全覆膜支架治疗不同原因食管瘘的有效性及安全性分析

目的 探讨全覆膜食管支架治疗不同原因引起食管瘘的可行性及安全性.方法 经食管碘水造影确诊的18例食管瘘患者,在DSA下行全覆膜支架置入,4 ～ 6周后取出支架,并行食管造影检查.结果 所有患者食管内支架均一次性置入,术中无并发症.16例患者支架取出后复查显示瘘口完全封闭,2例支架取出后复查显示瘘口仍然存在,其中1例再次...     

暂时性蘑菇状内支架与经鼻经食管脓腔引流管置入治疗食管-胃吻合口瘘

目的探讨暂时性蘑菇状覆膜内支架与经鼻经食管脓腔引流管置入治疗食管-胃吻合口瘘的疗效。方法对8例食管-胃吻合口瘘患者透视下,经鼻腔和食管向脓腔内置入引流管,负压抽吸脓液,再经食管置入蘑菇状覆膜内支架封堵瘘口。定时经引流管冲洗脓腔,适时复查脓腔造影,及时调整后退引流管的位置,直至引流管完全拔出;在置入术后1个月左右(约在引流管拔出后1周)取出支架。结果8例蘑菇状覆膜内支架和引流管置入技术操作全部成功,放置位置合适。经鼻经食管脓腔引流14～21d,脓腔消失,引流管完全拔出。置入术后1个月内以介入技术顺利取出支架,复查造影瘘口均愈合,脓腔消失。结论暂时性蘑菇状覆膜内支架与经鼻腔经食管脓腔引流管置入治疗食管-胃吻合口瘘,操作简单安全、无严重并发症、花费低、创伤小,是一项值得推广的新技术。     

食管胸腔胃吻合口内支架并发食管气管瘘的内支架再置入治疗

目的 探讨食管癌术后食管胸腔胃吻合口狭窄行支架置入后形成食管-气管瘘,再次采取支架置入治疗的疗效.方法 6例食管胸腔胃吻合口狭窄支架置入后并发食管气管瘘.X线监视下,取出原食管支架,再次置入1枚较长的食管覆膜支架,消除食管与支架成角现象.结果 本组原支架取出顺利,未出现严重并发症.均再次置入较原支架长20 ～ 40 mm的支架,支架置入后均出现不同程度咽部疼痛不适,患者能够耐受,进食顺利.结论 食管胃吻合口狭窄支架置入后并发食管-气管瘘,可以置换稍长支架进行补救.     

可回收覆膜支架治疗难治性食管良性狭窄

目的　评价可回收覆膜支架治疗食管良性狭窄的可行性、安全性及其疗效。方法　食管良性狭窄患者 10例 ,在X线监视下置入国产可回收覆膜支架 10枚 ,其中Z型不锈钢丝支架 2枚、网状镍钛合金支架 8枚。在置入 1～ 16周后用回收钩或胃镜将支架取出。结果　 10枚支架均一次置入成功 ,支架置入后患者吞咽困难症状均有明显改善 ,能进普食 ,并在 1～ 16周后成功取出。支架取出后随访 6个月～ 3年 ,1例于支架取出后 1个月再次出现吞咽不畅 ,经反复食管球囊扩张术后症状改善 ,其余病例均未复发。结论　可回收覆膜支架是治疗食管良性狭窄的安全、简便、有效的方法 ,支架在体内的最佳持续留置时间有待于进一步研究     

食管-胃吻合口瘘蘑菇状内支架置入治疗研究

目的评价蘑菇状覆膜内支架置入治疗食管-胃吻合口瘘的疗效。方法20例影像学检查确诊的食管-胃吻合口瘘,根据瘘口的部位、大小,残留食管和胃底部形态,选择蘑菇状覆膜内支架型号。透视下,12例食管-胃吻合口瘘永久性置入蘑菇状覆膜内支架,8例暂时性经鼻与食管置入脓腔引流管和蘑菇状内支架。结果20例共置入21枚蘑菇状覆膜内支架,技术操作全部成功,即刻复查食管造影显示瘘口完全封堵。随访2～36个月,2例患者死于机体衰竭,1例死于大出血,17例正常饮食。结论蘑菇状覆膜内支架置入治疗食管-胃吻合口瘘安全、有效,值得推广应用。     

