定分析,现将结果报告如下。1　对象和方法11　对象接尘组为接触棉尘女工94人,年龄19～42岁,平均(27.28±5.14)岁,接尘工龄1～11年,平均(7.00±2.41)年,身高147～165ｃｍ,平均(156.49±4.60)ｃｍ。对照组为该厂不接触尘毒的医护、　　表1接尘组与对照组各项肺功能比较(ｘ±ｓ)项目接尘组(ｎ=94)　班前　班后　Ｐ值对照组(ｎ=50)　班前　班后Ｐ值ＦＶＣ99.02±10.9299.53±12.410.383　99.44±9.94　99.54±9.790.676Ｆ…     

棉尘对纺织女工肺通气功能的影响

本文对２３１名棉纺女工的肺通气功能进行了测定分析,结果表明：棉纺女工的肺通气功能较对照相差,肺通气功能急性改变率前纺高于后纺;接尘工龄越长,慢性肺功能改变检出率越高。     

某宝石加工厂矽肺的调查分析

目的　调查某宝石加工厂工人矽肺的发病特征。方法　对某宝石加工厂接尘工人进行矽肺横断面流行病学调查。结果　该厂作业场所矽尘浓度平均为 3 3mg/m3 ,游离SiO2 含量平均为 93 1%。该厂矽肺发病率为 3 94%( 10 /2 5 4) ,发病年龄 ( 2 3 8± 3 0 2 )岁 ,接尘工龄为 ( 3 3 3± 1 47)年。患者X线胸片表现以q影为主。矽肺肺结核并发率为2 0 % ;矽肺患者肺活量 (VC)、用力肺活量 (FVC)、1秒钟用力呼气量 (FEV1) ,最大通气量 (MVV)值明显低于接尘工人 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1) ;完全丧失劳动能力者占 70 %。结论　宝石加工工人矽肺符合急进型矽肺的诊断 ,其特点为发病年龄小 ,接尘工龄短 ,肺通气功能明显损伤 ,致病残程度较重 ,预后较差。     

不同粉尘作业工人10年肺通气功能变化

为探讨长期职业性接触不同粉尘作业工人的肺通气功能自然衰减情况 ,了解各影响因素之间的相互关系和探索肺功能敏感指标 ,我们对我省从事粉尘作业工人进行 10年追踪调查。1.对象与方法 :(1)选择 10年前后无明显疾患的接尘者2 2 0人为调查组 ,教师 30人为对照组。其中男性 119人 ,抽烟者占 5 3.5 % ,平均年龄 (5 0 .4± 3.7)岁 ,平均工龄 (2 0 .6±4.4)年 ;女性 10 1人 (无吸烟者 ) ,平均年龄 (48.4± 4.3)岁 ,平均工龄 (2 0 .7± 4.3)年。 (2 )采用日本产ＣＨＥＳＴ 2 98型流速容量肺量仪。测量用力肺活量 (ＦＶＣ)、第一秒时间肺活量(ＦＥ…     

棉纺女工呼吸系统损害的调查研究

目的 探讨棉尘对棉纺女工呼吸系统的损害。方法 对棉纺厂各车间工序进行劳动卫生学和空气中细菌、真菌污染状况调查,并对302名棉纺女工及64名对照女工呼吸系统症状进行询问调查、X线胸片检查及班前班后肺功能的测定。结果 棉纺各车间工序空气中微生物污染严重,尤以前纺车间为重。接尘女工呼吸系统症状阳性率均显著高于对照女工（P＜0．01）,86名棉纺女工中X线胸片异常者20例,占拍片人数的23．3％。肺功能FVC、FEV1.0、FEE25～75各指标班前班后下降值均较对照组明显。接尘女工肺功能FEV1.0异常急性改变率为52．2％,对照女工为9．4％,差异有显著性（P＜0．01）。前纺车间女工呼吸系统症状阳性率及肺功能FEV1.0异常急性改变率明显高于络筒和织布车间。结论 棉纺女工出现呼吸系统症状阳性率增高及肺功能急性下降,可能与车间空气中微生物污染程度有关。     

