乳管镜在乳腺导管隆起性病变中的诊断价值

目的:评价纤维乳管镜在乳头溢液中诊断乳腺导管隆起性病变的价值.方法:应用BladeFVY-780型纤维乳管镜,配备FVS检查系统对115例乳头溢液病人进行检查诊断,手术病例与术后病理诊断作比较.结果:115例乳头溢液病人发现乳管内隆起性病变53例,导管内乳头状瘤28例,导管内乳头状瘤病24例,乳腺癌1例.术后病理证实导管内乳头状瘤26例,导管内乳头状瘤病21例,乳腺导管内癌1例.2例导管内乳头状瘤诊断为导管扩张.3例导管内乳头状瘤病诊为单发乳管内乳头状瘤,乳腺癌1例.结论:乳管镜能明确乳头溢液病因,确定病变部位,在诊断乳腺导管隆起性病变中准确率高,是诊断以乳头溢液为症状的乳腺导管隆起性病变的首选检查方法.     

乳腺导管镜在乳腺囊性增生症中的临床应用

目的通过乳腺导管镜对无乳头溢液的乳腺囊性增生症者的检查和药物介入冲洗治疗，探索无乳头溢液病人导管镜的成功插入技术，观察乳腺囊性增生症冲洗后的镜下表现。为早期发现乳管内占位性病变尤其是早期乳腺癌提供可能。方法首先应用乳管扩张剂对无乳头溢液的乳腺囊性增生者进行乳管扩张，然后行乳管镜检查。结果102例无乳头溢液的乳腺囊性增生症者，成功进镜78例（76．5％）。78例中，有4例是导管内乳头状瘤，2例导管癌，均经镜下诊断后手术治疗并病理证实。其余72例均行导管内冲洗，冲洗后管腔黏膜改变不明显的7例，手术活检5例为不典型增生，2例为细胞增生活跃。余65例均经多次冲洗后管腔黏膜光滑，色泽红润，恢复正常，其中94％的病例均能经3次冲洗后疗效满意，6％（4／65）的病例需增加冲洗次数。在治疗初期有1例并发局部感染，经青霉素等抗炎治疗后痊愈，无穿孔．乳头凹陷等其它并发症。结论无乳头溢液的乳腺囊性增生症者，在乳管扩张剂扩张后大多数能无阻力进镜，乳管扩张剂Ⅰ、Ⅱ号扩张效果无统计学差异；经过导管内的药物介入治疗，观察镜下的改变，能早期发现乳腺癌及不典型增生的乳腺病病人。早期诊断、早期治疗，减少和避免了乳腺癌及导管内疾病的误诊和漏诊。为临床早期诊断乳腺癌提供一个新的检查手段。     

乳管镜辅助乳管冲洗液薄层液基细胞学检查诊断乳头溢液的研究

目的探讨乳管镜（FDS）检查中冲洗液薄层液基细胞学（TCT）检查辅助诊断乳头溢液病因的价值。方法对2004年4月至2006年6月间107例乳头溢液患者进行FDS和冲洗液TCT检查，79例接受手术活检和治疗，将各种检查与病理检查结果进行对照研究。结果FDS下确定30例乳头溢液患者，乳管内隆起型病变的占77例，位于三级以下乳管占88．3％。FDS和TCT检查总符合率为74．7％和81．0％，病变在二级导管以上FDS和TCT检查符合率为86．7％和76．7％，三级以下导管，两种检查符合为67．3％和83．7％；FDS和TCT检查诊断多发乳头状瘤符合率、阳性试验似然比（likelihood ratio of a positive test，LR）分别为60．3％、3．67和84．2％、4．46；FDS和TCT检查诊断乳腺癌符合率、LR分别为66．7％、1．46和100％、6．84。TCT或FDS联合后对恶性病变诊断阳性试验似然比（LR）可达25．5。结论二级以上乳管病变FDS检查准确性高，三级以下辅助乳管冲洗液TCT检查，提高乳头溢液诊断准确性。对于FDS诊断疑难的病例两者联合有助于提高良恶性病变的鉴别诊断。     

