肝动脉化疗栓塞与三维立体定向放疗配合治疗原发性肝癌

目的 探讨肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)与三维立体定向放疗(3DCRT)配合治疗HCC的效果.方法 对131例HCC患者,采用TACE结合3DCRT进行治疗,89例先行TACE,15例先行3DCRT,27例3DCRT前后接受TACE.根据肿瘤的大小部位,3DCRT以50%～90%的等剂量线包绕计划靶区,单次剂量3～5 GY,治疗8～12次,肿瘤边缘总放射剂量36～50 GY.结果治疗后近期有效率为83.2%.1、2.年生存率为85.5%、52.6%,无严重并发症.结论 TACE与3DCRT配合是治疗HCC安全、有效的方法.     

罗勒胶囊对大鼠移植性肝癌TACE术后乏氧微环境中HIF-1α、VEGF及血清sICAM-1表达影响的研究

目的:观察罗勒胶囊对大鼠移植性肝癌TACE术后乏氧微环境中HIF-1α、VEGF及血清sICAM-1表达的影响。方法:将大鼠肝包膜下种植法建立的大鼠移植性肝癌模型分为5组:非TACE对照组、TACE+NS对照组、TACE+罗勒胶囊大剂量组、TACE+罗勒胶囊中剂量组、TACE+罗勒胶囊小剂量组。对于非TACE对照组大鼠只进行开腹操作,不行TACE术,其余4组大鼠均行TACE术;术后分别给予不同剂量罗勒胶囊灌胃治疗。10d后处死大鼠,取出瘤块,观察形态学变化;采用免疫组化法检测瘤块中HIF-1α、VEGF的表达情况,应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法测定大鼠血清中sICAM-1表达情况。结果:与TACE+NS组比较罗勒胶囊大剂量组瘤重明显降低(P<0.05);与非TACE组比较,TACE+NS组HIF-1α、VEGF及血清sICAM-1的表达均增高(P<0.05);罗勒胶囊治疗组HIF-1α、VEGF表达及血清sICAM-1较TACE+NS组表达显著降低(P<0.05),肝癌组织中VEGF(P<0.01,r=0.428)、血清sICAM-1的表达与HIF-1α(P<0.01,r=0.601)的表达具有明显相关性。结论:罗勒胶囊对大鼠移植性肝癌具有改善TACE术后乏氧的作用,并通过降低术后肿瘤乏氧微环境中HIF-1α和VEGF及血清sICAM-1的表达,而起到对TACE术后肝癌侵袭转移的抑制作用。     

大剂量热碘油TACE联合射频消融术治疗消化道癌肝转移

目的评价大剂量热碘油肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)联合射频消融术(RFA)治疗消化道癌肝转移的临床疗效。方法将96例消化道癌肝转移患者分为两组,48例(联合组)采用大剂量热碘油TACE联合RFA治疗;48例(对照组)采用常温碘油TACE治疗。结果联合组有效率为75%(36/48),对照组有效率为33%(16/48),两组间差异有统计学意义。两组术后肝功能变化无统计学意义。术后6、12、18、24个月生存率联合组分别为100%、85%、56%、27%,对照组分别为90%、53%、19%、8%。结论大剂量热碘油TACE联合RFA可以有效控制肝转移癌患者肝内病变的进展,延长患者生存期,而肝功能无明显的损害。     

肝动脉栓塞化疗和经皮乙酸消融双介入治疗巨块型肝癌的临床价值

目的：评价栓塞化疗（TACE）及经皮乙酸消融（PAI）联合治疗巨块型肝癌的疗效.方法 ：57例巨块型肝癌患者,随机分为A、B两组,A组（28例）首次行常规剂量TACE治疗,重复TACE治疗采用小剂量（10mg 丝裂霉素与碘油乳化栓塞）,术后1周CT复查,依据碘油的充盈状况,对碘油稀疏和缺损区域进行PAI治疗.B组（29例）行常规剂量TACE治疗.观察 A、B两组患者治疗后生存率,肿块的变化及术后肝功能、a-FP、副反应情况.结果：A组1 、2、3年生存率分别为96.4%,78.6%,32.1%,B组1、2、3年生存率分别为65.5%,48.3%,20.7%.A组全部患者的肿块缩小,B组20例肿块缩小,5例稳定,4例增大.结论：TACE 与PAI联合治疗巨块型肝癌的疗效明显优于单纯TACE治疗,且小剂量TACE治疗对肝功能损伤小,副反应少.     

