创伤患者急性期血糖含量与血压,血氧饱和度的对比研究

探讨创伤患者急性期血糖（Ｇｌｕ）含量变化与动脉收缩压（ＳＢＰ）、血氧饱和度（ＳａＯ２）及预后的关系。测定３１例创伤患者术前的Ｇｌｕ含量，结合ＳＢＰ、ＳａＯ２进行对比研究。结果：创伤组术前Ｇｌｕ（８．１４±２．４７ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）与正常组（４．７２±１．３８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）比较有极显著性差异（ｔ＝６．３７，Ｐ＜０．００１）；ＳＢＰ＜８．０ｋＰａ（１ｋＰａ＝７．５ｍｍＨｇ）与＞８．０ｋＰａ组比较，Ｇｌｕ（１０．３２±２．３７ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ比６．７４±１．３２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）和ＳａＯ２（０．７４±０．３７比０．９１±０．１１）均有极显著性差异（Ｐ均＜０．００１），并且ＳＢＰ越低，Ｇｌｕ越高，ＳａＯ２呈直线下降；术前Ｇｌｕ与患者的预后也显著相关，死亡组术前Ｇｌｕ（１２．５３±１．７３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）明显高于存活组（７．３５±１．５６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），而ＳＢＰ（４．２９±４．１３ｋＰａ）、ＳａＯ２（０．２９±０．０６）则明显低于存活组（分别为１０．８６±１．７８ｋＰａ和０．８８±０．０８，Ｐ＜０．００１）。作者结合文献复习就创伤患者高血糖的发生机制、对预后的影响及处理等问题进行了探讨     

口服葡萄糖耐量试验对检出糖尿病老年病例的意义

目的研究老年人糖尿病（ＤＭ）易漏诊的原因，以提高对老年人ＤＭ的正确诊断率。方法口服葡萄糖耐量试验（ＯＧＴＴ），分析不同年龄组不同空腹血糖（ＦＢＧ）水平ＤＭ及糖耐量减低（ＩＧＴ）的检出率。结果ＦＢＧ正常（≤６．１１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），中年组２５５人中ＤＭ３２人（１２．５％），ＤＭ及ＩＧＴ８４人（３２．９％），老年组２９９人中ＤＭ８７人（２９．１％），ＤＭ及ＩＧＴ１７３人（５７．９％），两组间有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论对ＦＢＧ正常的老年人，若有肥胖、高血压病、高脂血症或ＤＭ家族史等高危因素，做ＯＧＴＴ有利于早期检出ＤＭ。     

妊娠期糖尿病诊断标准及筛查时机的探讨

对１０８３例无显性糖尿病及其它内分泌疾患的妊娠１８－４１周孕妇行口服７５ｇ葡萄糖末梢血糖耐量试验（ＯＧＴＴ）。结果发现：（１）孕妇末梢血７５ｇＯＧＴＴ异常参考值为：空腹血糖≥５．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，１小时血糖≥１２．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，２小时血糖≥８．９ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，３小时血糖≥６．７ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；（２）孕２８－３２周期间，孕妇糖耐量显著降低，处于一种致糖尿病状态，推荐对妊娠期糖尿病（ＧＤＭ）的筛查时间为     

202例糖耐量分析和糖耐量异常诊断标准的探讨

目的：探讨糖耐量异常（ＩＧＴ）诊断标准改变的临床意义。方法：２０２例实验者依据的血糖水平分为３组，第Ⅰ组为正常对照组，１０３名，口服糖耐量试验（ＯＧＴＴ）糖负荷后２小时血糖低于７０ｍｍｏI／Ｌ，第Ⅱ组４８例，ＯＧＴＴ糖负荷后２小时血糖为７．０ｍｍｏＩ／Ｌ至７．８ｍｍｏＩ／Ｌ；第Ⅲ组５１例，为ＯＧＴＴ糖负荷后２小时血糖为７．９ｍｍｏＩ／Ｌ至１１．１ｍｍｏＩ／Ｌ。进行糖耐量试验并检测血脂水平和尿清蛋白     