某棉纺厂女工肺功能调查

棉尘可直接引起操作工人呼吸道感染、鼻腔干燥、喉咙发痒等症状,但棉尘对接尘者肺功能的慢性影响尚难定论。为了解棉尘作业女工的肺功能,我们对某棉纺厂112名接尘女工进行了肺功能测定,结果如下。 1 对象和方法 1.1 对象 某棉纺厂接触棉尘女工112人为调查对象,年龄19～40岁,接尘工龄1～18 a;商场无尘作业女工76人为对照,年龄、工龄与观察对象差异无统计学意义。所有被调查者均无吸烟史。 1.2 方法 使用日本产HI-198肺功能仪测试。项目包括:用     

固井水泥粉尘对作业工人肺功能的影响

为了探讨油田固井水泥粉尘对接尘工人肺功能的影响;选择接尘工龄>5 a的固井水泥粉尘作业工人120人作为接尘组,行政后勤不接尘工人70人作为对照组(两组工人均为男性,年龄组成和吸烟率无差异),进行肺功能测定。结果表明,接尘组工人肺活量(VC)、用力肺活量(FVC)、每分钟最大通气量(MVV)、1秒用力肺活量(FEV1)和FEV1/FVC%均低于对照组(P<0.01);流速容量测定结果显示,接尘组工人小气道功能指标V50/H、V25/H、V25/H%均低于对照组(P<0.01)。接尘工人肺功能损伤程度以轻、中度为主,肺功能损伤类型以阻塞型为主。提示,固井水泥粉尘可致接尘工人肺功能一定程度的损伤。     

某有色金属企业接尘工人肺功能和胸片检查结果分析

目的 比较本地某有色金属企业不同接尘岗位工人的肺功能情况,研究吸烟对其肺功能及X射线胸片的影响.方法 对1 613名不同接尘工人的肺功能进行测定,并分成井下、炼解、运输、其他4个岗位作比较.分为吸烟组及不吸烟组与对照组进行肺功能、X射线胸片比较.结果 不同接尘岗位中,井下工人肺功能损害较大,用力肺活量( FVC)、1秒用力呼气容积(FEV<,1>)、肺活量50%时流速与肺活量25%时流速比值(V<,50>/V<,25>)、最大呼气中段流速(MMEF)均有明显下降(P<0.05).其他岗位接尘工人肺功能情况在此次调查中差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).井下工人中吸烟者的FEV<,1>、MMEF、V<,50>V<,25>均显著低于非吸烟者(JP<0.05).与对照组吸烟者比较,井下工人吸烟者的FEV<,1>、MMEF、V<,50>/V<,25>亦有明显下降(P<0.05).胸片检查井下工人吸烟者的肺气肿、肺间质改变、肺结核、尘肺检出率均显著高于非吸烟者(P<0.05);与对照组吸烟者比较,井下工人吸烟者的肺气肿、肺间质改变、肺结核、尘肺检出率亦显著增高(P<0.05).结论 该企业不同接尘岗位中,以井下工人肺功能损害较大,且吸烟可加速井下接尘工人肺功能的损害,更易导致肺部疾病的发生.     

镁铬质作业工人肝肿大的调查

铬及其化合物对人体的危害较大。我们近年来对某渣厂镁铬质作业工人作健康体检 ,发现肝肿大检出率高达 5 5 .81%。现将此情况报道如下。1　资料与方法1.1　试验组　镁铬质作业工人共 43人 ,其中女工 6人 ,男 37人 ,平均年龄 32 .77± 2 .44岁。接铬工龄≥ 1年。排除其它肝病史。车间空气中铬浓度为 1.82 mg/ m3。1.2　对照组　选无接铬史 ,其它条件与镁铬质作业工人基本相同的 32名工人作对照 ,其中女工 4人 ,男工 2 8人 ,平均年龄35 .0 3± 3.35岁。1.3　工人检查前均空腹 8h以上。 B超仪为 TOSH1BA- SAL- 32 B型 ,探头频率 5 MHz。…     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.