Controlled aspiration of large paediatric ovarian cystic tumours

AimCystic ovarian masses in children may be physiological or neoplastic. It is mandatory that suspected neoplastic lesions are resected without tumour spillage. However, a large midline incision is cosmetically unappealing incision to young women. Here we describe our experience of using controlled drainage without spillage that allows a cosmetic pfannenstiel approach without compromising oncological principles.MethodAll girls treated with large ovarian cystic masses since 2008 in our centre were identified and data was collected prospectively.A small pfannenstiel incision was performed followed by peritoneal washings; tissue glue was used to stick an Opsite? dressing to the cyst surface and fluid drained so there was no leakage back into the patient. Once aspirated the cyst was delivered and an ovarian preserving cystectomy was performed where possible.ResultsTwenty-three girls (median age 14.5 years (8.1 to 16.5 years) were included. Pre-operative MRI scan showed a complex lesions with median volume of 1169 ml (range 252–7077 ml). At surgery 22/23 cysts were intact and removed without spillage. Histology: mature teratoma (11), serous cyst (3), mucinous cyst adenocarcinoma (2), mucinous cystadenoma (5), Sertoli-Leydig tumour, sclerosing stromal tumour. One girl with pre-operative rupture of a mucinous adenocarcinoma subsequently died. Ovarian sparing cystectomy was performed in 17/23 girls. All other patients are well without evidence of recurrence.ConclusionThis is the largest series in children and adolescents using controlled drainage of cystic ovarian tumours. Though there were a range of diagnoses we have shown that these can be removed safely with a cosmetic pfannenstiel approach while following oncological principles.     

腹腔镜手术治疗妊娠合并卵巢肿瘤30例报告

目的:探讨妊娠合并卵巢肿瘤的临床特点及腹腔镜手术技巧.方法:回顾分析2003年1月至2010年7月为30例妊娠合并卵巢肿瘤患者行腹腔镜手术的临床资料.患者平均27.3岁,其中18例孕周小于12周,12～18周12例.经产妇7例.11例有腹部症状,2例阴道流血.肿瘤直径平均76.7mm.结果:30例均顺利完成腹腔镜手术,...     

Mucinous cystadenoma of the pancreas associated with acute pancreatitis and concurrent pancreatic pseudocyst

We report an unusual occurrence of a recurrent pancreatic pseudocyst caused by an underlying mucinous cystadenoma of the distal pancreas. A 54-year old female was admitted for acute pancreatitis. Her only risk factors included the use of hydrochlorothiazide and two or three glasses of wine daily. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) done a week after onset of her symptoms showed a 5-cm cystic lesion in the tail of the pancreas suspected to be a pseudocyst. Her symptoms subsequently resolved. One month later, she had another episode of pancreatitis and an abdominal CT showed an 11 x 16 cm pseudocyst along with the previously mentioned cystic lesion. Approximately 6 weeks after her initial presentation, she was taken to the operating room for an exploratory laparotomy and cyst gastrostomy for a symptomatic pseudocyst. An intraoperative frozen section of the cyst wall showed a fibrous wall with acute and chronic inflammation without an epithelial lining. Six weeks after her cyst gastrostomy, she returned with abdominal pain, early satiety, and anorexia. Abdominal CT showed reaccumulation of fluid within the pseudocyst and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) revealed a normal caliber pancreatic duct with an abrupt cutoff at the distal duct. She underwent exploratory laparotomy with drainage of 3 L of fluid from the pancreatic pseudocyst. After gaining access to the lesser sac, a 6-cm cystic lesion was identified in the tail of the pancreas. She underwent a distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy. The intraoperative and final pathology confirmed the presence of a benign mucinous cystadenoma. The patient had an uneventful recovery, began to tolerate oral intake, and was discharged 7 days after surgery. The differentiation between a pancreatic pseudocyst and benign cystic neoplasms of the pancreas is crucial to determine treatment options. Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas, whether mucinous or serous, have the potential to harbor malignancy, and resection is recommended.     

