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2.
BackgroundDespite a growing body of evidence suggesting that discrimination harms health, the association between appearance discrimination and health has been understudied. Our study investigated the association between perceived appearance discrimination and self-rated health among emerging adults using a nationally representative cohort study in South Korea.MethodsWe analyzed the 2nd-10th (2005–2013) waves of cohort data from the Korean Education Employment Panel (KEEP). KEEP consists of two groups of individuals who were 15 (group I) and 18 (group II) years old at the 1st wave of the survey (2004) and were followed annually. Appearance discrimination was assessed at baseline (19 years old: 5th wave for group I, 2nd wave for group II) and at follow-up (24 years old: 10th wave for group I, 7th wave for group II). Responses of appearance discrimination at the two-time points were classified into four groups: 1) never (no discrimination at both baseline and follow-up); 2) repeated (discrimination at both baseline and follow-up); 3) incident (discrimination only at follow-up); and 4) in error (discrimination only at baseline). Multivariate logistic regression was applied to examine the association between reporting patterns of appearance discrimination and poor self-rated health, adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsCompared to those who did not experience appearance discrimination, ‘repeated’ (OR: 3.70; 95% CI: 2.19–6.27) and ‘incident’ (OR: 3.10; 95% CI: 1.99–4.83) groups had a higher odds ratio of poor self-rated health after adjusting for potential confounders including respondents’ body mass index change and baseline self-rated health. However, no significant association was observed among those who reported appearance discrimination ‘in error’.ConclusionsThese results suggest that perceived appearance discrimination is associated with the health of Korean emerging adults considering participants’ reporting patterns of appearance discrimination. 相似文献
3.
BackgroundSocioeconomic inequality in health and mortality remains a disturbing reality across nations including Bangladesh. Inequality drew renewed attention globally. Bangladesh though made impressive progress in health, it makes an interesting case for learning. This paper examined the trends and changing pattern of socioeconomic inequalities in under-five mortality in rural Bangladesh. It also examined whether mother’s education had any effect in reducing socioeconomic inequalities.MethodsData from rural samples of seven Bangladesh Demographic Health Surveys, carried out so far, were used. Children born alive during 5 years preceding the surveys were included in the analysis. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out.ResultsUnder-five mortality rate steadily declined over the years from 128/1000 in 1994 to 48 in 2014. Females had 8% lower mortality rates than males. Children of mothers with no schooling had 1.88 times higher mortality than those whose mother had six or more years of schooling. Similarly, children from low asset category households had on an average 1.17 times higher mortality rate than those from high asset category households. Inequality by mother’s education disappeared in the recent years, and inequality by household socioeconomic condition persisted all through. The pattern of inequality by sex, mother’s education, and household socioeconomic status was not changed statistically significantly over the years, and mothers’ education did not reduce socioeconomic inequalities.DiscussionThe reduction in mortality was consistent with changes in the proximate determinants of child survival in the country. Proximate determinants included maternal factors, environmental contamination, nutrient deficiency, personal illness control, and injury. Health and population programmes have been effective in increasing immunization coverage, use of ORS for managing diarrhoeal diseases, and increasing contraceptive use. Development activities on the other hand raised the literacy, especially among females, demand for modern health services, and reduction of poverty. However, socioeconomic inequality still exists in both under-five mortality and proximate determinants of child survival.ConclusionsThe socioeconomic inequality in under-five mortality is showing resistance against further reduction. An assessment of the adequacy of the existing programmes taking the proximate determinants of child survival into consideration will be useful for further improvement. 相似文献
4.
Objectives We examined whether childhood disruptive behavior (aggressiveness, hyperactivity and social adjustment), predicts adulthood socioeconomic position (SEP), i.e., educational level, occupational status and income and social mobility. Methods Social mobility was defined by comparing the participants’ adulthood socioeconomic position with that of their parents (“intergenerational social mobility”). The subjects were derived from a population-based cohort study ( N = 3,600) and our sample consisted of 782 participants (403 women) aged 3–9 years at baseline and were followed until they were aged 30–36. Results High childhood aggression associated with low educational level and occupational status suggesting an early beginning negative tracking of aggressive behavior. High hyperactivity and poor social adjustment predicted adulthood low occupational status proposing a more slow effect on adulthood SEP. No associations between disruptive behavior and income-related mobility were found, but high hyperactivity associated with educational downward drift, whereas high aggression and low social adjustment related with occupational downward drift. Conclusions Results suggest that childhood disruptive behavior may have long-lasting negative effects. In order to reduce the adverse effects of disruptive behavior, early intervention of problematic behavior becomes salient. 相似文献
5.