暂时性食管支架成形术治疗儿童食管良性狭窄

目的 评价儿童食管良性狭窄使用暂时性食管支架成形术治疗的疗效.方法 儿童烧灼性食管狭窄及食管术后吻合口狭窄患儿10例,支架置入前均先行食管吞钡检查,吞咽评分为3,并置入覆膜可回收支架.结果 支架置入后,所有患儿无明显并发症,并安全回收.支架置放期间所有患儿能进食固体食物,无吞咽困难.支架取出后6～12个月随访,患儿均能正常进食,吞咽评分为0.结论 应用暂时性支架成形术治疗儿童食管良性狭窄安全、有效.     

暂时性食管覆膜支架治疗食管良性病变的并发症

目的:探讨暂时性食管覆膜支架治疗食管良性病变的并发症。材料和方法:透视下,经口腔将覆膜支架放置到20例食管良性狭窄和10例食管纵隔瘘患者的病变部位,2~3个月后将支架取出,观察食管内径变化、食管纵隔瘘口的封闭情况、临床改善和并发症。结果:本组30例食管良性病变,放置和取出全覆膜食管支架34枚,20例食管良性狭窄患者食管内径由术前4.1±2.1mm扩张到术后14.6±1.9mm,10例食管纵隔瘘患者瘘口均封闭,临床治愈。并发症:胸痛20例、支架移位5例、食管再狭窄4例、严重感染1例。结论:食管良性病变放置支架应持谨慎态度,针对不同病变选择合适的支架和合适的治疗措施,并掌握好支架取出时机。     

可取性金属内支架治疗食管良性狭窄和食管-胃吻合口瘘

目的：探讨国产可取性金属内支架治疗食管良性狭窄和瘘的疗效及介入技术。方法：1998年至2003年对14例食管良性狭窄、8例食管--胃吻合口瘘患采用可取性金属内支架治疗，观察疗效及并发症j结果32个支架一次性释放成功，31个支架顺利取出，无严重并发症，20／22例食管狭窄段由3mm～8mm增宽至12mm以上，观察3个月～15个月，能进软食或普食，吻合口瘘闭合。结论：国产CZES型可取性全被覆膜金属内支架，较长的置入时间，明显提高了食管良性狭窄和瘘的治疗效果。     

可回收支架在治疗乙状结肠直肠癌术后吻合口狭窄的应用

目的 评价可回收支架治疗大肠癌术后吻合口狭窄的可行性、安全性及疗效.方法 对18例乙状结肠癌、直肠癌术后吻合口良性狭窄患者在X线监视下置入可回收(带回收线)覆膜镍钛合金支架,放置2～4周后,经回收线在透视下将支架取出.结果 18例患者18枚支架均一次置入成功,其中3例吻合口瘘成功封堵,15例支架置入后患者肠梗阻症状明显改善,能正常进食及排便.结论 可回收覆膜支架对于治疗大肠癌术后吻合口狭窄安全、简便、有效.支架在体内的最佳留置合适时间有待进一步研究.     

可回收覆膜金属支架在自发性食管破裂中的应用

目的:评估可回收覆膜金属内支架治疗自发性食管破裂的疗效.方法:11例自发性食管破裂患者,首先经X线引导下置入可回收覆膜金属内支架,随后行患侧胸腔双管灌洗术,1例患者在置入支架3天后取出支架,2例患者分别于置入支架28天及36天取出支架,4例患者在置入支架3个月后取出支架,4例患者在置入支架6个月后取出支架.结果:本组患者除1例死亡外,10例患者均得以治愈,体温正常,能正常饮食,无食管狭窄、反流性食管炎及慢性脓胸症状.结论:可回收覆膜金属内支架结合临床保守治疗自发性食管破裂具有操作简便、并发症少、回收方便、长期疗效确切等优点,值得推广应用.     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术中覆膜支架与非覆膜支架效果的比较