Primary mucinous cystadenoma arising from behind the posterior peritoneum of the descending colon in a child: a case report

This is the first report of a primary mucinous cystadenoma (MCA) arising from behind the posterior peritoneum of the descending colon in a paediatric patient. A large intra-abdominal cystic lesion was found incidentally during renal ultrasonography in a 14-year-old girl. Imaging studies showed a 13 x 9 x 15 cm homogeneous cystic lesion with mild contrast enhancement of the wall. The cyst appeared to originate from the retroperitoneum, but was separated from the left kidney, ovary, and pancreas. At laparotomy, there was a cyst behind the posterior peritoneum of the descending colon. The cyst was successfully excised, and histopathology showed MCA. Although primary MCA in the retroperitoneum is extremely rare in children, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an intra-abdominal cyst, since it needs to be excised to eliminate the risk of infection, recurrence, and malignancy.     

单孔悬吊腹腔镜辅助手术治疗卵巢良性肿物30例

目的探讨单孔悬吊腹腔镜辅助手术治疗卵巢良性肿物的疗效。方法 2007年12月～2011年4月采用腹壁皮下单点悬吊术,选取腹壁麦氏点或反麦氏点单切口,应用无气腹腹腔镜辅助技术治疗30例育龄期卵巢良性肿物,其中行卵巢肿物剥除术24例(畸胎瘤10例,巧克力囊肿6例,囊腺瘤2例,卵巢囊肿6例),单侧附件切除术6例(巧克力囊肿2例,囊腺瘤4例)。结果 30例手术均获成功,病理诊断:囊性成熟畸胎瘤10例,卵巢巧克力囊肿8例,浆液性囊腺瘤6例,卵巢囊肿6例。手术时间30～80 min,平均46.8 min;术中出血量30～100 ml,平均56.5 ml。术后住院4～7 d,平均5.2 d。28例术后随访3～6个月,平均4.5月,无复发和并发症发生。结论 单孔悬吊式腹腔镜辅助手术损伤小、并发症少、安全省时、简单经济。     

腹腔镜治疗卵巢良性肿瘤的疗效及安全性分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜治疗卵巢良性肿瘤的疗效和安全性。方法:回顾分析2002年1月至2008年12月因卵巢良性肿瘤行腹腔镜手术155例患者的临床资料。结果:所有患者均顺利完成腹腔镜手术,除1例为交界性粘液性囊腺瘤外,余均为良性卵巢肿瘤,其中卵巢巧克力囊肿42例,上皮性肿瘤23例,成熟性囊性畸胎瘤30例,黄体囊肿36例,卵巢冠囊肿13例,单纯性囊肿10例。平均手术时间65min,术中出血10～50ml,平均25ml,术后住院4d,无术后感染及复发病例。结论:腹腔镜治疗卵巢良性肿瘤安全有效,患者创伤小、康复快。     

Management of ovarian cysts

Ovarian cysts occur frequently in women of reproductive age. These are usually functional cysts which resolve spontaneously and whose evolution can be followed with ultrasound. Non-functional cysts have diverse histologic origins. The most common are serous and mucinous cystadenomas which arise from the epithelial wall of the ovary, endometriomas which arise in the setting of pelvic endometriosis, and dermoid cysts which arise from the germinal cells of the ovary. Endovaginal ultrasound with Doppler enhancement is the best imaging technique to establish the nature of cysts and to distinguish cysts suspicious for malignancy which require more invasive investigation. Pelvic laparoscopy is the surgical approach of choice for the treatment of non-functional benign ovarian cysts. Conservative treatment to shell out the cyst and preserve functional ovarian tissue should be reserved for women desirous of future pregnancies. The risk of ovarian cancer remains a major preoccupation of the surgeon. Where malignancy is suspected, laparoscopy is contraindicated and a median laparotomy is appropriate for radical extirpative surgery. This article describes the diagnostic techniques which allow a laparoscopic approach to presumably benign cysts and discusses surgical techniques specifically adapted to their different histologic nature of ovarian cysts.     

