血液透析患者中心静脉狭窄的介入治疗

目的探讨血液透析患者中心静脉狭窄介入治疗的方法及疗效。方法 2010年5月至2011年11月共收治20例发生中心静脉狭窄的血液透析患者,所有患者均具有中心静脉狭窄的临床症状、体征,并行MRA或CTA明确诊断,经静脉造影明确病变长度、范围和程度,行血管球囊扩张成形术(PTA)对病变部位进行治疗,成形术失败时,行血管支架植入术。术后随访患者的临床症状、MRA、超声等影像学检查。结果所有患者均成功行静脉造影,成功处理了20例患者共17条狭窄静脉,其中成功进行PTA 15例,支架植入成功2例,术后狭窄静脉血管通畅,侧支循环消失。首次PTA后再狭窄发生率为11.8%,再次行P1A。所有手术成功病例随访至今未出现再狭窄。结论血液透析患者中心静脉狭窄的介入治疗安全、有效,静脉通畅率良好。     

血液透析患者上肢动静脉内瘘狭窄或闭塞的介入治疗

目的探讨经皮球囊导管血管成形术治疗上肢动静脉内瘘狭窄和闭塞的疗效。方法14例上肢动静脉内瘘狭窄和闭塞的患者,对比术前和术后的临床表现、彩色多普勒超声、血透时血流量的改变及血管造影改变。结果所有病例经球囊扩张后,狭窄段明显扩张,闭塞处再通,经造影证实狭窄小于30%。结论球囊成形术是治疗动静脉内瘘狭窄和闭塞的有效方法,其操作简单、创伤小、安全、近期效果明显。     

血液透析病人中心静脉狭窄的介入治疗

中心静脉狭窄是血液透析病人常见的并发症,常引起上肢持续肿胀等典型临床症状,其发展受多种因素影响,其中中心静脉导管置入或留置是最主要的危险因素.血管造影是中心静脉狭窄诊断的金标准,可直接显示狭窄静脉的具体部位、程度.中心静脉狭窄的介入治疗主要包括血管球囊扩张成形术和血管支架植入术,且安全、有效,已逐渐成为治疗的首选.     

上腔静脉及其主要属支静脉狭窄或闭塞介入治疗的研究

目的 探讨上腔静脉及其主要属支静脉狭窄或闭塞的介入治疗方法和疗效.方法 搜集2000年10月至2010年10月期间因上腔静脉及其主要属支狭窄或闭塞接受介入治疗的患者60例,男38例、女22例,年龄15～72岁,平均(58±4)岁.17例患者给予单纯球囊扩张,43例给予球囊扩张加支架置入术.治疗前后测量梗阻流入侧血管内压力,结果的比较用配对t检验.结果 60例患者血管成形后,梗阻流入侧测得静脉压力在狭窄开通前为(24.8±2.3)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),开通后为(7.1±1.5)mm Hg,差异有统计学意义(t=3.232,P＜0.01);临床症状完全缓解27例,部分缓解28例,无效5例;无严重并发症发生.随访6个月,出现再狭窄10例,经再次介入后再通6例,4例转外科手术.结论 对上腔静脉及其属支静脉狭窄或闭塞行介入治疗可以迅速解除梗阻,恢复血流通畅,降低梗阻远端静脉的压力,缓解临床症状.

Abstract：

Objective To assess the different methods and their outcomes of interventional therapy for stenosis or occlusion in superior vena cava and its branches. Methods Sixty patients with stenosis or occlusion of SVC and its branches were retrospectively analyzed after interventional therapy. Among them, 38 were males and 22 were females, with age range from 15 to 72 years old(mean age 58). Seventeen patients were treated by thrombolysis, and the rest 43 patients accepted percutaneous angioplasty and stenting. Before and after that, the pressures within the vein were measured at the inflow side. The paired-t test was used for statistical analysis. Results After treatment, the pressure at the inflow side dropped from (24.8±2.3)mm Hg to (7.1±1.5)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa), with a significant difference(t=3.232,P＜0.01). The clinical outcomes included complete relief in 27 patients, partial relief in 28 patients and non-relief in 5 patients. No major complications occurred. During 6 months follow up, restenosis occurred in 10 patients, among whom 6 received repeat intervention with good results. The other 4 patients turned to surgery .Conclusion Interventional therapy for stenosis or occlusion in SVC and its branches could recanalize the vessels, restore the blood flow and relief the clinical symptoms.     