肝细胞癌经动脉化疗栓塞抵抗及后续治疗专家共识北大核心CSCD

经动脉化疗栓塞(transarterial chemoembolization,TACE)是目前治疗肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)最常用方法之一。然而,重复进行无效的TACE治疗可能会加重肝功能损伤,影响患者预后。“TACE抵抗(TACE failure/refractoriness)”这一概念,即是在此背景下为避免进行重复无效的TACE治疗而提出的。但已有的多个“TACE抵抗”定义彼此间尚存在分歧,且均存在一定的局限性,对中国HCC人群是否适用也有待商榷。由中国医师协会介入医师分会(Chinese College of Interventionalists,CCI)成立的“TACE抵抗”协作组结合现有的循证医学证据及国内专家意见,于2021年提出了符合中国临床实践的“TACE抵抗”CCI定义及专家共识。“TACE抵抗”定义为:经过连续3次及以上规范化、精细化TACE治疗后,末次术后1~3个月内通过增强CT/MRI检查并基于mRECIST标准进行评估,若肝内靶病灶与首次TACE治疗前相比仍处于疾病进展状态,则为发生“TACE抵抗”,须及时终止再次TACE而转换为其他治疗。本共识的发布旨在使“TACE抵抗”概念更具科学性,从而更好地指导临床实践,进一步提高中国HCC患者TACE治疗受益率。     

经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞联合伽玛刀治疗原发性肝癌的临床应用

目的 探讨经肝动脉化疗栓塞( TACE)结合立体定向体部伽玛刀治疗肝癌的临床疗效.方法将原发中晚期肝癌120例随机分为A、B 2组.A组(综合组):60例,采用TACE +体部伽玛刀治疗,先行TACE术1～3次后,再进行体部伽玛刀放射治疗,单次剂量为3～6 Gy; B组(介入组):60例,采用单纯TACE术,且行TACE术均在2次以上.并观察比较肿瘤治疗后的近期疗效、患者生存期及并发症.结果综合组与介入组1、2年生存率分别为90% 、76% 和78.6 %、40%,2组生存率比较差异有显著性(P<0.05),2组并发症无明显差别.结论 TACE结合体部伽玛刀治疗原发性肝癌是一种安全、有效的方法.     

CTA在中晚期宫颈癌TACE治疗中的应用研究

目的分析CTA在中晚期宫颈癌经动脉导管内化疗栓塞(TACE)治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析连续采集的50例中晚期宫颈癌患者(年龄26～70岁,平均46岁)的数据;研究对象按纳入时间顺序分成三组,对应每组的患者分别为20、20、10例。第1组的患者直接行DSA寻找明确靶血管后行TACE治疗;第2组在CTA协助下,配合DSA确定靶血管后行TACE治疗;第3组尽可能不做DSA,依靠透视和CTA判断靶血管再行TACE治疗。所有患者均在TACE前进行了CTA检查,两名放射诊断医师独立分析CTA得出统一结果。衡量三组患者TA-CE治疗效率;研究对比参数包括:手术时间、透视时间、患者的辐射剂量、对比剂剂量等;对参数进行t检验。结果经CTA和DSA判断46例患者的靶动脉为双侧子宫动脉,并进行了常规经双侧子宫动脉TACE治疗(第1、2、3组研究对象对应的病例数分别是20、16和10例)。4例患者CTA图像双侧子宫动脉显示不清,术中DSA显示子宫动脉细小,导管进入困难,后行双侧髂内动脉灌注化疗。研究患者共100支子宫动脉中有92支(92%)在CTA中清晰显示。第2、3组对比第1组患者,在CTA帮助下并且少用DSA可使经双侧子宫动脉TACE手术时间缩短,从90.2min缩短到50.5 min(P=0.036),术中透视时间从28.3 min缩短到17.5 min(P=0.032),剂量面积乘积从109.5Gy.cm2降低到24.5 Gy.cm2(P<0.001),对比剂用量从100.4 ml降至25.0 ml(P<0.001)。结论 CTA在中晚期宫颈癌TACE术中运用有助于识别靶动脉,提高TACE治疗效率。     

经肝动脉小剂量栓塞化疗联合经皮乙酸灭活对巨块型肝癌疗效的评价(附28例报道)