乳管镜在乳腺导管隆起性病变中的诊断价值

目的：评价纤维乳管镜在乳头溢液中诊断乳腺导管隆起性病变的价值。方法：应用BladeFVY-780型纤维乳管镜,配备FVS检查系统对115例乳头溢液病人进行检查诊断,手术病例与术后病理诊断作比较。结果：115例乳头溢液病人发现乳管内隆起性病变53例,导管内乳头状瘤28例,导管内乳头状瘤病24例,乳腺癌1例。术后病理证实导管内乳头状瘤26例,导管内乳头状瘤病21例,乳腺导管内癌1例。2例导管内乳头状瘤诊断为导管扩张。3例导管内乳头状瘤病诊为单发乳管内乳头状瘤,乳腺癌1例。结论：乳管镜能明确乳头溢液病因,确定病变部位,在诊断乳腺导管隆起性病变中准确率高,是诊断以乳头溢液为症状的乳腺导管隆起性病变的首选检查方法。     

纤维乳管镜在乳管炎及乳管扩张症中的诊断及治疗价值

乳头溢液在女性中发生率约为10％。以往的主要诊断方法为乳管造影和溢液涂片脱落细胞学检查。以上两种检查方法均存在阳性率低、敏感性差等不足。纤维乳管镜作为一种可直视下观察病变乳管内情况、诊断乳头溢液的新方法，与上述两种方法比较优势明显。乳头溢液中，非占位性病变占相当比例，既往治疗方法只有手术治疗。本院对98例乳头溢液病例行纤维乳管镜检查，并对其中55例非占位性病变行镜下治疗效果良好，现报告如下。     

乳腺

乳腺癌血清VEGF水平与癌组织中VEGF和COX-2表达及微血管密度的关系；芹菜素对人乳腺癌细胞血管内皮生长因子表达的影响及作用机制；乳管镜诊治乳头溢液206例报告；导管冲洗液脱落细胞Her2和P53蛋白表达及其对乳腺良恶性肿瘤的鉴别意早期乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫术中保留肋间臂神经的方法及临床价值；     

乳管镜在病理性乳头溢液诊治中的应用价值

目的探讨乳管内窥镜(FDS)在病理性乳头溢液疾病诊治中的临床应用价值,为其诊断和治疗提供依据。方法回顾2012年7月至2014年2月在宁夏医科大学总医院肿瘤医院行乳管镜检查的106例病理性乳头溢液患者的临床资料,对乳管内窥镜下所见和术后病理结果进行统计学分析。结果 106例均检查成功,乳管镜诊断乳腺导管扩张症42例(39.6%),导管内乳头状瘤58例(54.7%),导管内癌6例(5.7%)。共有68例乳头溢液患者接受了手术治疗。术后病理诊断符合率:导管内乳头状瘤84.5%(49/58),导管内癌83.3%(5/6),总符合率为84.4%。结论乳管镜是病理性乳头溢液最有效的检查方法,乳管镜能直接观察到乳管内病变,提高早期乳腺癌的检出率。     

纤维乳管内视镜在354例乳头溢液中的应用经验

目的:利用乳管内视镜对乳腺导管腔进行检查,直接观察乳腺导管内的病变,确定引起乳头溢液的乳腺疾病的性质,提供可以提高诊断准确性的方法.方法:利用纤维乳管镜FVS-3000M系统对354例乳头溢液患者进行检查,观察溢液导管及其分支的管腔和管壁结构,发现并确定病灶位置,记录病变导管的形态特征,必要时用活检针取组织送病检,对资料进行回顾性分析.结果:血性液和浆液血性液中乳头状瘤和乳头状瘤病占72.3%,乳腺导管癌占5.2%,22.5%为导管炎、导管扩张等;水样液中乳头状瘤和乳头状瘤病占56.0%,乳腺癌占8.0%;5例未发现异常的病例视为正常.结论:乳管内视镜可以明确引起乳头溢液疾病的病因、确定病变部位,从而提高早期乳腺癌的发现率.     

细胞学诊断乳腺导管内乳头状瘤的临床病理分析

目的：探讨细胞学诊断乳腺导管内乳头状瘤的可靠性及对临床的指导意义。方法：选择有病理对照的细胞学诊断为乳腺导管内乳头状瘤病例56例．镜下观察其乳头溢液涂片和细针穿刺细胞学涂片（FNAC）的细胞形态特点．并与组织切片进行对照分析结果：56例中诊断准确率为87．5％（49／56），误诊率为12．5％（7／56），其中4例诊断为导管上皮细胞增生．2例误诊为纤维腺瘤．1例误诊为乳腺癌一结论：通过乳头溢液及细针穿刺细胞学联合诊断乳腺导管内乳头状瘤较为可靠．对术前诊断有一定指导意义．但对病变多发及较复杂的病例诊断宜慎重，尤其是乳腺肿块伴溢液诊断乳腺癌应谨慎．最好行切检病理检查。     