South Korea is one of the world's most rapidly industrializing countries. Along with industrialization has come universal health insurance. Within the span of 12 years, South Korea went from private voluntary health insurance to government-mandated universal coverage. Since 1997, with the intervention of the International Monetary Fund, Korean national health insurance (NHI) has experienced deficits and disruption. However, there are lessons to be drawn for the United States from the Korean NHI experience. 相似文献
6.
Time trends in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality during a 40-year follow-up were studied in the Seven Countries Study.
Thirteen cohorts of men aged 40–59 at entry were enrolled in seven countries (USA, Finland, the Netherlands, Italy, Serbia,
Greece and Japan) for a total of 10,628 subjects. Cardiovascular risk factors were measured at entry and at the 10-year follow-up
examination and coronary heart disease mortality data collected during 40 years. During the 40-year follow-up, the hazard
rate of the Weibull parametric distribution (annual conditional risk of death) for CHD mortality tended to slightly decline
in the US, Finnish, Dutch and Japanese cohorts, moderately increased in Italy and exponentially increased in cohorts of Serbia
and Greece. A strong positive association was found between the shape of the hazard curve, describing the acceleration of
the hazard, and a score of population mean risk factor changes (serum cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and smoking prevalence)
observed during the first 10 years of follow-up, with a correlation coefficient of 0.91 between the two indicators. The countries
with a relative decline in the annual hazard function were the same where, during the same historical period, large decreases
in official death rate from CHD were recorded, and viceversa. The acceleration in mortality risk for CHD mortality in different
countries, described by the shape of the Weibull distribution, is related to changes in mean levels of major coronary risk
factors. 相似文献
7.
Background Suicide rates have recently been decreasing on average among OECD countries, but increasing trends have been detected in South
Korea, particularly since the 1997 economic crisis. There have been no detailed analyses about the changes of the suicide
rates over time periods in Korea. We examined trends in both absolute and proportional suicide rates over the time period
of economic development, crisis, and recovery (1986 – 2005) as well as in birth cohorts from 1924 to 1978. 相似文献
8.
Objective Mass carbon disulfide (CS 2) poisoning was reported at a viscose rayon factory in Korea. We evaluated the association between CS 2 poisoning and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome.
Methods The cases ( n = 170) involved CS 2-poisoned subjects, who participated in a health examination conducted at a hospital in Korea in 2005. The controls ( n = 170) were selected randomly from the participants in the third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Metabolic syndrome was defined as having at least three of following metabolic abnormalities: abdominal obesity, elevated
triglyceride, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, and elevated fasting glucose levels.
Results After adjusting for covariates (age, gender, education, marital status, alcohol consumption, and smoking), CS 2-poisoned subjects had an increased risk of metabolic syndrome (prevalence ratio 1.57, 95% CI 1.25–1.98).
Conclusions The findings suggest that CS 2 poisoning may increase the risk of metabolic syndrome. 相似文献
9.
On the basis of calls to the US poison control centers, each year more than 1 million children less than 5 years of age experience
potentially toxic ingestions. Several prevention efforts and interventions have been tried to protect young children from
poisonings occurring in their homes. The purpose of this study was to determine practices of parents and caregivers of children
1–6 years of age about home poisoning prevention. Seventy-six participants answered an anonymous survey. Caregivers demonstrated
poor knowledge about the home poisoning prevention strategies. Only 20% of the participants knew the telephone number of the
poison control center and 49% had it near the telephone in case of an emergency. This lack of knowledge was not related to
gender, educational level, or occupation. Primary care physicians need to reinforce the orientation about poisoning prevention
techniques to all caregivers in order to prevent accidental poisonings in small children. 相似文献
10.
Objective Dieldrin and aldrin, pesticides widely used until the 1970s, have been under suspicion of being carcinogenic. In this study,
overall and cause-specific mortality was assessed in a cohort of 570 employees occupationally exposed to the pesticides dieldrin
and aldrin to investigate the long-term health effects, in particular carcinogenic effects.
Methods All of the employees worked in the production plants between January 1954 and January 1970 and were followed for cause-specific
mortality until 30 April 2006. Based on dieldrin levels in blood samples taken from 343 workers during the exposure period,
the total intake of dieldrin was estimated for each individual subjects in the cohort. The estimated total intake ranged from
11 to 7,755 mg of dieldrin, with an average of 737 mg.