CA 125 and carcinoembryonic antigen levels in cyst fluid, ascites and serum of patients with ovarian neoplasms.

The levels of CA 125 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in tumour cyst fluid, ascites and serum of patients with epithelial ovarian neoplasms were estimated. In addition, the serum concentration of both antigens was evaluated 10 days after operation. Independently of histological type of ovarian tumour, CA 125 and CEA values were significantly higher in cyst and ascitic fluid than in corresponding patients' serum. The higher values of both markers were also found in malignant than benign ovarian cysts. CEA occurred at higher concentrations in mucinous carcinomas whereas CA 125 values were comparable both in mucinous and serous cyst fluid. The levels of these markers in cyst fluid did not correlate with the serum concentrations. The significant individual differences existed in the ability of tumour cells to produce and release both studied antigens. Post-operative CEA levels returned to normal more slow than CA 125 values.     

Evaluation of Cyst Fluid CEA Analysis in the Diagnosis of Mucinous Cysts of the Pancreas

Background  

Although cyst fluid carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA; >192 ng/ml) is the preferred test for identifying mucinous pancreatic cysts, the data are more robust for mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCN) than for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN). The role of cyst fluid CEA as a marker for either malignancy or malignant progression is uncertain.     

Retroperitoneal cystadenoma containing elevated concentrations of CA125 and CA19-9 in the cyst fluid: a case report

A 67-year-old female presented with left abdominal distension. A huge retroperitoneal cystic mass, measuring over 20 cm in diameter, was found below the left kidney. The cyst was punctured percutaneously, and serous fluid was aspirated. It was noted that the concentrations of CA125 and CA19-9 in the fluid of the cyst were extremely elevated while those in the serum were normal. The cyst was resected easily without any adhesion. Microscopically, the cyst was lined with a mixture of ciliated and cuboidal serous cells and columnal mucinous cells. Immunohistochemical staining of the cyst wall proved positive for CA125 on serous cells, and for CA19-9 on mucinous cells.     

Laparoscopic management of giant ovarian cyst.

INTRODUCTION: Giant intraabdominal cysts are very rare, and conventional treatment is full midline laparotomy. We present a case of complete laparoscopic extirpation of a giant ovarian cyst. CASE REPORT: A 16-year-old female presented with progressive abdominal distension for 1-year along with early satiety, constipation, and significant weight loss. A CT scan showed a giant multiseptated cystic mass in the abdomen measuring 22.5 x 30 x 40.5 cm with significant mass effect causing intrahepatic ductal dilatation and right hydronephrosis. The mass was decompressed via a mini-laparotomy in a controlled fashion, removing 15 liters of fluid. A laparoscopic left oophorectomy was then performed. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged home on postoperative day 1 with minimal pain and tolerating a regular diet. Pathology examination revealed a mature cystic teratoma. CONCLUSION: Giant ovarian cysts can be managed laparoscopically when a normal tumor marker profile and benign imaging appearance exclude the possibility of malignancy.     

腹腔镜手术治疗卵巢良性病变的价值——附1387例分析

目的　探讨腹腔镜手术治疗卵巢良性病变的临床应用价值。　方法　回顾性分析 1995年 1月至 2 0 0 1年 2月卵巢肿瘤 13 87例 ,术前根据患者的年龄、病史、B超和血清CA1 2 5水平排除恶性肿瘤确定为卵巢良性病变者施行腹腔镜手术 ,分析其疗效。　结果　术后诊断卵巢内膜异位囊肿 5 3 1例、卵巢畸胎瘤 2 5 4例、炎性肿块 13 9例、卵巢浆液性囊腺瘤 12 1例、卵巢粘液性囊腺瘤 67例、输卵管系膜囊肿 12 8例、卵巢单纯性囊肿 14 0例、卵巢纤维上皮瘤 3例、粘液性交界性囊腺瘤 1例、粘液性囊腺癌 1例、卵巢子宫内膜样癌 1例、卵巢恶性纤维上皮瘤 1例。术前、术后卵巢良性病变诊断符合率 99 7%。 13 87例除 2例卵巢癌 ,(卵巢子宫内膜样癌及卵巢恶性纤维上皮瘤各 1例 )转开腹切除子宫外 ,其余均在腹腔镜下完成手术。　结论　腹腔镜手术治疗卵巢良性病变具有同开腹手术相同的疗效 ,而且对腹腔干扰小、术后盆腔粘连减少、恢复快、并发症少、住院日短及腹部疤痕小等优点 ,具有临床应用价值     