296例乳头溢液的外科治疗分析

目的探讨296例乳头溢液的外科治疗效果。方法296例乳头溢液均行脱落细胞学检查和乳腺导管造影钼靶X线检查,根据检查情况分别行区段切除,单纯乳房切除,改良根治术Ⅰ式。结果乳腺导管扩张症131例、导管内乳头状瘤71例、乳腺增生40例、乳腺导管炎性病变30例、导管癌24例。结论乳头溢液最常见的病因是乳腺导管扩张症,其次为乳腺增生病及导管癌。     

乳管镜图像特征在伴乳头溢液乳腺癌中的诊断价值

目的探讨乳管镜图像特征多元参数在伴乳头溢液乳腺癌中的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析1159例病理资料完整的伴乳头溢液乳腺病患者的乳管镜资料,通过）（2检验筛选出乳管镜下诊断乳腺癌的相关图像特征,用Logistic回归分析评价它们在伴乳头溢液乳腺癌中的诊断价值。结果乳管镜诊断相关的图像特征包括病变的位置、管腔改变、管壁弹性、管壁表面形态、乳管末稍出血、病变在乳管内的位置、病变形状、病变颜色、病变表面形状、病变数量及病变表面出血等（P〈0．05）,行Logistic回归分析筛选出各乳管镜图像特征的DR值分别为：DR管壁表面形态=3．05,OR乳管末梢出血=2．22,OR病变数量=2．09,0R病变颜色=1．53,OR病变表面形状=1．53,DR病变形状=1．41,OR管壁弹性=0．43。根据OR值对各孚L管镜图像特征在伴乳头溢液乳腺癌中的诊断价值进行排序：管壁表面形态〉乳管末梢出血〉病变数量〉病变颜色=病变表面形状〉病变形状〉管壁弹性。结论乳管镜图像特征对伴乳头溢液乳腺癌的诊断有重要价值。     

The role of the breast ductal system in the diagnosis of cancer (review)

It has been shown that early detection of breast cancer saves lives. This review summarizes the findings of the diagnostic methods involving the breast ductal system to date, including nipple fluid cytology, nipple fluid tumor markers, ductogram, and ductoscopy.     

Management of bloody nipple discharge

Opinion statement Bloody nipple discharge causes a high degree of anxiety in women because of fear of breast cancer. Commonly, the absence of palpable or mammographic abnormalities gives a false sense of security, causing delays in diagnosis. Initial evaluation with physical examination and mammography is useful in detecting high-risk cases. Bloody nipple discharge is most frequently benign. It is caused by intraductal papilloma, duct ectasia, and less frequently by breast cancer. Several diagnostic tests have been proposed to establish the cause of bloody nipple discharge. Galactography, ultrasound, and exfoliative cytology are useful only when positive, but have a high rate of false-negative results and do not preclude histologic diagnosis. More recently, ductal lavages in combination with cytology have provided promising results, but experience and long-term follow-up are limited. Traditional treatment is surgical excision of the involved ductal system from which the discharge emanates. Ductal excision has been the only reliable procedure in establishing a certain diagnosis and in controlling the bloody discharge. The early success reported with image-guided excision of papilloma and duct endoscopy promises a significant improvement in our diagnostic accuracy from minimally invasive emerging technology.     

Intraductal approach to the detection of intraductal lesions of the breast

Bloody nipple discharge is a clue in the detection of ductal carcinoma of the breast that do not display a mass. Since sensitivity of discharge cytology is not sufficiently high and mammary ductendoscopy (MS) contributes to the diagnosis of intraductal lesions. We set out to determine whether the intraductal approach is effective for detection of ductal carcinoma. We performed 445 MS procedure in 323 patients who had nipple discharge but no overt mass. The diagnostic accuracy rates of discharge cytology and intraductal breast biopsy (IDBB) were studied in detecting malignancy. The therapeutic value of IDBB for intraductal papillomas was studied in 73 patients. Out of 323 patients, 80 had breast cancer and 155 had intraductal papilloma. MS detected intraductal tumors in 47 cases (58.8%). IDBB was performed in 35 of these 47 cases. The sensitivity was 37.1% by touch cytology, 68.6% by IDBB, and 82.8% by directed ductal lavage cytology. Of the 73 intraductal papilloma patients who were followed for more than 3 years, the therapeutic effectiveness of IDBB was recognized in 57 (78.1%). Directed ductal lavage cytology was the most sensitive method in detecting malignancy. MS and IDBB were benefit in the treatment of intraductal papilloma.     