3—磷酸甘油脱氢酶偶联法测定血清醛缩酶活性

探讨用３－磷酸甘油脱氢酶偶联法测定血清中醛缩酶（ＡＬＤ）活性的最佳反应条件。反应体系的终末浓度；ＴＥＡ１００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ＦＤＰ４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，磷惭酸０．２２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ＮＡＤＨ０．２６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ＧＤＨ≥１０００Ｕ／Ｌ，ＴＰＩ≥１５００Ｕ／Ｌ，ＬＤ≥１０００Ｕ／《Ｌ。最适ＰＨ在７．８－８．０，Ｋｍ为７．２×１０＾－３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ批内ＣＶ；酶活性在７．３４Ｕ／Ｌ和６５．０９６Ｕ／Ｌ时，ＣＶ分别     

执业医师资格考试模拟试题及答案——内分泌系统之糖尿病专题

题　目 Ａ　型题《第１题至第２５题》请从 Ａ、Ｂ、 Ｃ、 Ｄ、 Ｅ中选出一个最佳答案。 １．以下符合ＷＨＯ １９８５年糖尿病诊断标准的是：Ａ．有糖尿病症状,空腹血糖超过７．０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ;Ｂ．随机血糖低于７．８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ及空腹血糖低于５,６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ可排除糖尿病;Ｃ．无糖尿病症状,随机血糖超过１１．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ;Ｄ．葡萄糖耐量试验（ＯＧＴＴ）任何时间血糖超过１１,１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ;Ｅ．餐后１小时血糖对诊断无帮助。 ２．磺脲类药物为降糖药的作用原理是：Ａ．加速无氧糖酵解;Ｂ．抑制胰岛γ细胞分泌胰升血糖…     

血脂紊乱的治疗

血脂紊乱的治疗低密度脂蛋白（ＬＤＬ）胆固醇是冠心病的重要信号。当ＬＤＬ胆固醇≤２．６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ（１００ｍｇ／ｄｌ）、高密度脂蛋白（ＨＤＬ）胆固醇≥１．５６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ（６０ｍｇ／ｄｌ）时，冠心病危险极低。成人中，大约２９％需用饮食疗法（包括控制肥胖...     

血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇直接测定与Friedewald公式计算结果比较

总结了应用聚乙烯硫酸（ＰＶＳ）沉淀法测定１２３１例标本的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）值并与Ｆｒｉｅｄｅｗａｌｄ公式计算的结果比较，按甘油三酯（ＴＧ）浓度分组，对比两法ＬＤＬ－Ｃ值的差异及影响ＬＤＬ－Ｃ值的因素。结果显示在低浓度ＴＧ时两法基本一致，高ＴＧ时两法差别较大。ＴＧ＞４．５２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ（４００ｍｇ／ｄｌ）时Ｆｒｉｅｄｅｗａｌｄ公式计算结果偏低。以直接测定ＬＤＬ－Ｃ值计算ＶＬＤＬ－Ｃ／ＴＧ比例平均为１：６．３，不同于Ｆｒｉｅｄｅｗａｌｄ公式中的１：５。     

血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇直接测定与Friedewald公式计算结果比较

总结了应用聚乙烯硫酸（ＰＶＳ）沉淀法测定１２３１例标本的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）值并与Ｆｒｉｄｅｗａｌｄ公式计算的结果比较，按甘油三酯（ＴＧ）浓度分组，对比两法ＬＤＬ－Ｃ值的差异及影响ＬＤＬ－Ｃ值的因素。结果显示在低密度ＴＧ时两法基本一致，高ＴＧ时两法差别较大。ＴＧ＞４．５２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ（４００ｍｇ／ｄｌ）时Ｆｒｉｅｄｅｗａｌｄ公式计算结果偏低。以直接测定ＬＤＬ－Ｃ值计算ＶＬＤＬ－Ｃ／ＴＧ     

