基于EMD的自适应ECG信号基线漂移消除方法研究

对比目前使用EMD或改进EMD方法进行的心电（ECG）信号基线漂移去除算法的实现。本文在详细考察EMD方法过程的基础上,提出一种与EMD物理意义高度契合的完全自适应的基线漂移算法,通过计算ECG平均心率周期,与EMD分解产生的IMF分量的“周期”进行对比,分离出不属于ECG信号的低频IMF分量,然后重构其余IMF分量得到去除基线漂移的ECG信号。使用美国麻省理工学院提供的MIT-BIH心率失常数据库中的原始ECG对本文提出的基线漂移去除方法进行定性分析。使用ECGSYN（实际ECG波形发生器）产生模拟干净的ECG信号,加入已知的低频信号作为基线漂移噪声,对本文提出的基线漂移去除方法进行定量分析。     

基于小波变换的心电信号基线矫正方法

本文介绍一种基于小波变换的心电信号基线漂移去除方法。该方法利用小波变换多分辨分析的特性,将含噪声及基线漂移心电信号进行多尺度分解,结果表明,某尺度下的分解信号较好地反映了心电信号基线漂移,在重构过程中可直接将其去除。     

基于三次样条插值技术的去除胸阻抗基线漂移的方法研究

目的:胸阻抗信号常伴随呼吸等干扰造成基线漂移,这给临床分析计算、测量带来不良影响,为了消除胸阻抗基线漂移,作者在分析现有去除方法优劣的基础上提出一种新的方法。方法:采用labVIEW编程语言,以阻抗波波谷为插值基准点,利用三次样条差值技术去除胸阻抗基线漂移。结果:利用该方法消除基线后的胸阻抗波形底部非常整齐,而且没有使原有信号变异或者失真。结论:三次样条插值技术去除胸阻抗波基线漂移方法在仿真和实测实验中都取得很好的效果,这种方法是行之有效的。     

九种QRS检测算法的噪声灵敏度的比较

本文作者测试了九种不同QRS检测算法的噪声灵敏度。测试时的输入信号由一正常的单通道二导联合成ECG信号混以五种不同类型的合成噪声而构成的。这些类型的噪声是:肌电干扰、60Hz电源干扰、呼吸引起的基线漂移、突发性基线漂移以及由以上几种噪声混和而成的合成噪声,检出的QRS复波的百分比、假阳性的数目     

基于EMD与IMF分量统计特性的ECG去噪

经验模式分解（EMD）域内心电（ECG）信号的去噪,通常为基于QRS特征波经验性识别固有模态函数（IMF）分量并重建ECG信号。由于该方法引入个人误差,因此识别不准确。针对此问题,本文提出利用EMD与IMF分量统计特性对ECG信号进行去噪。本方法首先对含噪ECG信号进行EMD分解得到一系列IMF分量,然后利用IMF分量的统计特性识别IMF分量属性,并采用被识别为ECG信号的IMF分量重建ECG信号。该识别方法基于统计学方法,具有统计学和现实物理意义。将本方法应用于真实ECG信号去噪处理中,结果表明,本方法可有效去除ECG信号基线漂移噪声与肌电干扰噪声,去噪效果优于经验法。     

基于改进小波阈值算法的ECG肌电信号去噪研究

为了解决传统软、硬阈值算法对肌电信号去噪后心电图（ECG）信号幅值降低和存在局部异常尖峰,导致去噪效果较差的问题。通过研究小波阈值算法的去噪原理和优化规则,基于双曲正切函数构造出一种具有连续性、结构简单、灵活性较高的可调阈值函数和改进的分层阈值,并分析得到小波分解含噪ECG信号的最佳小波基函数和分解层数,提出了一种改进的小波阈值算法。将软、硬阈值算法、相关文献中的阈值算法和本文所提改进阈值算法对含有真实肌电信号噪声的ECG信号进行去噪对比研究。实验结果表明：本文改进阈值算法能较好地去除ECG信号中的肌电信号噪声,并能更好地保持ECG信号波形特征,且Pearson相关系数值大于其他阈值算法。定性和定量结果表明,本文所提改进阈值算法对ECG肌电信号噪声具有较好的去噪效果。     

一种脉搏波和心电信号时域基线漂移消除方法

目的:脉搏波和心电信号都是临床诊断的重要依据,但是基线漂移的存在影响了诊断的准确性,因此信号处理中首先要对信号去除基线漂移。方法:检测脉搏波和心电信号的时域特征点,将检测得到的特征点作为插值节点做插值得到时域的基线信号,原信号减去基线信号即得去除基线漂移的信号。为比较不同算法的差异,实验分别采用高斯滤波、中值滤波、形态学滤波和本文算法(插值拟合法)对同一信号进行基线漂移消除实验。结果:实验表明高斯滤波的结果最差,中值滤波和形态学滤波都能有效地去除基线漂移,但是失真却比较严重,而插值拟合法不仅能有效的去除基线漂移,同时也最大程度地保留了原信号的成分。结论:插值拟合法与其他3种方法相比,具有更好的鲁棒性和适应性,对于消除基线漂移有着良好的效果。     

小波包变换在消除心电图基线漂移方面的研究

本文提出一种利用小波包变换逼近信号消除心电图ECG基线漂移噪声的方法。该方法的基本思想是：通过对ECG信号进行多分辨率分析，利用所得到的一段或几段逼近信号充分逼近ECG信号中的基线漂移噪声的特性。从而消除某线漂移分景。通过实际记录的验证，该方法在不损害信号的其他成分下具有良好的效果。     

改进的三次样条插值心电基线漂移滤波法

基准点选择对三次样条插值法去噪的效果有重要影响。本文针对通常的三次样条插值滤波方法,提出一种改进的心电(ECG)信号滤波算法,能适应更宽范围的基线噪声频率分布。算法通过对原始ECG信号求一阶导数,得到每一个心拍周期内的最大和最小值点,其对应的位置作为基准点的位置。然后对原始ECG信号通过截止频率为1.5Hz的高通滤波器,将滤波前后基准点所对应信号幅值的差值作为基准点的幅度。对这些基准点进行三次样条插值曲线拟合,所得拟合曲线为基线漂移曲线。改进算法与原单点法相比,在模拟两种基线漂移情况下,改进样条差值的拟合基线漂移曲线对模拟基线漂移的相关系数分别提高了0.242和0.13;真实基线漂移的情况下,多个临床数据实验显示改进样条差值法平均相关系数达到0.972。     

基于三级滤波器的表面肌电信号降噪处理

表面肌电信号（surface electromyography,sEMG）是一种非平稳微弱信号,而它的低信噪比是造成对其进行分解十分困难的主要原因之一.本文针对sEMG信号的噪声特点,提出基于经验模态分解（empirical mode decomposition,EMD）的三级滤波器技术来对sEMG信号进行预处理,即采用频谱插值法去除工频干扰,采用形态学运算去除基线漂移,采用经验模态分解去除白噪声.实验结果表明,本文所提出的方法不仅能够提高sEMG信号的信噪比,也能有效地保留运动单位动作电位（motor unit action potential,MUAP）的波形信息,这将有利于对MUAP的识别从而提高对sEMG信号的分解准确率.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.