Fiberoptic ductoscopy findings in women with and without spontaneous nipple discharge

BACKGROUND: Fiberoptic ductoscopy (FD), which allows direct visualization of the breast ductal lumen, is performed in women with and without spontaneous nipple discharge (SND). Previous reports suggested that cytologic evaluation of SND may be falsely interpreted as containing malignancy. The purpose of the current study, which was performed prospectively, was to determine whether ductoscopic findings were different in women with versus without SND, and to assess the implications of the differences in SND versus non-SND samples regarding the role of FD in assessing whether a woman has breast carcinoma. METHODS: Data were collected on the distance traveled by the ductoscope, visual observations, pathology, cytology, epithelial and foam cell quantity, and image analysis for ploidy, hypertetraploidy, and S-phase fraction. RESULTS: Of 100 FD specimens, 60 were from breasts without SND and 40 were from breasts with SND. Intraductal visual observations (P < or = 0.0002), pathologic findings in the resected specimen (P < or = 0.001), and quantity of epithelial cells (P=0.03) were influenced by the presence or absence of SND. Although one specimen from a benign breast was interpreted as cytologically malignant, every breast with both malignant cytology and aneuploidy contained cancer cells. A model incorporating cytology and SND was 92% sensitive and 60% specific in predicting which women had breast carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: There were pronounced differences in FD samples from women with and without SND. FD biologic parameters can be chosen to optimize breast carcinoma predictive sensitivity and specificity. SND cytology can present a diagnostic problem, suggesting the need for histologic confirmation before the initiation of therapy.     

High levels of DJ-1 protein in nipple fluid of patients with breast cancer

As we have previously demonstrated that some breast cancer cell lines secrete DJ-1 protein, we examined here whether breast cancer cells secrete DJ-1 protein in vivo. To this end, the levels of DJ-1 protein present in 136 specimens of nipple fluid was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The average concentration of DJ-1 protein detected in diluted samples from 47 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) was 22.4 ng/mL, while it was 18.6 ng/mL in 26 patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). In contrast, the average DJ-1 concentration in samples from 63 women with benign lesions was 2.7 ng/mL, demonstrating that higher DJ-1 protein levels were detected in nipple fluid in the presence of cancer cells than in the presence of benign lesions (P < 0.0001). When a cut-off level of 3.0 ng/mL was applied, the higher level of DJ-1 was shown to be of significant clinical value for predicting the presence of breast cancer (85.9% specificity, 75% sensitivity; P < 0.0001). Multivariate logistic analysis that included established factors such as nipple discharge cytology, ductoscopic cytology, and carcinoembryonic antigen level further showed that the level of DJ-1 protein alone is of significant value for predicting the presence of breast cancer. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization also showed that the low expression of DJ-1 protein, despite high mRNA expression, was significantly correlated with high DJ-1 protein levels in the nipple fluid. These data indicate that breast cancer cells secrete DJ-1 protein in vivo, and that its level is a potential indicator of breast cancer in patients with nipple discharge.     

Detection of chromosomal aneusomy by fluorescence in situ hybridization for patients with nipple discharge

BACKGROUND: Breast carcinoma and precancer are believed to start in the lining of the milk duct or lobule. Ductography and fiberoptic ductoscopy (FDS) are used to identify abnormal intraductal lesions, although it is difficult to distinguish malignant from benign cases. Therefore, we studied the clinical usefulness of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of a numerical aberration of chromosomes (aneusomy) using ductal lavage from patients with nipple discharge. METHODS: We applied ductography and FDS to 90 women who had nipple discharge. Ductal lavages obtained from patients with positive ductography and/or FDS findings were subjected to cytology and FISH analysis using centromere probes for chromosomes 1, 11, and 17. Patients with samples that showed aneusomy in at least one of the three chromosomes were diagnosed as positive. RESULTS: Histologic evaluation revealed 54 benign lesions and six malignancies. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy were 33.3%, 88.9%, and 83.3%, respectively, for cytology and 100%, 100%, and 100%, respectively, for FISH. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that FISH has a diagnostic accuracy comparable to cytology. This technique has 100% specificity is making a definitive diagnosis of malignancy in patients with indeterminate cytologic results, suggesting that FISH diagnosis can be a good adjunct to cytology.     