目的 对比覆膜与非覆膜支架在TIPS中应用的临床疗效.方法 回顾性研究30例临床诊断为肝硬化接受TIPS治疗(按照术后是否有覆膜支架分为覆膜支架组20例、非覆膜支架组10例)的患者的临床资料.本组患者手术前后测量门静脉压力,术后彩色超声观察分流道通畅情况.采用四格表资料的Fisher确切概率法进行两组间病死率、再出血率及肝性脑病发生率等临床指标对比.结果 30例患者手术均成功,门静脉压力在覆膜组由术前(3.78±0.50)kPa降至术后(2.21±0.44)kPa,非覆膜组由术前(3.67±0.48)kPa降至术后(2.13±0.35)kPa.术后随访资料完整的26例(覆膜支架组17例,非覆膜支架组9例),随访时间为7 d～62个月(中位随访时间23个月).随访期内死亡13例,覆膜支架组8例、非覆膜支架组5例,两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),均死于上消化道出血及肝功能衰竭.覆膜组再出血5例、非覆膜组3例,两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).发生肝性脑病在覆膜支架组4例、非覆膜支架组2例,两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).术后6个月和1年分流道通畅率在覆膜支架组均为100.0%,非覆膜支架组分别为77.8%(7/9)和55.6%(5/9),两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 覆膜支架组1年分流道通畅率优于非覆膜支架,但两组病死率、再出血率及肝性脑病发生率差异无统计学意义.     

国产自膨式带膜支架治疗食管-胃吻合口瘘的疗效

目的评价国产食管带膜支架治疗食管癌术后食管—胃吻合口瘘的效果。方法15例手术切除病变食管行食管-胃吻合术后,经钡餐或碘水造影证实为吻合口瘘的患者,进行了经口植入国产食管带膜支架瘘口封堵治疗。结果所有支架均一次性成功植入,共植入17枚支架,即时堵瘘100%,支架植入后3～5d再发瘘2例(13.3%),支架移位1例(6.6%)。未见严重并发症。结论国产食管带膜支架治疗食管癌术后食管-胃吻合口瘘安全、有效,是重要的治疗手段。     

Comparison of temporary and permanent stent placement with concurrent radiation therapy in patients with esophageal carcinoma

PURPOSE: To assess the clinical effectiveness of temporary metallic stent placement with concurrent radiation therapy in patients with esophageal carcinoma by comparing it with permanent stent placement with concurrent radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents were placed in 47 patients with esophageal carcinoma 1 week before starting radiation therapy; the stents were electively removed 4 weeks after placement in 24 patients (group A), while not electively removed in the other 23 patients (group B). In cases of complications, the stents were also removed from patients in groups A and B. The dysphagia score, complications (severe pain, granulation tissue formation, stent migration, esophagorespiratory fistula, and hematemesis), tumor overgrowth/regrowth, reintervention rates, and dysphagia-progression-free and overall survival rates were compared in the two groups. RESULTS: Stent placement or removal was technically successful and well tolerated in all patients. The dysphagia score was significantly improved in both groups after stent placement (P < .01). Each of the stent-related complications was less in group A than in group B but there was no significant difference. However, the total number of patients with one or more than one complications and who needed related reinterventions was significantly less in group A than in group B (P = .042 and .030, respectively). Tumor overgrowth/regrowth and the total number of patients who required related reinterventions was not significantly different (P = 1.00 and .517, respectively). Dysphagia-progression-free and overall survival rates were significantly longer in group A than in group B (P = .005 and .001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Temporary placement of a covered retrievable expandable metallic stent with concurrent radiation therapy for patients with esophageal carcinoma is beneficial for reducing complications and related reinterventions and for increasing resultant survival rates compared with permanent esophageal stent placement.     