Comparison of mutations of Ki-RAS and p53 immunoreactivity in borderline and malignant epithelial ovarian tumors

Ovarian tumors of low malignant potential ("borderline tumors") have been proposed variably to represent a distinctive type of malignancy, precursors of frank ovarian malignancy, or a nonmalignant process. We analyzed 81 malignant and 39 borderline ovarian tumors for p53 immunoreactivity and alterations in codon 12 of Ki-RAS in order to correlate these alterations with tumor and cell type. Diffuse p53 immunoreactivity was significantly more prevalent among malignant (36 of 81, 44%) than among borderline (3 of 39, 8%) tumors and was particularly prevalent among serous invasive carcinomas (16 of 26, 62%). Conversely, mutations in codon 12 of Ki-RAS were significantly more prevalent in borderline (16 of 39, 41%) than in malignant (9 of 81, 11%) ovarian tumors and were most prevalent among mucinous tumors. This preliminary molecular analysis suggests that serous borderline tumors have some molecular features usually associated with malignancy but are unlikely to represent a precursor of invasive serous carcinoma. In contrast, mucinous borderline tumors may represent a precursor or variant of mucinous carcinoma of the ovary.     

A case of ovarian mucinous cystadenoma in a child that recurred 1 year after surgery

Introduction and importanceIn children, mature cystic teratomas are the most common ovarian tumors. Mucinous cystadenomas are rarely seen. Further, the recurrence of mucinous cystadenomas is very rare. This report describes a case of ovarian mucous cystadenoma in an adolescent that recurred 1 year after surgery.Case presentationA 13-year-old patient, with a sizable ovarian tumor underwent laparoscopic-assisted cystectomy. On histopathology, the tumor was diagnosed to be an ovarian mucinous cystadenoma. The mucinous cystadenoma recurred 13 months after surgery and subsequently laparoscopic right adnexectomy was performed.Clinical discussionIt has been reported that intraoperative cyst rupture and cystectomy instead of adnexectomy are risk factors for mucinous cystadenoma recurrence. Close follow-up is required for post-cystectomy patients because of the possibility of recurrence.ConclusionThe risk of recurrence and the preservation of fertility should be carefully considered when deciding on treatment in young patients with a mucinous cystadenoma.     

单孔腹腔镜在巨大卵巢囊肿剔除术中的应用

目的探讨单孔腹腔镜技术在卵巢巨大囊肿剥除术中的应用价值。 方法回顾性分析2017年3月至2018年3月在北京协和医院妇产科进行单孔腹腔镜辅助下巨大卵巢囊肿体外剥除术的9例患者的临床资料,其中2例为孕13^＋周;根据术后病理类型分类：其中5例为黏液性囊腺瘤,2例为畸胎瘤,1例为子宫内膜异位囊肿,1例为单纯囊肿。 结果9例患者均顺利在单孔腹腔镜辅助下完成巨大卵巢囊肿体外剥除,无患者中转开腹或多孔腹腔镜,围手术期无手术相关并发症发生。中位手术时间55 min(35～60 min),中位术中出血量10 ml(10～75 ml),平均术后住院时间(5.11±1.41)d。其中2例妊娠患者均顺利足月阴道分娩,1例患者术后3个月自然妊娠,6例患者术后6～12个月复查超声均无复发。 结论术前严格筛查排除恶性卵巢肿瘤可能,行单孔腹腔镜辅助下巨大卵巢囊肿体外剥除术为治疗卵巢巨大囊肿提供了一种安全可行的方法。     