介入治疗周围血管闭塞或狭窄性病变

周围血管闭塞或狭窄性病变临床上并不少见，其发病率近年来持续上升，相应的治疗方法也随着现代科技进步而不断改进，从而在对患者损伤尽可能小的前提下取得其最佳疗效。介入放射学的发展为此类病变开创了一条微创而有效的途径。我科从1999年底采用血内尿激酶溶栓术、经导管血栓抽吸术、经皮穿刺血管成形术(PTA)和内支架置入术治疗周围血管狭窄或闭塞性病变，取得了满意疗效。现报告如下：     

Budd-Chiari综合征肝静脉闭塞的介入治疗

目的　评价Budd Chiari综合征患者肝静脉闭塞介入治疗方法及中远期疗效。方法42例Budd Chiari综合征患者 ,男 17例 ,女 2 5例 ,年龄 18～ 5 7岁 (平均 34 5岁 ) ;肝功能ChildA级 2 3例 ,B级 6例 ,C级 13例。共计 92条肝静脉闭塞 ,其中左肝静脉 2 9条 ,中肝静脉 2 4条 ,右肝静脉 36条 ,副肝静脉 3条。34例伴有下腔静脉狭窄或闭塞。肝静脉治疗方法包括 :( 1)闭塞肝静脉穿通 (经颈、股静脉、经皮肝穿肝静脉或上述两种途径并用 ) ;( 2 )球囊导管扩张 ;( 3)内支架置入。 32例同时行下腔静脉经皮腔内血管成形术 (PTA)或内支架治疗。结果　 40例患者的 40条肝静脉均成功开通。PTA治疗后 8例置入内支架。 32例下腔静脉均获通畅。术前肝静脉压力为 34 5cmH2 O ( 2 5 .0～ 48.0cmH2 O) ( 1cmH2 O =0 .0 98kPa) ,术后降为 2 2 0cmH2 O( 12 .0～ 35 .0cmH2 O) (T =11.5 0 ,P <0 0 1)。术后患者症状体征完全缓解 32例 ,8例部分缓解。随访 1～ 5 4个月 (平均 2 7 5个月 ) ,1例因肝功能衰竭术后 1个月死亡 ,2例因肝静脉闭塞经 2次介入治疗再次获得开通。 5例未再接受复查和治疗。余32例均无症状再发 ,超声检查均无肝静脉再闭塞发生 (平均 2 8 9个月 )。结论 ( 1)肝静脉闭塞介入治疗方法多样 ,可综合应用 ;( 2 )介入治     

主动脉狭窄和(或)闭塞性病变综合性介入治疗的临床观察

目的 对主动脉狭窄和(或)闭塞性病变(ASO)的综合介入治疗进行疗效观察与评价。方法 本组23例ASO(狭窄性病变14例，闭塞性病变9例)均分别应用经皮主动脉闭塞穿通术、经导管局部溶栓术、经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA)、血管内支架(ES)置入术及经皮主动脉夹层内膜瓣开窗术(FIF)等进行了综合介入治疗。结果 23例ASO的治疗成功率为96．7％。其中，14例主动脉狭窄性病变的治疗成功率为92.9％(1例主动脉破裂死亡)。9例腹主动脉完全闭塞的治疗成功率为100．0％。23例ASO中行血管内支架置入术11例(狭窄4例，闭塞7例)，成功率为100．0％。1例主动脉夹层所致主-髂动脉狭窄行血管内支架置入术并用FIF获得成功。其余12例仅采用局部溶栓术和(或)PTA治疗，成功率为91．7％。术后除1例死亡外，其余22例中，术后症状完全消失者18例，症状改善者4例。目前平均随访31．0个月(1～113个月)，其中1例于随访48个月后失访；1例于治疗后2个月因出现主动脉再狭窄及右下肢缺血坏死而截肢；1例于治疗后18个月死于胸主动脉夹层破裂；19例随访至今，症状无复发。结论 综合应用多种血管介入技术治疗ASO可获得满意的临床效果。     

我国血管狭窄和(或)闭塞性病变介入治疗的发展历程

为促进血管狭窄和（或）闭塞性病变（vascular stricture or occlusion lesions，VSOL）的介入治疗在我国持续稳步发展，笔者通过对国内权威的《中华放射学杂志》1980—2004年25年间全部期刊和全国性介入放射专业会议汇编中有关文献复习后，回顾了我国VSOL介入治疗的发展历程，分析总结了其中的经验和教训。     

肢体静脉闭塞的血管内介入治疗

急性肢体静脉闭塞是临床的急诊，如果闭塞的范围较少，程度较轻，处理恰当，血栓可以溶解消散。或者通过旁路的侧枝循环可以得到代偿，症状得以改善或完全消失。若肢体缺血或淤血进一步加重，将导致肢体坏疽，最终需要截肢。更加严重的是，组织的坏死可以引起全身反应，静脉内的血拴可以脱落引起肺梗塞，这些都可能引起患者死亡。如何采用有效的办法开通闭塞血管，改善血液循环，挽救缺血肢体，并最终治愈疾病成为我们的研究目的。     