急性缺血性脑梗塞患者脑脊液中β2—微球蛋白含量的变化

测定４４例急性缺血性脑梗塞（ＡＩＣＩ）患者和２４例正常对照者脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）β２微球蛋白（β２ＭＧ）的含量。结果：ＡＩＣＩ组ＣＳＦβ２ＭＧ的含量（１．５０±０．３８ｍｇ／Ｌ）明显高于正常组（１．１４±０．３２ｍｇ／Ｌ）；８例严重偏瘫的大片梗塞患者ＣＳＦβ２ＭＧ含量升高更著（１．９１±０．３４ｍｇ／Ｌ）；ＡＩＣＩ组中２０例患者治疗后ＣＳＦβ２ＭＧ含量（１．１８±０．３０ｍｇ／Ｌ）明显低于治疗前（１．４６±０．３９ｍｇ／Ｌ）。作者推测ＡＩＣＩ患者ＣＳＦβ２ＭＧ含量升高可能与中枢神经系统内发生免疫反应有关。     

Reduced brain glucose with normal plasma glucose in salicylate poisoning

After the intraperitoneal injection into young mice of 700-800 mg/kg of salicylate, brain glucose fell to one-third or less of control values despite normal plasma glucose levels; brain lactate was nearly doubled and there were small decreases in phosphocreatine (18%) and in glycogen (17%). ATP, pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and glutamate were unchanged. In liver, glycogen was reduced 79% and lactate was five times higher than in control animals; glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, and ATP were unchanged.Since salicylate uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, it is postulated that high energy phosphate in the brain is maintained near normal levels by a compensatory increase in cerebral glycolysis. Apparently the brain glucose level falls because the rate of utilization exceeds the rate at which glucose can be supplied from the blood. Concurrent administration of glucose with salicylate elevated brain glucose concentration and was associated with striking improvement in the condition and the increased survival of the animals. These findings stress the fact that in salicylate poisoning the supply of glucose to the brain may be inadequate even when blood glucose levels are normal.     

Validity of urine glucose measurements for estimating plasma glucose concentration

Both physicians and diabetic patients have traditionally relied on measurement of glycosuria as an indirect method of estimating plasma glucose concentration to guide adjustment of insulin and diet therapy. Our observations on the correlation between mean plasma glucose concentration with simultaneous urine glucose concentration or excretion rate re-emphasize the limitations of this approach. Although our observations show a significant correlation (P less than 0.0001) between plasma glucose concentration and urine glucose concentration or urine glucose excretion rate, the wide confidence limits [95% confidence limits (minimum) +/- 150 mg/dl] on plasma glucose concentration estimated from urine glucose measurements limit the clinical applicability of such estimates. Differences among subjects in the renal resorption of glucose contribute to the wide variance of estimates. However, significant variability in renal glucose resorption within individuals is documented, further reinforcing the limitations of urine glucose determinations for reliable estimates of plasma glucose concentrations. Diabetologists need to reconsider the applicability of urine glucose measurements in evaluation of adequacy of therapy and in adjustment of insulin dosage.     

快速毛细血管血糖测定和静脉血浆血糖测定的临床对比研究

目的:评价稳豪型血糖仪的稳定性及其测定指尖毛细血管血糖(CGF)、手臂毛细血管血糖(CGA)与自动生化仪测定静脉血浆血糖(VG)的相关性。方法:选取正常血糖、轻度高血糖、和中高度高血糖的指尖血样用稳豪型血糖仪做批内和批间测定。221例糖尿病或非糖尿病患行常规静脉血浆血糖测试的同时用稳豪型血糖仪测定指尖毛细血管血糖和(或)手臂毛细血管血糖。结果:3种不同浓度的血糖标本测定的批内、批间变异系数均小于5%。VG与CGF、VG与CGA、CGF与CGA3组的空腹血糖及餐后2h血糖相关性良好,r均在0.900以上。血糖浓度<7.0mmol/L时CGA明显高于VG,r=0.757;血糖浓度>11.1mmol/L时,r=0.667,其余各组在不同血糖浓度的相关性均在0.850以上。VG与CGF及VG与CGA的相对差值均在7%以下。结论:稳豪血糖仪有良好的稳定性,CGF及CGA均可比较精确的反应空腹及餐后2h各种血糖浓度的VG并可对VG做初略的估算。     