Retrievable covered nitinol stents: experiences in 108 patients with malignant esophageal strictures

PURPOSE: The authors report their experience with three types of retrievable covered nitinol stents in patients with malignant esophageal strictures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three types of retrievable covered nitinol stents were designed. Type A stents were placed in 45 patients, type B stents were placed in 29 patients, and type C stents were placed in 34 patients. The stents were removed with use of a stent retrieval set under fluoroscopic guidance when the stents caused complications. Stent patency, symptom relief, survival rate, and complications were analyzed relative to stent type and radiation therapy. RESULTS: The timing of radiation and the stent type have significant effects on occurrence of complications such as stent migration and fistula formation (P =.002 and P = 0.029, respectively). Complications were significantly more frequent in patients with the type B stent than those with type A or type C stents (P =.008). Patients who underwent radiation therapy before stent placement or who underwent no radiation therapy experienced substantially less complications than those who underwent radiation therapy after stent placement (P =.005 and P <.001, respectively). The survival period was significantly longer in patients who underwent radiation therapy after stent placement than in the other groups (P =.034). Stents were removed from 15 patients (14%) 2 days to 16 weeks (mean, 4 weeks) after stent placement as a result of severe pain (n = 7), stent migration (n = 6), or stent deformity (n = 2). Stent removal was well tolerated in all patients. CONCLUSION: Use of retrievable covered nitinol stents seems to be a safe and effective method of treatment in patients with malignant esophageal strictures. However, removal of the stents was needed in 14% of the patients because of complications. Patients who underwent radiation therapy after stent placement and those with the type B stent experienced more complications than other patients.     

加膜支架对食管气管瘘的临床应用

目的：探讨加膜食管支架对食管并发食管－气管瘘的实用价值。方法：X线引导下为18例患者置入18个另膜支架，并在其中6个支架加膜部分的外周包裹了一薄层明胶海绵，以防支架与食管壁间形成不规则腔隙。同时对装置进行了改良。结果：支架置入顺利，中中无严重并发症发生。术后呛咳即刻消失，吞咽困难明显缓解，由要前平均3．4级降至0．9级。结论：加膜支架治疗食管癌并发食管－气管瘘安全有效，改良加膜支架有效地防止了支架与食管壁之间不规则腔隙的形成。     

Embolization of postsurgical esophagopleural fistula with AMPLATZER vascular plug, coils, and Histoacryl glue

Esophagopleural fistulas after esophageal diverticulectomy are very rare complications. Many treatment options have been reported, and the appropriate method should be chosen according to the individual's clinical status. The authors introduce a new treatment method of esophagopleural fistulas using an AMPLATZER vascular plug (AGA Medical Corporation, Plymouth, Minnesota), coils, and Histoacryl glue (B. Braun, Melsungen AG, Germany), thus avoiding extensive surgery or covered stent insertion.     

食管癌术后吻合口瘘的影像表现与临床处理

目的探讨食管胃吻合口瘘的不同影像表现在介入治疗中的价值。方法对68例食管癌术后食管-胃吻合口瘘患者,根据吻合口瘘发生的时间、瘘口部位及周围脓腔大小,采用透视下经鼻腔置入胃减压管、空肠营养管和脓腔引流管,再择期置入食管内支架封堵瘘口的治疗方法。结果经鼻腔置入胃减压管、空肠营养管和脓腔引流管位置合适。经复查治愈40例,治愈率58.5%(40/68)。28例支架置人治疗吻合口瘘中6例置入7枚蘑菇状覆膜内支架,22例置入24枚编织型双喇叭覆膜内支架,技术操作全部成功,脓腔愈合后将引流管拔出。随访期间25例支架封堵瘘口完全,治愈率89.3%(25/28)。4例3个月后支架上缘再狭窄,再次置入新支架;1例支架置入2个月后因反流性食管炎而取出支架。2例1个月后发生大出血死亡;1例于术后3个月死于严重肺部感染。结论食管癌术后吻合口瘘的治疗,应根据影像表现的不同,采用脓腔及时、有效的引流,空肠营养管及胃减压管置入,择期食管内支架置入等介入治疗手段,安全、有效、经济。     