血液透析动静脉内瘘狭窄和闭塞的造影及介入治疗

目的 探讨血液透析患者动静脉内瘘狭窄和闭塞的血管造影诊断及介入治疗的可行性.方法 对24例慢性肾功不全尿毒症期行血液透析合并动静脉内瘘狭窄和闭塞患者,直接穿刺肱动脉或桡动脉并经穿刺针外鞘行血管造影,确定病变部位后经导管导丝行机械捣栓、注射溶栓药物或行血管成形治疗.结果 12例血栓形成闭塞者行导管导丝机械捣栓及注射溶栓药物治疗;6例血管狭窄者经静脉流出道穿刺插管行药物溶栓及血管成形术,其中1例加行流出道分支静脉栓塞术;6例行外科手术治疗.术后狭窄段通畅,即时开通率达100%.随访10～24个月,未见复发.结论 直接穿刺肱动脉或桡动脉并行血管造影及血管成形术有助于血液透析动静脉内瘘机能不全和闭塞的诊断,是一种安全、简单、有效的介入治疗方法.     

Portal vein occlusion or stenosis in patients with hepatolithiasis: observation by multiphasic contrast-enhanced CT

AIMS: To analyze the dynamic findings of multiphasic contrast-enhanced CT in hepatolithiasis and to elucidate occlusive changes in portal veins and other associated abnormalities. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 25 selected patients with hepatolithiasis who underwent various imaging examinations, including multiphasic contrast-enhanced CT. The following CT findings were evaluated in each of 71 hepatic segments: visualization of a calculus; biliary dilation or focal hepatic atrophy of the affected segment; areas that were abnormally enhanced in the hepatic arterial phase; degrees (normal, stenosis, occlusion) of portal vein calibre; and linear delayed enhancement along the bile-duct walls, suggesting cholangitis. RESULTS: On CT, calculi were depicted as a hyperdense structures in 61 of 71 segments (86%). Focal hepatic atrophy, which frequently accompanied CT findings suggesting compensatory hypertrophy of other segments, was seen in 50 of 71 segments (70%). Areas that were abnormally enhanced were recognized in 36 of 71 segments (51%). Stenosis or occlusion of portal venous branches was observed in 59 of 71 segments (83%), including 13 segments with occlusion. Findings indicating cholangitis were noted in 50 of 71 segments (70%). The degrees of portal vein calibre were significantly correlated with the presence of hepatic atrophy or cholangitis. CONCLUSION: Hepatolithiasis is associated with significant rates of stenosis or occlusion of adjacent portal veins as well as hepatic parenchymal changes in the affected area. Chronic deterioration of portal flow may cause these morphological changes.     

经皮血管成形术治疗血液透析动静脉内瘘狭窄或闭塞

目的:探讨经皮血管成形术(PTA)治疗血液透析患者动静脉内瘘狭窄和闭塞的临床效果。方法:对16例动静脉内瘘狭窄和闭塞的血液透析患者行PTA治疗,比较PTA治疗前后的血管造影表现、透析时血流量及静脉压的变化情况。结果:术后血管造影显示狭窄和闭塞的血管扩张、再通,触诊感血管震颤增强。术后第2天透析时血流量升高至200ml/min以上,可完成透析,在血流量为250ml/min时静脉压下降为(110.62±15.71)mmHg;其中2例分别在术后3个月和6个月发生再狭窄,再次行PTA后血流量恢复。所有患者均未出现血管破裂、出血、血栓形成等并发症。结论:PTA是治疗动静脉内瘘狭窄和闭塞的有效、安全、微创的方法,可选择适宜的患者采用。     

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for arteriovenous fistula stenosis or occlusion in hemodialysis patients

目的:探讨经皮血管成形术(PTA)治疗血液透析患者动静脉内瘘狭窄和闭塞的临床效果.方法:对16例动静脉内瘘狭窄和闭塞的血液透析患者行PTA治疗,比较PTA治疗前后的血管造影表现、透析时血流量及静脉压的变化情况.结果:术后血管造影显示狭窄和闭塞的血管扩张、再通,触诊感血管震颤增强.术后第2天透析时血流量升高至200ml/min以上,可完成透析,在血流量为250ml/min时静脉压下降为(110.62±15.71)mmHg;其中2例分别在术后3个月和6个月发生再狭窄,再次行PTA后血流量恢复.所有患者均未出现血管破裂、出血、血栓形成等并发症.结论:PTA是治疗动静脉内瘘狭窄和闭塞的有效、安全、微创的方法,可选择适宜的患者采用.     

