高血压病患者睡眠质量与焦虑抑郁情绪的相关性研究

目的研究高血压病患者睡眠质量,焦虑抑郁情绪以及之间的相关性。方法对80例确诊的高血压病患者同时进行匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)评定。结果PSQI总均分为10.86±5.10;SAS总分为41.03±8.89,焦虑症状的出现率为22.51;SDS总分为39.51±8.87,抑郁症状的出现率为20.85。焦虑抑郁症并存11例,占15.49。SAS与SDS间存在显著的正相关(r=0.934,P<0.01)。PSQI总分与焦虑和抑郁情绪均呈显著正相关。结论高血压病患者睡眠质量与焦虑抑郁情绪之间具有相关性,在药物控制血压的同时,有效的心理干预治疗同样具有重要的作用。     

大学生的睡眠质量与抑郁、焦虑的关系

目的:探讨大学生的睡眠质量与抑郁、焦虑症状严重程度的关系。方法:选取580名大学生,采用匹兹堡睡眠量表(PSQI)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表测试(SAS)分别测查其睡眠质量以及抑郁、焦虑症状严重程度。SDS标准分≥53分为抑郁组,53分为无抑郁组;SAS标准分≥50分为焦虑组,50分为无焦虑组。结果:PSQI总分与SDS得分、SAS得分正相关(r=0.58、0.47,均P0.01)。得到抑郁组39例、无抑郁组488例,焦虑组147例、无焦虑组380例;其中抑郁症状的大学生PSQI总分高于无抑郁症状者[(9.2±2.2)vs.(5.5±2.2),P0.01],有焦虑症状的大学生PSQI总分高于无焦虑症状者[(7.2±2.6)vs.(5.3±2.1),P0.01];且PSQI总分对SDS得分和SAS得分的主效应均有统计学意义(F=22.64、14.00,均P0.01)。PSQI总分与SDS得分正向关联(β=0.58,P0.01),对SDS得分解释率为33.4%;PSQI总分与SAS得分正向关联(β=0.47,P0.01),对SAS得分的解释率为22.1%。结论:大学生睡眠质量是衡量抑郁、焦虑严重程度的重要指标。     

结构式团体咨询对康复期精神分裂症患者焦虑抑郁情绪的改善作用

目的:探讨团体咨询对改善康复期精神分裂病人的焦虑、抑郁情绪的疗效。方法:将80例康复期精神分裂症病人随机分为研究组(N=42)和对照组(N=38),研究组实施团体咨询,在治疗前后分别采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)对两组进行评定。结果:治疗前两组SAS、SDS评分差异无显著性,治疗后研究组焦虑、抑郁评分降低明显低于治疗前(43·6±7·7/34·34±6·43,44·2±6·8/36·3±7·2,t=6·020、5·170,均P<0·01);但对照组SAS、SDS评分治疗前后差异不显著(P<0·05)。在自杀倾向及行为方面,研究组发生率4例次,明显低于对照组17例次(χ2=12·80,P<0·05)。结论:团体咨询对康复期精神分裂症病人存在的焦虑、抑郁情绪有明显疗效。     

高校护生睡眠质量及与焦虑抑郁情绪的关系研究

目的调查高校护生的睡眠质量和影响因素，研究其与焦虑抑郁情绪的关系；为提高护生的睡眠质量提供依据。方法以睡眠状况自评量表（SRSS）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）以及自评抑郁量表（SDs）为评价工具，调查护生的睡眠质量及焦虑抑郁状况的发生率。结果①护生SRSS总分为23．30±5．658，与中国常模问的差异有统计学意义（Z=2．12，P〈0．05）。性别、担任班委否、恋爱否这3个因素影响护生睡眠质量；②护生的SAS、SDS总分分别为35．00±10．177和27．39±9．171；焦虑、抑郁症状的发生率分别为16．00％和21．00％；⑧相关分析表明，SRSS总分以及觉醒不足、入睡困难、睡眠不稳、早醒、恶梦夜惊和失眠后反应这6个因子的得分与SAS、SDS总分呈显著正相关；④回归分析表明，SRSS的10个因子中，入睡困难和恶梦夜惊被选入SAS回归模型；恶梦夜惊和睡眠不稳被选入SDS回归模型。结论高校护理专业学生的睡眠质量较差，性别、担任班委否、恋爱否以及焦虑抑郁情绪是影响护生睡眠质量的重要因素。     

综合医院住院病人焦虑抑郁状况调查

目的　了解综合医院住院病人焦虑、抑郁状况。方法　用焦虑自评量表 (SAS)、抑郁自评量表 (SDS)对内科、外科、妇产科住院病人进行调查。结果　内科组 SAS45 .98± 7.3 5 ,SDS46.60± 1 1 .3 1 ;外科、术前组 SAS5 2 .3 3± 8.91 ,SDS5 5 .7± 1 0 .2 8;外科术后组 SAS42 .2 5± 8.46,SDS46.3 6± 1 0 .41 ;妇科产前组 SAS48.3 6± 8.0 2 ,SDS49.1 3± 1 1 .2 6;病后组SAS 3 5 .62± 6.2 8,SDS 47.0 5 5± 1 1 .66病人的 SAS、SDS评分明显高于常模 (P<0 .0 0 1 ) ;外科组 :手术前与手术后有显著差异 (P<0 .0 0 1 ) ;妇科组 :SAS中产前明显高于产后 (P<0 .0 0 1 ) ;SDS分数产前、产后无显著差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论　综合医院住院病人存在一定的焦虑、抑郁症状 ,应积极开展心理咨询工作 ,给予必要的心理支持及药物干预     