食管内支架置入术并发症分析

目的：分析内支架置入术治疗食管良恶性狭窄的并发症并提出防治方法。方法：本组５８例,其中食管化学烧伤后狭窄２例,食管－胃吻合口狭窄１１例,食管癌３７例,胃贲门癌８例,支架置入在Ｘ线电视监视下进行。术后给予抗生素、止血药及镇静止痛药,２３例食管癌患者术后行放疗、化疗。结果：１例内支架异位留置,遂加置一根支架,其余５７例支架的一次置入成功,术后 后疼痛２１例,大出血１例,随访１～６个月,食物嵌顿１例,支     

Fate of migrated esophageal and gastroduodenal stents: experience in 70 patients

PURPOSE: To investigate the frequency of esophageal and gastroduodenal stent migration and the fate of such stents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors studied five types of covered metal stents. Type A stents were nonretrievable polyurethane-covered stents with shouldered ends (n = 169), type B stents were retrievable polyurethane-covered stents with shouldered ends (n = 62), type C stents were retrievable polyurethane-covered stents with flared ends (n = 72), type D stents were retrievable polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stents with shouldered ends (n = 369), and type E stents were separated stents (n = 216). Types A-D stents were esophageal stents, and the type E stent was a gastroduodenal stent. Stents were placed in 888 patients with either benign (n = 43) or malignant (n = 845) causes of stricture. The rate of stent migration was analyzed relative to completeness of migration, the cause of obstruction, stent type, and stent placement location. The fate of migrated stents and the treatment of patients were evaluated. RESULTS: Stent migration occurred in 70 of the 888 patients (7.9%). Migration occurred in 11 of the 43 patients (25%) with benign cause of strictures and 591 of the 845 patients (7.0%) with malignant cause. The migration rates for types A, B, C, D, and E stents were 10%, 4.8%, 24%, 7.3% and 2.8%, respectively. Of the 70 migrated stents, 45 had complete migration and 25 had partial migration. The anastomotic sites were the areas most commonly associated with migration (16%), but this was not statistically significant. Forty of the 70 migrated stents were removed with retrieval devices under fluoroscopic guidance because they were not passed with stool and possibility of complications related to migrated stents. The remaining 30 stents exited via the rectum (n = 15), remained in the body without complications (n = 12), or were surgically removed because they caused complicated intestinal obstructions (n = 3). CONCLUSION: The overall migration rate for esophageal and gastroduodenal stents was 7.9%. Most migrated stents were removed nonsurgically, exited the body spontaneously, or remained in the body in an uncomplicated state. Surgical stent removal was necessary in three patients (4.3%) due to complicated intestinal obstructions.     

Radiological evaluation of covered self-expandable metallic stents used for palliation in patients with malignant esophageal strictures

Purpose: To study the role of self-expandable metallic stents in malignant esophageal strictures in terms of patency, improved dysphagia score, and possible associated complications.

Material and Methods: Twenty-two patients with inoperable carcinoma of the esophagus underwent stent placement. Four different varieties of covered stents were used. Stenting was performed under fluoroscopic guidance and local pharyngeal anesthesia. During follow-up, patients were examined clinically and radiologically to assess the effectiveness of stents in relieving dysphagia, to check the stent position, patency, and possible complications.

Results: Fluoroscopic placement of the stent was successful and well tolerated in all patients without any serious complications. Accurate stent placement was possible in 95% of cases. The mean dysphagia score prior to stenting was 3.5 and poststent 1.2, with an improvement of 2.3 degrees. In two patients with associated fistulas, complete closure was seen after stent insertion. There was poor stent expansion in three patients. Significant tumor overgrowth occurred in two patients, and a second overlapping stent was deployed in one case. Three patients developed food impaction, which needed endoscopic removal of impacted food in two cases.

Conclusion: Fluoroscopic placement of self-expandable metallic stents is a safe and effective method of palliating severe dysphagia and fistulas in patients with inoperable esophageal carcinoma. However, complications such as tumor overgrowth and food impaction may require reintervention after stent placement.