Ductoscopy and intraductal vacuum assisted biopsy in women with pathologic nipple discharge

Background Fiberoptic ductoscopy is increasingly used to evaluate pathologic nipple discharge. A major limitation of this technique is the inability to obtain tissue samples from suspicious intraductal lesions. We present a novel technique for ductoscopic biopsy of intraluminal tumors.Methods From 2002 to 2005 ductoscopy was performed in 38 women with nipple discharge using a rigid gradient index microendoscope (diameter 0.7 mm) and a special needle for intraductal vacuum assisted biopsy. Results of preoperative biopsy were correlated with the histology of the resection specimenResults Cannulation of the discharging duct was successful in 37 of 38 patients (97%). Intraductal lesions were diagnosed in 29 women (78%). The sensitivity of ductoscopy and galactography in the detection of intraductal lesion was comparable (96% vs. 89%). Ductoscopic biopsy of intraductal lesions was technically successful in all but one case. Generally, the quality of the biopsy samples was good. Diagnostic biopsy samples were obtained in 26 of 28 patients (93%). Two samples contained necrosis and were considered to be non-representative. Histological analysis of the biopsy specimens showed 22 papilloma, 2 in situ carcinoma and 2 invasive carcinoma. Histology of the resection specimens confirmed the diagnosis in all cases, but there was one case with additional carcinoma lobulare in situ.Conclusions Ductoscopic vacuum assisted biopsy is a new technique for tissue sampling of intraductal breast lesions. This method may improve preoperative evaluation of pathologic nipple discharge in selected patients, but it should not be considered as a method for screening of early breast cancer.     

Ductal lavage for detection of cellular atypia in women at high risk for breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer originates in breast epithelium and is associated with progressive molecular and morphologic changes. Women with atypical breast ductal epithelial cells have an increased relative risk of breast cancer. In this study, ductal lavage, a new procedure for collecting ductal cells with a microcatheter, was compared with nipple aspiration with regard to safety, tolerability, and the ability to detect abnormal breast epithelial cells. METHODS: Women at high risk for breast cancer who had nonsuspicious mammograms and clinical breast examinations underwent nipple aspiration followed by lavage of fluid-yielding ducts. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: The 507 women enrolled included 291 (57%) with a history of breast cancer and 199 (39%) with a 5-year Gail risk for breast cancer of 1.7% or more. Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) samples were evaluated cytologically for 417 women, and ductal lavage samples were evaluated for 383 women. Adequate samples for diagnosis were collected from 111 (27%) and 299 (78%) women, respectively. A median of 13,500 epithelial cells per duct (range, 43-492,000 cells) was collected by ductal lavage compared with a median of 120 epithelial cells per breast (range, 10-74,300) collected by nipple aspiration. For ductal lavage, 92 (24%) subjects had abnormal cells that were mildly (17%) or markedly (6%) atypical or malignant (<1%). For NAF, corresponding percentages were 6%, 3%, and fewer than 1%. Ductal lavage detected abnormal intraductal breast cells 3.2 times more often than nipple aspiration (79 versus 25 breasts; McNemar's test, P<.001). No serious procedure-related adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Large numbers of ductal cells can be collected by ductal lavage to detect atypical cellular changes within the breast. Ductal lavage is a safe and well-tolerated procedure and is a more sensitive method of detecting cellular atypia than nipple aspiration.     

乳管内视镜定位在乳导管解剖术中的应用

目的 探讨乳管内视镜直视下金属线定位用于引导乳头溢液患者导管解剖手术的价值.方法 174例经乳管内视镜确诊为乳管内占位性病变的乳头溢液患者接受了乳导管解剖术,其中68例术前在乳管内视镜直视下,将带倒勾的金属丝送至病灶处固定,并标记体表投影,以定位金属丝为引导实施乳导管解剖术,术中冰冻病理取材循定位导丝寻找病灶;另外106例采用传统的术中置平头针法或经溢液乳孔注射美兰法,作为对照.结果 乳管内视镜定位组68例患者中,导管内乳头状瘤64例,导管原位癌4例,恶性率为5.9%,一次性病灶切除率、病理诊断与乳管内视镜诊断符合率均为100.0%,术后无一例发生局部变形.对照组106例患者中,导管内乳头状瘤96例,导管原位癌6例,恶性率为5.7%,乳腺腺病4例,一次性病灶切除率为77.4%,病理诊断与乳管内视镜诊断符合率为96.2%,术后26例发生局部变形.结论 乳管内视镜直视下金属线定位引导乳导管解剖术具有定位精确、创伤小、冰冻病理取材准确、无局部乳腺组织变形等优点,既能提高乳腺导管疾病的诊断率,又能减少乳腺组织损伤,值得进一步研究与推广.