目的评价经肝动脉小剂量栓塞化疗(TACE)联合经皮乙酸注射(PAI)治疗巨块型肝癌的疗效。方法28例巨块型肝癌患者,首次行常规剂量TACE治疗,重复TACE治疗采用小剂量(10mg丝裂霉素与碘油乳化栓塞),术后1周CT复查,依据碘油的充盈状况,对碘油稀疏和缺损区域进行PAI治疗。观察其治疗后的生存率,肿块的变化及术后肝功能、α-FP、副反应情况。结果28例患者术后1a,2a,3a累积生存率分别为96.4%,78.6%,32.1%,全部患者的肿块缩小。结论小剂量TACE联合PAI治疗巨块型肝癌能明显提高患者的生存率,术后肝功能损伤小,副反应少。     

减少TACE化疗药剂量对肝癌患者肝纤维化指标、TGF-β1水平及近期疗效的影响

目的探索减少经导管动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)中化疗药剂量对原发性肝癌(PHC)患者肝纤维化指标、血清转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)水平及短期疗效的影响。资料与方法 36例不可手术切除的PHC患者接受超选择性TACE,按入选标准随机分为两组,A组(n=15,小剂量组)给予小剂量化疗药物;B组(n=21,常规剂量组)给予常规剂量化疗药物。结果两组患者治疗前后血清学指标比较,常规剂量组术后三项纤维化指标透明质酸(HA)、人Ⅲ型前胶原(hPC-Ⅲ)、Ⅳ-C型胶原(Ⅳ-C)及TGF-β1水平均明显高于手术前(P<0.01),层粘连蛋白(LN)水平较术前升高(P<0.05);小剂量组术后四项肝纤维化指标较术前无显著性差异(P>0.05),TGF-β1水平较术前升高(P<0.05);近期疗效比较两组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论 TACE治疗PHC,适当减少化疗药物剂量可减轻肝纤维化的发生,有利于保护肝功能,而并不影响到患者近期疗效。     

经肝动脉化疗栓塞结合体部伽玛刀治疗肝癌的临床疗效分析

目的 探讨经肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)结合立体定向体部伽玛刀治疗肝癌的临床疗效.资料与方法 将原发中晚期肝癌52例分为A、B两组.A组:30例,采用单纯TACE术,且行TACE术均在2次以上;B组:22例,采用TACE+体部伽玛刀治疗,先行TACE术1～3次后,再进行体部伽玛刀放射治疗,单次剂量为36～44 Gy.并观察比较肿瘤治疗后的近期疗效、患者生存期及并发症.结果 A、B两组近期治疗总有效率分别为56.7%(17/30)和86.3%(19/22);患者1年生存率分别为70.0%和90.9%,中位生存期为11.2个月和15.5个月;两组并发症无明显差别.结论 TACE结合体部伽玛刀治疗原发性肝癌是一种安全、有效的方法.     

Treatment of Liver Tumors with Lipiodol TACE: Technical Recommendations from Experts Opinion

Transarterial chemoembolization with Lipiodol (Lipiodol TACE), also called conventional TACE, was developed in the early 1980s and widely adopted worldwide after randomized control trials and meta-analysis demonstrated superiority of Lipiodol TACE to best supportive care. Presently, there is no level one evidence that other TACE techniques are superior to Lipiodol TACE for intermediate stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which includes patients with preserved liver function and nonsurgical large or multinodular HCC without distant metastases. In addition, TACE is part of the treatment for progressive or symptomatic liver metastases from gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. When injected into the hepatic artery, Lipiodol has the unique property of selective uptake and retention in hyperarterialyzed liver tumors. Lipiodol/drug emulsion followed by particle embolization has been demonstrated to improve the pharmacokinetic of the drug and tumor response. Radio opacity of Lipiodol helps to monitor treatment delivery, with retention of Lipiodol serving as an imaging biomarker for tumor response. For 30 years, Lipiodol TACE has been inconsistently referenced in many publications with various levels of details for the method of preparation and administration, with reported progressive outcomes following improvements in the technique and the devices used to deliver the treatment and better patient selection. Consequently, there is no consensus on the standard method of TACE regarding the use of anticancer agents, embolic material, technical details, and the treatment schedule. In order to develop an internationally validated technical recommendation to standardize the Lipiodol TACE procedure, a worldwide panel of experts participated in a consensus meeting held on May 10, 2014 .     

Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization (TACE) with Lipiodol to Treat Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Survey Results from the TACE Study Group of Japan

The purpose of this study was to retrospectively clarify the current status in Japan of TACE using Lipiodol together with anticancer agents to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We retrospectively surveyed 4,659 (average annual total) procedures for HCC over the years 2002–2004 at 17 institutions included in the TACE Study Group of Japan. The survey included six questions that were related mainly to TACE and Lipiodol for HCC treatment. The most frequently applied among the 4,659 procedures at the 17 institutions were TACE (2,310; 50%) and local ablation (1,395; 30%). Five of the institutions applied 201–300 procedures and 4 applied 101–200. Lipiodol was used in “all procedures” and in “90% or more” at seven and nine institutions, respectively. Almost all institutions applied 4–6 (mean, 5) ml of Lipiodol during TACE to treat tumors 5 cm in diameter. In conclusion, this survey clarified that TACE using Lipiodol and anticancer agents is a popular option for HCC treatment in Japan.     

Dense parenchymal accumulation of Lipiodol after transarterial chemoembolization.

Dense accumulation of Lipiodol in hepatic segmental parenchyma was studied by computed tomography (CT) after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for hepatic tumor. Six patients showed dense accumulation of Lipiodol in hepatic segmental parenchyma on CT two weeks after TACE. Four of the six showed parenchymal accumulation of Lipiodol as dense as that in a tumor at three weeks after TACE. Therefore, it was considered that evaluation with CT should be performed after one month or more in order to differentiate between Lipiodol accumulation in tumors and that in non-neoplastic liver parenchyma.     

经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术的技术细节与进展

经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术（TACE）是治疗肝癌的最常用方法,但其技术细节存在较多争议,难以标准化。通过文献复习,笔者发现：超选择插管是TACE的基本要求;碘油以其可塑的栓塞作用成为不可或缺的栓塞材料;追加固体栓塞材料可延长生存期;化疗药物的作用值得质疑;"按需TACE"与"TACE抵抗"的理念逐渐被接受。本文就此进行了综述。     

Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and coexisting hepatic cavernous hemangioma

We investigated the consequence of repeated transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for coexisting small hepatic hemangioma in the treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinomas and describe the imaging features of embolized hemangioma on the follow-up Lipiodol CT and MR. Six of 431 patients with biopsy-confirmed hepatocellular carcinomas, who underwent TACE, also had seven small hepatic cavernous hemangiomas (0.8∼2.3 cm) in the same area of embolization. All six patients underwent repeated TACE All lesions were evaluated with CT and/or MR for the post-treatment follow-up. The outcomes and imaging features of these embolized hemangiomas were reviewed for the change of tumor size, Lipiodol deposition, enhancing pattern as well as embolization complications. Six of the seven hemangiomas did not depict changes in the size or enhancement pattern without being ablated. One hemangioma showed a decrease in size, but still persisted after TACE. All of the hemangiomas showed Lipiodol deposition for 2∼15 months, in which five hemangiomas depicted irregular rim patterns. There is no complication caused by the procedures. The differentiation of small hepatic hemangiomas from viable HCC is important in the post-TACE follow-up to avoid unnecessary repeated embolization.     

Large-sized hepotocellular carcinoma (HCC): a neoadjuvant treatment protocol with repetitive transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) before percutaneous MR-guided laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT)

This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a neoadjuvant treatment protocol with repeated transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) before MR-guided laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT) for large-sized hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). Repeated TACE (mean, 3.5 treatments per patient) was performed in 48 patients with neoadjuvant intention (the largest lesion was between 50 and 80 mm in diameter, and there were no more than five lesions). For the TACE treatment, we used 10 mg/m² mitomycin, 10 ml/m² Lipiodol and microspheres. The tumor volume was measured by MRI. Lipiodol retention of the tumors was evaluated with CT. After the diameter of the tumors had decreased to less than 50 mm, the patients were treated with MR-guided LITT 4 to 6 weeks after embolization. Repeated TACE reduced the tumor size in 32 patients (66.7%), forming the basis for performing MR-guided LITT procedures. These patients received one to four laser treatments (mean, 1.9 per patient) for tumor ablation, resulting in a median survival of 36.0 months after the first treatment. For the remaining patients, no reduction in tumor size was achieved in 12 patients and disease progression in 4 patients. Neoadjuvant TACE appears to be an effective treatment of large-sized HCC, which extends the indication for MR-guided LITT.     