Risk of progression to type 2 diabetes based on relationship between postload plasma glucose and fasting plasma glucose

OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess the risk of progression to type 2 diabetes in normal glucose tolerance (NGT) subjects based on the relationship between the plasma glucose concentration during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) and the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Subjects with NGT (n = 1,282) from the San Antonio Heart Study received an OGTT with measurement of the plasma glucose concentration at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min at baseline and after 7-8 years of follow-up. Subjects were divided into four groups based on the relationship between the plasma glucose concentration during the OGTT and the FPG concentration on the same day as the OGTT. Insulin resistance was calculated by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and Matsuda index. Early-phase insulin secretion was calculated as the ratio between the incremental plasma insulin and glucose concentrations during the first 30 min of the OGTT (DeltaI(0-30)/DeltaG(0-30)). Total insulin secretion was calculated as the ratio between the incremental areas under the insulin and glucose curves during the OGTT [DeltaG(AUC)/DeltaI(AUC)]. RESULTS: In 23 subjects (group I), the plasma glucose concentration during the OGTT returned to levels below the FPG concentration at 30 min; in 111 subjects (group II) and in 313 subjects (group III), the plasma glucose concentration during the OGTT returned to levels below the FPG concentration at 60 and 120 min, respectively. In the remaining 835 subjects (group IV), the plasma glucose concentration during the OGTT never fell below the FPG concentration. Insulin resistance, measured by HOMA-IR and the Matsuda index, increased progressively from group I through group IV, while insulin secretion measured by DeltaI(0-30)/DeltaG(0-30) and DeltaG(AUC)/DeltaI(AUC) decreased progressively from group I through group IV. The incidence of type 2 diabetes was 0% in group I and progressively increased to 0.9% in group II, 3.2% in group III, and 6.4% in group IV. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects whose postload plasma glucose concentration returned to baseline (i.e., FPG level) more quickly had greater insulin sensitivity, a higher insulinogenic index, and a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes after 8 years of follow-up compared with subjects whose postload glucose concentration returned to baseline more slowly.     

Sympathoadrenal activity and plasma glucose effects on plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase levels in rats

Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity is a controversial index of sympathoadrenal function. In our results, the half-life of bovine DBH administered by cardiac puncture to Wistar rats was dependent on plasma glucose values, being 60 min for controls, 96 min for streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic animals (p less than 0.02) and 33 min for insulin-treated normal rats (p less than 0.01). In experimental situations with low plasma glucose levels, DBH activity was also diminished with respect to controls (glucose: 103.6 +/- 2.2 mg%, DBH: 9.7 +/- 0.5 U/ml). After fasting, glucose was 60.8 +/- 1.5 mg% (p less than 0.001) and plasma DBH 6.4 +/- 0.3 U/ml (p less than 0.001); fasting plus cold exposure also decreased glucose (66.2 +/- 1.4 mg%, p less than 0.001) and plasma DBH (6.7 +/- 0.2 U/ml; p less than 0.001). In both situations, there was an increase in exocytosis from sympathoadrenal tissues; however, no increase in plasma DBH levels was observed, because plasma glucose being diminished it was unable to compete at the catabolic receptor level. When normal plasma glucose levels take place, plasma DBH is essentially constant, poorly reflecting a moderate increase or decrease in exocytosis from tissues, as was the case in our animals with 48 h of cold exposure. When chemical sympathectomy (6-OH-dopamine) or bilateral adrenalectomy was performed there was a compensatory mechanism between them. Plasma DBH does not change significantly in these situations if plasma glucose values are normal. From these results, the most important physiological influence on plasma DBH activity is the glucose plasma levels. Plasma DBH values not being a useful index of sympathoadrenal activity if, at the same time, the plasma glucose levels are not considered.     