Results Two hundred and twenty-six workers had died before 30 April 2006 compared with an expected number of 327.3, giving a standardized
mortality ratio (SMR) of 69.0 (95% confidence interval (CI): 60.3–78.7). Overall cancer mortality was also significantly lower
than expected (SMR: 76.4, 95% CI: 60.8–94.9). Also, none of the specific cancer sites showed a significant excess mortality
and no association between exposure level and cancer mortality was found.
Conclusion The results from this study support findings from other epidemiological and recent animal studies concluding that dieldrin
and aldrin are not likely human carcinogens. 相似文献
12.
Objectives: This study was performed to determine the incidence, demographic distribution, types and outcomes across various drug poisonings among children from south India. Methods: This retrospective study included children less than 16 years who presented to the Pediatric Emergency Department with drug poisoning from the 1st of October 2004 to the 30th of September 2013. Results: Out of the total 997 poisoning cases, 366 (36.71%) were contributed by drugs; mainly antiepileptics, central nervous system depressants, psychotropics, analgesic-antipyretics and natural drugs. Males and children of < 5 years were mostly affected. Although many children developed complications and required intensive care unit admissions, the total mortality rate was less than 1%. The incidence of drug poisoning showed a decreasing trend over the last 4 years. Conclusion: This study for the first time gives an elaborative insight into pediatric drug poisoning over a nine-year period from a Pediatric Emergency Department tertiary care center in south India. 相似文献
13.
This study investigates incidence of first acute myocardial infarction (MI) among foreign born persons in Sweden using case
control methods, taking into consideration country of birth, gender, socio-economic group and time since immigration and evaluates
if the decreasing incidence of MI in Sweden during the study period was also present in immigrants. The study base consisted
of persons 30–74 years of age in Stockholm County 1977–96. All incident cases of first acute MI in the study population were
identified using registers of hospital discharges and deaths. Controls were selected randomly from the study base and the
sampling fractions were known, enabling estimates of person time at risk. Foreign born subjects had a higher incidence of
MI than subjects born in Sweden (men RR[Relative risk]=1,17; 95% CI 1,13–1,21; women RR = 1,15; 95% CI 1,09–1,21) after adjustment
for calendar year, age and socio-economic group. An increased incidence was present primarily in subjects born in Finland,
other Nordic countries, Poland, Turkey, Syria and South Asia in both genders, from the Netherlands among men and from Iraq
among women and was still present after more than 20 years in Sweden. The incidence rate of MI 1977–96 among foreign born
persons followed the general decline in the Swedish population. We conclude that foreign born persons in Sweden have an increased
incidence of first MI which persists several years after immigration and is not explained by socio-economic differences. It
is likely that this to an important extent has a background in factors in the country of origin. 相似文献
15.
PurposeEpilepsy in childhood extends far beyond seizures and affects child and parental well-being. The long-term impact of childhood-onset epilepsy on parental well-being is unknown. This study assessed health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in mothers 10 years after their child’s diagnosis of epilepsy.MethodsData come from the Health-Related Quality of Life in Children with Epilepsy Study, a multicenter prospective cohort study of children with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Mothers completed a mailed questionnaire at the 10-year follow-up, which included the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12-v2) to evaluate the physical and mental health components of their HRQOL. Block-wise linear regressions identified child/epilepsy, maternal/family, and maternal psychosocial factors associated with mothers’ HRQOL.ResultsA total of 159 mothers participated in this study (46% of the sample assessed at baseline). At follow-up, 69% of youth had been seizure free for the past 5 years. Mothers scored similarly to population norms (mean: 50, SD: 10) on the mental health subscale (mean: 49.5, SD: 9.3) and significantly better on the physical health subscale (mean: 53.0, SD: 7.6). Better family resources were associated with higher (better) scores on the physical health subscale (B?=?0.20; 95% CI 0.03, 0.36). Better family functioning (B?=?0.34; 95% CI 0.06, 0.62), fewer maternal depressive symptoms (B?=?0.33; 95% CI 0.20, 0.47), and perception of less stress (B?=?0.70; 95% CI 0.52, 0.88) were associated with higher (better) scores on the mental health subscale.ConclusionTen years after the diagnosis of epilepsy in children, the HRQOL of mothers was similar to reports from women in the general population. This study identified factors contributing to better maternal HRQOL and highlights the importance of family environment over epilepsy-related variables. 相似文献
16.
Background The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing worldwide with a marked impact in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and
diabetes risk. 相似文献
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