MDCT Versus MRI Assessment of Tumor Response After Transarterial Chemoembolization for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate treatment results after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), with a special focus on the influence of Lipiodol on calculation of tumor necrosis according to EASL criteria. A total of 115 nodules in 20 patients (17 males, 3 females; 69.5 ± 9.35 years) with biopsy-proven hepatocellular carcinoma were treated with TACE. Embolization was performed using a doxorubicin-Lipiodol emulsion (group I) or DC Beads loaded with doxorubicin (group II). Follow-up included triphasic contrast-enhanced 64-row MDCT (collimation, 0.625 mm; slice, 3 mm; contrast bolus, 120 ml iomeprol; delay by bolus trigger) and contrast-enhanced MRI (T1 native, T2 native; five dynamic contrast-enhanced phases; 0.1 mmol/kg body weight gadolinium-DTPA; slice thickness, 4 mm). Residual tumor and the extent of tumor necrosis were evaluated according to EASL. Contrast enhancement within tumor lesions was suspected to represent vital tumor. In the Lipiodol-based TACE protocol, MDCT underestimated residual viable tumor compared to MRI, due to Lipiodol artifacts (23.2% vs 47.7% after first, 11.9% vs 31.2% after second, and 11.4% vs 23.7% after third TACE; p = 0.0014, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). In contrast to MDCT, MRI was completely free of any artifacts caused by Lipiodol. In the DC Bead-based Lipiodol-free TACE protocol, MRI and CT showed similar residual tumor and rating of treatment results (46.4% vs 41.2%, 31.9 vs 26.8%, and 26.0% vs 25.6%; n.s.). In conclusion, MRI is superior to MDCT for detection of viable tumor residuals after Lipiodol-based TACE. Since viable tumor tissue is superimposed by Lipiodol artifacts in MDCT, MRI is mandatory for reliable decision-making during follow-up after Lipiodol-based TACE protocols.     

Correlation of Multislice CT and Histomorphology in HCC Following TACE: Predictors of Outcome

The purpose of this study was to correlate histopathological with CT findings in patients suffering from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) eligible for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), with a special focus on the antitumoral effect of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) therapy. A total of 42 consecutive patients suffering from HCC had been treated prior to OLT by means of TACE. TACE was carried out with a mixture of Lipiodol (10-20 ml) and mitomycin C (max. dosage, 10 mg). TACE was performed at 6- to 8-week intervals. Follow-up investigation included contrast-enhanced multislice CT controls and laboratory control. Liver explants were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically to determine the number and size of the tumor lesions as well as the degree of tumor necrosis. Necrosis was investigated in H&E-stained sections. The degree of necrosis was classified as follows: 0-25%, 26-50%, 51-75%, 75-99%, and complete necrosis. Two hundred thirty-one TACE procedures (5.5 +/- 2.9; range, 1-14) were performed. Mean tumor size in CT before and after TACE was 4.1 +/- 2.4 (range, 1.0-12.0 cm) and 2.7 +/- 1.2 (range, 1.0-6.0 cm; p < 0.001). Mean tumor number before and after TACE in CT was 2.5 +/- 1.5 (n = 105; range, 1-8) and 2.4 +/- 2.0 (n = 103; range, 1-6; p = 0.99). In the surgical specimen tumor size and tumor number were 2.8 +/- 1.6 (range, 1.0-7.0 cm; p = 0.78) and 1.9 +/- 1.2 (range, 1-7; p = 0.003). Mean tumor necrosis was 67.8% +/- 28.1%. Tumor necrosis was subtotal or complete in 17 of 42 (40.5%) patients. Tumor necrosis correlated significantly with the degree of arterial devascularization in CT (p = 0.001), the amount of Lipiodol washout (p = 0.002), and the number of tumor lesions (i.e., unifocal vs. multifocal). Furthermore, elevated serum levels of bilirubin (p = 0.005) and decreased albumin (p = 0.004) affected the local antitumoral effect. A poor necrosis rate (< 25%) significantly correlated with the number of TACE procedures accomplished (p = 0.023). In conclusion, TACE provided an acceptable local antitumoral effect in patients scheduled for liver transplantation. Tumor necrosis depended significantly on the degree of arterial devascularization and the accumulation of Lipiodol within the HCC lesions. Unifocal tumors and preserved liver function were positive predictors for a more favorable local antitumoral effect. Poor necrosis rates were found in patients with significant Lipiodol washout and who received a limited number of TACE procedures.     

Transarterial Chemoembolization With Cisplatin as Second-Line Treatment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Unresponsive to Chemoembolization With Epirubicin-Lipiodol Emulsion

Purpose  

The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate the efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) using cisplatin as a second-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) unresponsive to TACE using epirubicin–Lipiodol emulsion at our institution.