Predictive value of first fasting plasma glucose compared with admission plasma glucose for undiagnosed diabetes in a stable cardiology population

ObjectivesThe study compared the predictive value of admission plasma glucose (APG) and first fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in stratifying patients meriting an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).Design and methodsCharacteristics of APG, FPG and OGTT 2-hour glucose as well as other blood measurements, physical examinations and medical information were assessed in 994 patients without known diabetes.ResultsThe prevalences of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance were 24.6% and 37.9%, according to an OGTT, respectively. The first FPG demonstrated stronger predictive value in diagnosing diabetes than APG did both in overall and in patients with less clinical value. Compared to the first FPG, APG provided less value to coronary artery disease, hypertension and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein for diabetes screening.ConclusionsThe first FPG exerted more predictive value than APG did and was still a preferable reference prior to APG in stratifying patients for undiagnosed diabetes by an OGTT.     

血清与血浆葡萄糖水平的比较

目的探讨在当前国内实验条件下血浆与血清葡萄糖值的差异,以及血液标本存放时间对血糖值的影响。方法采用葡萄糖氧化酶、4-氨基安替比林及终点法。标本来自门诊查体的30例患者,使用EDTA、肝素抗凝。结果即时血清葡萄糖水平比肝素血浆高约0.1~0.3mmol/L;全血标本37℃水浴1h后,血清葡萄糖水平降低幅度为0.9~1.1mmol/L,血浆糖水平降低幅度为0.5~0.7mmol/L;水浴2h后,与即时血糖水平相比,血清糖水平降低幅度为1.3~1.5mmol/L,血浆糖水平降低幅度为0.7~0.9mmol/L;室温1h后,血清糖水平降低幅度为0.3~0.6μmol/L,血浆糖水平降低幅度为0.2~0.3mmol/L;室温1h后再置水浴1h,血清糖水平降低幅度为0.6~1.2μmol/L,血浆糖水平降低幅度为0.3~0.7mmol/L;室温2h后,再置水浴1h后,血清糖水平降低幅度为1.4~1.8mmol/L,血浆糖水平降低幅度为0.7~1.1mmol/L;室温3h后,血清糖水平降低幅度为0.9~1.3mmol/L,血浆糖水平降低幅度为0.8~1.0mmol/L。采用标本立即离心,再置37℃水浴1h后析出血清,再吸标本,血糖值降低0.5~0.6mmol/L。将肝素防凝血标本离心再置室温1h,血糖降低仅0.08mmol/L。置室温15min后的分离胶血清比即刻离心的分离胶血清葡萄糖低约0.2mmol/L,放置时间对血液标本中葡萄糖的降低呈绝对值改变。结论及时分离肝素防凝或分离胶得到的血浆或血清均可真实地反映患者血液中葡萄糖的水平。     

The relationship of fasting plasma glucose values and other variables to 2-h postload plasma glucose in Japanese subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between fasting plasma glucose (FPG) values and other variables (e.g., age, sex, and BMI) to 2-h post-75-g oral glucose load glycemia (PG) in Japanese subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Subjects included 13,694 Japanese subjects between 20 and 83 years of age (10,677 men and 3,017 women) who were undergoing a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) during a health screening performed at our hospital. The influences of age for 2-h PG at a fixed fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level of 126 mg/dl were analyzed. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed using a model in which the dependent variable was 2-h PG using the following explanatory variables: FPG, age, sex, BMI, blood pressure, plasma cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) levels. RESULTS: The 2-h PG at a fixed FPG of 126 mg/dl increased by 0.94 mg/dl per year in patients aged between 30 and 78 years (r = 0.68, P < 0.0001). In multiple regression, five explanatory variables (FPG, age, BMI, plasma TG levels, and systolic blood pressure levels) were all positively associated with 2-h PG. The percentages of patients with 2-h diabetes (isolated postchallenge hyperglycemia [IPH]) versus fasting plus 2-h diabetes by the World Health Organization criteria significantly (P = 0.005) increased as the patients' decades increased, whereas the impact of BMI on the percentages was significant only in young patients (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Aging was found to be the second best predictor of 2-h PG on multiple regression. Therefore, OGTT should be performed especially in elderly patients because they show IPH more frequently.