铁路职工睡眠质量与焦虑、抑郁相关研究

目的探讨铁路职工的睡眠质量、焦虑、抑郁及其相互关系。方法采用分层整群随机抽样的方法，抽取302名济南铁路分局铁路职工。对所抽样本进行匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）的调查。结果PSQI、SAS、SDS得分分别为5.61±2.93,40.2±10.2和45.3±10.0；睡眠质量问题、焦虑及抑郁症状的发生率分别为21.9%,18.7%和35.2%。PSQI总分与焦虑、抑郁得分呈显著正相关（P＜0.0001）。结论焦虑、抑郁是影响铁路职工睡眠质量的重要因素,主管部门应重视职工的睡眠问题，重视心理卫生知识宣传，合理安排作息时间，减少影响因素，提高铁路职工的工作和生活质量。     

护士睡眠质量与焦虑抑郁情绪的相关研究

目的探讨护士的睡眠质量和焦虑、抑郁情绪状况及其相互关系。方法用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）,焦虑自评问卷（SAS）和抑郁自评问卷（SDS）对某医院的护士的睡眠及焦虑抑郁情绪进行了调查。结果 PSQI总均分为7.86±4.03,睡眠障碍发生率为51.3%;46.8%的护士有焦虑情绪,45.3%的护士有抑郁情绪。PSQI总分与SAS总分,SDS总分均有显著性相关（r=0.36,P〈0.01;r=0.29,P〈0.01）。结论睡眠质量与焦虑抑郁情绪有密切的关系,相互影响。     

综合医院护理人员睡眠质量与抑郁焦虑状况的相关性

目的:了解综合医院护理人员睡眠质量与抑郁焦虑状况的关系,为改善护理人员的睡眠质量提供参考。方法:采用匹兹堡睡眠指数量表(PSQI)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)对109名综合医院护理人员进行测评。结果:本组护理人员PSQI总分及各因子分均高于正常人群(U=5.76~15.33,P0.01),且41.3%(45/109)护理人员PSQI总分大于7分,远高于正常人群(χ2=69.11,P0.001);本组护理人员的SDS总分和SAS总分均高于我国常模(U=12.12,12.39;P0.01);SAS总分和SDS总分均与PSQI总分呈正向相关(r=0.534,0.897;P0.01)。结论:综合医院护理人员的睡眠质量较差,改善其抑郁焦虑状况有助于睡眠质量的改善。     

大学生睡眠质量与焦虑抑郁状况及其相关性分析

目的 分析睡眠障碍与焦虑、抑郁的相关性,以期为改善大学生睡眠质量提供一定参考依据。方法 2018年3月应用匹兹堡睡眠量表（PSQI）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）和抑郁自评量表（SDS）对我校4个专业827名大学生进行睡眠质量和心理状态评估。结果 827名大学生PSQI平均总分为（5.73±2.41）分,SAS平均总分为（43.83±9.11）分,SDS平均总分为（41.93±7.71）分。高年级学生、医学类大学生PSQI、SAS、SDS总分高于低年级学生、非医学类大学生PSQI、SAS、SDS总分,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;PSQI≥8大学生的SDS得分和SAS得分高于5≤PSQI≤7大学生、高于PSQI≤4大学生,SAS≥50分大学生的PSQI总分高于SAS＜50分大学生的PSQI总分,SDS≥53分大学生的PSQI总分高于SDS＜53分大学生的PSQI总分,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 我校大学生睡眠质量不容乐观,睡眠质量与焦虑、抑郁情绪关系密切,应引起学校管理者及老师的重视。     

医学生睡眠质量与焦虑抑郁情绪关系的调查分析

目的探讨医学生睡眠质量与焦虑抑郁情绪的相关性,并对影响睡眠质量的有关因素进行分析。方法以匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)为评价工具,采用分层整群抽样方法,调查某医学高等专科学校1~3年级医学生睡眠障碍的发生率及分布特征。结果医学生睡眠障碍的发生率为14.73%,男生(6.85%)女生(7.88%)间无显著性差异。19.52%的学生有抑郁情绪,男女生分别为8.22%和11.30%(P<0.05)。14.73%的学生存在焦虑,并且10.27%的学生焦虑、抑郁情绪并存。PSQI总分与SAS、SDS得分均呈显著正相关。回归分析表明,影响PSQI总分的因素依次为睡眠效率、睡眠障碍、入睡时间、睡眠质量、日间功能、催眠药物、睡眠时间。结论焦虑、抑郁情绪是影响医学生睡眠质量的重要因素,提高医学生的心理素质,增强其适应环境的能力,对于保持良好的健康状态是十分重要的。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.