Metastases from carcinomas of the pancreas simulating primary mucinous tumors of the ovary. A report of seven cases

We report seven patients with mucinous tumors of the ovary that we interpreted as metastases from adenocarcinomas of the exocrine pancreas. The ovarian metastases closely resembled primary mucinous tumors of the ovary. The patients' ages ranged from 29 to 87 years (average, 63 years). The ovarian and pancreatic tumors were discovered synchronously in five patients. In two patients, the pancreatic tumor preceded the ovarian tumor by 9 months and 8.5 years, respectively. In four patients, the clinical presentation simulated primary ovarian cancer. The ovarian tumors were typically large, multiloculated cystic neoplasms. Six of them were bilateral; the status of the opposite ovary is not known in one case. Microscopically, they manifested varying degrees of differentiation, usually containing foci resembling mucinous cystadenoma, mucinous tumor of borderline malignancy, and well-differentiated mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. The primary pancreatic tumors were typical ductal adenocarcinomas in six patients and mucinous cystadenocarcinoma in the seventh. Features pointing toward the metastatic nature of the ovarian tumors included bilaterality, surface desmoplastic implants, and extraovarian spread. The possibility of metastases should be strongly considered whenever evaluating mucinous ovarian tumors, especially those that are bilateral or have other unusual features. The pancreas is an important source of metastatic tumors that simulate primary ovarian mucinous cystadenocarcinomas and borderline tumors.     

The importance of cyst fluid analysis for differentiation of pancreatic cyst

Cystic abnormalities of the pancreas encompass a wide variety of lesions ranging from the non-malignant pseudo-cyst to neoplastic lesions. Although cystic neoplasms of the pancreas are rare, differentiation is important in determining the proper treatment. A 55-year-old female presented with a cystic abdominal mass. Her computed tomography scan showed a cystic mass of 102 x 99 x 97 mm which was well-circumscribed and homogeneous with few thin septations and mild contrast enhancement of the fibrous wall located in the body of the pancreas. Percutaneous diagnostic aspiration of the cyst fluid was performed under ultrasonic guidance for proper diagnosis and management, which revealed a CEA greater than 200 ng/ml (0-3) and amylase within normal limits 30 U/L (< or = 100). High CEA and normal amylase values supported the diagnosis of mucinous cystadenoma rather than pseudo-cyst. With these findings, the patient underwent distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy. Pathological analysis revealed a mucinous cystadenoma of the pancreas. This report is a confirmation that cyst fluid analysis can provide a pre-operative classification of these diagnostically difficult lesions.     

A small mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the liver detected by a fluid-fluid level on ultrasonography

A case of small, borderline malignant biliary mucinous cystic tumor is presented. The patient initially presented to us 18 months earlier to undergo a sigmoid colon resection for sigmoid colon cancer. At that time, a liver cyst measuring 18×12mm was detected. On a follow-up abdominal ultrasonography study for colon cancer, the liver cyst had enlarged to 21mm in diameter and contained a fluid-fluid level 18 months after surgery. Histological examination of a needle biopsy specimen indicated possible adenocarcinoma. Lateral segmentectomy of the liver was performed. Histopathologically, the tumor was diagnosed as a mucinous cystic tumor, of border line malignancy, which had originated from a bile duct gland. It contained both mucinous and serous components, which were thought to have caused the formation of a fluid-fluid level within the cyst. In this case, the fluid-fluid level demonstrated by ultrasonography was beneficial in the early detection of a cystic tumor of the liver. This case may be the smallest reported cystadenocarcinoma of the liver yet published.     