动脉粥样硬化所致髂-股动脉狭窄或闭塞的血管腔内介入治疗

目的 探讨动脉粥样硬化所致慢性下肢缺血通过髂-股动脉腔内介入治疗的可行性和疗效.方法 15例患者经多排螺旋CT下肢血管造影证实为动脉硬化性髂.股动脉狭窄或闭塞性病变行经皮腔内成形术(PTA)和支架植入术.通过术后血管造影及临床症状改善等来评价治疗效果.PTA术后病变段血管残余狭窄<30%被认为技术成功;按照Fontaine分型治疗后临床症状改善1级或1级以上被认为临床成功.结果 经同侧逆行PTA及支架植入术5例,共计6段同侧髂动脉血管.包括植入髂动脉支架3枚、3段髂动脉行VFA术;跨主动脉对侧髂.股动脉PTA及支架植入术10例,共计20支病变血管,包括植入髂动脉支架5枚、股浅动脉支架5枚、10支股动脉行PTA术.髂股动脉支架、成形术后重复血管造影证实所有病变段血管血流明显改善,技术成功率为100%,无血管夹层及血栓形成等并发症.临床随访2～24个月,平均11.9个月,术前及术后6个月踝臂指数测定差异具有统计学意义(t=-4.64,P<0.01).术后6个月Fontaine分型提高1、2和3级的患者分别有7、5和3例,所有患者均未施行截肢(趾)术,随访期间临床有效率为100%.结论 动脉粥样硬化性髂-股动脉狭窄或闭塞的腔内介入治疗是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,能够改善患者的生存质量,及早改善下肢外周动脉病患者的血运状况,为中长期保肢提供较好途径.     

Asymptomatic central venous stenosis in hemodialysis patients

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate the natural history of high-grade (>50%) asymptomatic central venous stenosis (CVS) in hemodialysis patients and the outcome of serial treatment of CVS with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The institutional review board granted exemption for this retrospective study, the need for informed consent was waived, and all data collection was in compliance with HIPAA. Patients with hemodialysis access requiring maintenance procedures between 1998 and 2004 and incidentally found to have ipsilateral (> or =50%) CVS were identified from a departmental database. Thirty-five patients (19 men, 16 women; mean age, 58.7 years) with 38 grafts met inclusion criteria, and 86 venograms were reviewed. CVS was measured by using venograms obtained before and after PTA, if performed. Patients with arm swelling, multiple CVS, indwelling catheters, and stents at the first encounter were excluded. CVS progression was calculated by dividing the change in the degree of stenosis by the time between venographic examinations. Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to evaluate differences in rate of CVS progression between treated and nontreated patients. RESULTS: Mean degree of CVS before intervention was 71% (range, 50%-100%). Sixty-two percent (53 of 86) of lesions had associated collateral vessels; 28% (24 of 86) of CVSs were not treated. Mean degree of stenosis in this group was 72% (range, 30%-100%); mean progression was -0.08 percentage point per day. No untreated CVS progressed to symptoms, stent placement, or additional CVS. Seventy-two percent (62 of 86) of CVSs were treated with PTA. Mean degree of stenosis in this group was 74% (range, 50%-100%) before and 40% (range, 0%-75%) after treatment; mean progression was 0.21 percentage point per day after treatment (P = .03). Six (8%) of 62 treatments were followed by CVS escalation; one patient developed arm swelling, four required stents, and four developed additional CVS. CONCLUSION: PTA of asymptomatic CVS greater than 50% in the setting of hemodialysis access maintenance procedures was associated with more rapid stenosis progression and escalation of lesions, compared with a nontreatment approach.     

应用血管内支架治疗头臂动脉狭窄或闭塞性疾患

目的　探讨应用血管内支架治疗头臂动脉狭窄或闭塞性疾患。方法　 8例头臂动脉阻塞性疾病患者接受血管内支架成形术治疗 ,分别选用自展式Wallstent及热变形记忆合金式Angiomed、Symphony血管内支架。结果　 7例成功施行血管内支架成形术 ,其中颈总动脉 4例 ,锁骨下动脉 3例 ,共置入血管内支架 7枚。术后临床症状得到明显改善或消失。 1例锁骨下动脉闭塞的患者未成功。在 1～ 2 4个月的随访中 ,1例颈总动脉血管内支架术后 9个月闭塞。结论　经皮血管内支架成形术可有效解除头臂动脉阻塞所致的血液循环障碍 ,因其技术简便 ,可成为治疗头臂动脉狭窄或闭塞性疾患的主要治疗手段。