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??Up to 650 000 deaths annually are associated with respiratory diseases from seasonal influenza??indicating the high burden of influenza and its substantial social cost to the world. The incidence of Influenza is high among children. Vaccine and antiviral medicine can both prevent influenza??and health education is always neglected. Neuraminidase inhibitor remains the main antiviral drug. During the management of influenza infections??doctors should pay great attention to its complications??especially pneumonia and encephalopathy.     

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents in a county in Sweden

Overweight among young people in Sweden is increasing. The aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of overweight and obesity based on body mass index (BMI) values among children and adolescents. Overweight was defined as a BMI value > or = 91st percentile and obesity as a BMI value > 98th percentile on an international reference BMI curve. The study population included boys and girls from four age groups: 9, 12, 15 and 18 y. The data consisted of self-reported measures of height and weight that were obtained from questionnaires used in a cross-sectional study in December 1997. A validation study was performed using a part of the study population. A total of 7011 (81.7%) participants completed the questionnaire. The correlation between self-reported estimations and objective measures of height and weight was high in the oldest age groups (0.88-0.98), but lower in the 9-y-old age groups (0.37-0.72). These self-reported estimations in the 9-y-olds were excluded from further analysis. It was found that 12.3%, 11.6% and 11.4% of the boys in the 12-, 15- and 18-y-old age groups and 6.8%, 5.5% and 4.8% of the girls in the same age groups were overweight and 7.9%, 8.9% and 7.3% of the boys and 5.1%, 4.2% and 3.9% of the girls were obese. Conclusion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was found to be high in the study population and is a serious public health problem. The prevalence of obesity was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 15-y-old boys living in rural areas than in city and town dwellers of the same age.     

广西南宁儿童青少年高血压现状及其与肥胖关系的研究

目的 了解广西南宁地区6~18 岁儿童青少年高血压现状及超重/ 肥胖与高血压发生的关系。方法 采用随机整群抽样方法对南宁地区7 893 名 6~18 岁儿童青少年进行问卷调查并测量血压、身高、体重等生长发育指标。结果 男女生收缩压（SBP）和舒张压（DBP）均随着年龄的增长呈递增趋势。高血压、高收缩压（HSBP）、高舒张压（HDBP）检出率分别为6.58%、4.02%、3.81%,其中男生高血压、HSBP 检出率明显高于女生（P<0.05）。正常组、超重组、肥胖组高血压检出率分别为3.87%、9.84%、19.23%。高血压、HSBP 及HDBP 检出率均表现为肥胖组> 超重组> 正常组 （P<0.05）。与正常组相比,超重组、肥胖组高血压发生的相对危险度（95%CI）分别为2.71（1.69~5.96）和5.91（3.46~7.63）。血压与年龄、身高、体重及体重指数均呈正相关（P<0.01）。结论 广西南宁6~18 岁儿童青少年血压的分布特征为：血压值与儿童青少年的性别、年龄、身高、体重和体重指数相关; 肥胖与高血压患病率密切相关,随着体重的增加,儿童青少年患高血压的危险亦增加。     

纤维支气管镜和肺泡灌洗术在肺不张诊断和治疗中的价值

目的 评估纤维支气管镜检查和肺泡灌洗术对儿童肺不张病原诊断和治疗的价值.方法 回顾性分析本院2008年1月-2009年12月诊断和治疗的肺不张患儿122例.分析患儿实验室检查、辅助检查、气管镜检查及支气管肺泡灌洗术资料,总结病因,并对比感染性肺不张患儿纤维支气管镜治疗与非纤维支气管镜冶疗的效果.结果 122例肺不张患儿中非感染性肺不张11例,其中肺炎先天性支气管发育异常7例,异物吸入4例;感染性肺不张111例,其中肺炎支原体检出阳性81例,细菌检出阳性50例,病毒检出阳性7例,结核1例,未检出病原14例.感染性肺不张纤维支气管镜治疗组有效51例,未愈4例,有效率为92.72％;非纤维支气管镜治疗组有效42例,未愈14例,有效率为75.00％,2组有效率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).纤维支气管镜镜检可见支气管开口分泌物、痰栓堵塞,炎性狭窄、软化及异物嵌顿部位肉芽组织增生,内膜结核干酪样变、破溃.结论 小儿肺不张最常见的原因是感染,主要病原为肺炎支原体和细菌.纤维支气管镜检查、肺泡灌洗术及肺泡灌洗液检查对明确病因和治疗有重要作用.     

小儿白血病和恶性肿瘤DIC的早期诊断与治疗

弥散性血管内凝血 (ＤＩＣ)是小儿白血病和其他恶性肿瘤较常见的并发症 ,在发病过程中并发的ＤＩＣ ,常造成治疗困难甚致导致死亡 ,故必须及早诊断及紧急抢救治疗 ,及时中止ＤＩＣ的进一步发展 ,这对提高小儿白血病及其他恶性肿瘤的生存率及降低死亡率有重要意义。1　机制小儿白血病及恶性肿瘤并发ＤＩＣ的发病机制是多方面因素的总和。具体机制如下 :①肿瘤细胞产生、释放促凝物质。近年来研究发现肿瘤细胞含有一种强有力的促凝物质—癌性促凝物 (ＣＰ ,ＣａｎｃｅｒＰｒｏｃｏａｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎ) ,不需经内、外源性凝血途径而直接激活凝…     