Mucinous tumors of the appendix associated with mucinous tumors of the ovary and pseudomyxoma peritonei. A clinicopathological analysis of 22 cases supporting an origin in the appendix

Twenty-two cases in which mucinous tumors of the appendix were associated with mucinous tumors of the ovary are reported. The patients ranged from 23 to 83 (average 49) years of age and usually presented with increasing abdominal girth. The appendiceal and ovarian tumors were synchronous in 21 cases. Laparotomy typically disclosed large cystic ovarian tumors that averaged 16 cm in diameter and were usually multiocular, an appendix that was usually dilated and covered with mucus, and abundant intra-abdominal mucus. The ovarian tumors were bilateral in seven cases. The ovarian and appendiceal tumors were typically similar histologically, with features similar to those of ovarian mucinous cystadenomas and cystadenomas of borderline malignancy. In most of the ovarian tumors, mucin dissected through the ovarian stroma (so-called pseudomyxoma ovarii). Eight of the 20 patients with follow-up information were well when last seen, but the duration of follow-up was 3 years or less in six of them. Two patients died of pseudomyxoma peritonei 4 and 5.5 years after presentation. One patient died of a myocardial infarct shortly after laparotomy for recurrent pseudomyxoma peritonei at 11 years. The remaining patients had definite or probable recurrent or residual disease but were alive at the time of the last follow-up information. The typical synchronous presentation of the ovarian and appendiceal tumors, their histologic similarity, the frequency of bilaterality of the ovarian tumors, the predominance of right-sided ovarian involvement, and the usual presence of mucin and atypical mucinous cells on the ovarian surfaces all point toward the probable secondary nature of the ovarian tumors.     

腹腔镜与开腹手术治疗中期妊娠卵巢肿瘤的比较

目的探讨腹腔镜手术治疗中期妊娠卵巢肿瘤的可行性和安全性。方法2006年1月～2011年1月我院32例中期妊娠合并卵巢肿瘤分别行全麻下腹腔镜手术（腹腔镜组,n=14）和开腹手术（开腹组,n=18）。腹腔镜手术一般距离宫底或肿瘤上缘（以大者为准）至少3横指处做第一切口,余切口随之改变,气腹形成后,监测生命体征及氧饱和度直至手术结束后1h。卵巢肿瘤剥除术：用剪刀切开肿瘤包膜,将肿瘤完整剥出装袋取出,若肿瘤直径〉8cm,穿刺抽吸囊液后剥除肿瘤。患侧附件切除术：提起附件边凝边切,取出同卵巢肿瘤剥除术。结果腹腔镜组肿瘤剥除术10例,附件切除术4例,无一例中转开腹。开腹组肿瘤剥除术13例,附件切除术5例。腹腔镜组手术时间（73．9±26．8）min与开腹组（72．8±22．2）min比较无统计学差异（t=0．127,P=0．900）。腹腔镜组术中出血量（56．4±25．9）ml与开腹组（48．9±22．5）ml比较无统计学差异（t=0．876,P=0．388）。腹腔镜术后住院（5．0±0．8）d,显著短于开腹组（8．7±2．8）d（t=-4．779,P=0．000）。术后病理：腹腔镜组成熟性畸胎瘤12例,黏液性囊腺瘤2例;开腹组成熟性畸胎瘤5例,黏液性囊腺瘤10例,浆液黏液混合性囊腺瘤2例,交界性乳头状囊腺瘤1例。卵巢肿瘤蒂扭转9例,其中成熟性畸胎瘤8例,黏液性囊腺瘤（伴囊壁钙化）1例。患者术后均无并发症,随访至分娩,腹腔镜组新生儿Apgar评分（9．8±0．4）分与开腹组（9．7±0．5）分比较无统计学差异（t=0．584,P=0．564）;新生儿出生体重（3357．7±471．2）g与开腹组（3421．9±155．9）g比较无统计学差异（t=-0．513,P=0．612）;新生儿出生孕周（38．5±1．3）周与开腹组（39．1±0．9）周比较无统计学差异（t=-1．466,P=0．154）;早产率与开腹组无统计学差异[7．7％（1／13） vs．0,P=0．448]。结论腹腔镜手术治疗中期妊娠卵巢肿瘤是安全可行的。