小儿肾小球疾病诊治中的一些思考--机遇与挑战

肾小球疾病是小儿时期最常见的肾脏病 ,也是发生慢性肾功能衰竭最主要的原因。其诊治近年来取得了长足的进步 ,表现在以下几个方面。1 全国范围内规范并统一了临床诊断标准和分类。2 .由于已较普遍地开展了选择性肾活检 ,使肾小球疾病的诊断水平从只依靠临床表现而作的综合征分类 (即分为急性肾炎、急进性肾炎、迁延性肾炎、慢性肾炎、孤立性血尿、蛋白尿、肾病综合征 )进入到组织形态学诊断 ,即包括形态学、免疫病理学及超微结构的诊断。使既往不能确诊的疾病获得诊断 ,如IgA肾病、薄膜病等 ,使相当一部分血尿和 (或 )蛋白尿者得到病因诊…     

Cumulative incidence of asthma and allergy in north-Norwegian schoolchildren in 1985 and 1995

The prevalence of asthma and allergy in children is increasing. In order to investigate time trends, follow-up studies conducted several years apart and with identical study designs are essential. We compared two identical, cross-sectional and questionnaire-based studies of asthma and allergy in north-Norwegian schoolchildren (7–13 years of age). The first study was conducted in 1985 (n = 10,093) and the second in 1995 (n = 8,676). The cumulative incidence was as follows: diagnosed asthma, 8.6% in 1995 vs. 5.1% in 1985, relative risk (RR) = 1.71 (95% CI: 1.53–1.90); allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, 22.1% in 1995 vs. 16.4% in 1985, RR = 1.39 (95% CI: 1.31–1.47); and atopic dermatitis, 19.7% in 1995 vs. 13.2% in 1985, RR = 1.48 (95% CI: 1.39–1.58). The cumulative incidence of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic dermatitis was higher in children of Sami ethnicity than Norse ethnicity in the 1985 study. Furthermore, although not statistically significant, there was a trend towards a greater increase in the cumulative incidence of diagnosed asthma, symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic dermatitis from 1985 to 1995 in children of Sami ethnicity than Norse ethnicity. We conclude that there has been a marked increase in the cumulative incidence of asthma and allergy prevalence among schoolchildren in northern Norway from 1985 to 1995.     

婴幼儿血管瘤及血管畸形组织中p16及TRAIL的表达及其意义

目的　检测婴幼儿血管瘤组织中抑癌基因 p1 6及肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)的表达 ,并探讨它们在血管瘤增生、消退过程中的作用。方法　采用免疫组化SP法检测 32例增生期、2 0例消退期血管瘤及 1 4例血管畸形组织中p1 6和TRAIL的表达。结果　p1 6在增生期和消退期血管瘤组织中阳性表达率分别为 78.1 % (2 5/ 32 )、90 .0 % (1 8/ 2 0 ) ,血管畸形组织中全部为阴性。经秩和检验 :Hc=2 6 .6 ,三者之间差异存在显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,两者之间差异有显著性意义(P <0 .0 5)。TRAIL在增生期和消退期血管瘤组织中阳性表达率分别为 2 1 .9% (7/ 32 )、80 .0 % (1 6/2 0 ) ,血管畸形中全部为阴性 ,卡方检验 :χ2 =2 7.8,三者之间差异存在显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,两两之间比较经 χ2 分割 ,增生期与消退期之间有差异 (P <0 .0 5) ,消退期与血管畸形之间有差异 (P <0 .0 5) ,增生期与血管畸形之间无差异 (P >0 .0 5) ,血管瘤与血管畸形之间有差异。结论　p1 6和TRAIL的表达水平与血管瘤的增生、消退有关 ,p1 6可抑制内皮细胞的分裂增殖 ,TRAIL可通过诱导内皮细胞凋亡发挥作用 ,两者均可促进血管瘤消退     

小儿急性中毒的特点和诊治进展

儿童急性中毒的发生与周围环境密切相关.我国儿童急性中毒以农药、药物和灭鼠药为主,主要因误服误食所致,重症急性中毒的病死率仍较高.加强对药物和上述毒物的管理,可以从源头减少中毒机会.对疑似中毒的患儿,除详细询问病史和查体外,多数情况下毒物鉴定是明确有元中毒和病情严重程度最直接、客观的方法.及时诊断、合理使用解毒药物、普及血液净化治疗技术、重视支持疗法是成功救治的关键.准确而全面的临床流行病学资料有助于对地区性、年龄阶段性及不同性别的中毒起到警示作用.     

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in affluent adolescent girls in Chennai in 1981 and 1998

This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of obesity and overweight in adolescent public school girls ( 10-15 years of age) of Chennai in 1981 and 1998. The first part of the study done in the year 1981 (Group I; n = 707) was compared with the second part in 1998 (Group II; I = 610).Overweight and obesity were denoted by body mass index (BMI) above 85th and 95th percentile respectively. The prevalence of overweight (9.6 per cent in 1981 and 9.7 per cent in 1998) and obesity (5. 9 per cent in 1981 and 6.2 per cent in 1998) was comparable in both studies. It was also observed that the BMI for the corresponding age showed an increase front 1981 to 1998.     

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in affluent adolescent girls in Chennai in 1981 and 1998

To assess the prevalence of obesity and overweight in adolescent girls between 10-15 years of age, among the affluent families of Chennai--two studies are compared using body mass index (BMI) as a parameter. The first study done in the year 1981 (Group I) was compared with the second study in 1998 (Group II). Group I had 707 and group II had 610 girls. Overweight and obesity were denoted by BMI above 85th and 95th percentile respectively. Results showed a 9.6% prevalence of overweight and 6% prevalence of obesity in both studies. It was also observed that the BMI for the same age in the two study periods showed an increase from 1981 to 1998. BMI approximated the international reference values for BMI at age 13 years in the year 1998.