间歇性预激征伴右束支阻滞及3：2房室阻滞1例

患者男性,70岁,以往有“阵发性心动过速”史,劳累、情绪激动时心悸加重,伴心前区隐痛.临床诊断:冠心病.心电图(附图)示窦性P波顺序发生,P-P间距0.68s,QRS时限增宽>0.11s,见2种P-R间期及QRS形态;(1)正常P-R间期为0.16s,QRS时限增宽,P-J间期0.24s,初始向量正常,S波略钝,为正常的房室传导伴右束支阻滞,(2)短P-R间期<0.12s,QRS波起始部有粗钝错折,QRS时限增宽更明显,S波明显迟晚,P-J间期0.28s,为旁道下传的同时伴有右束支阻滞所致.结合胸导联QRS主波     

二度一型房室传导阻滞伴4相束支阻滞

例1男,38岁。临床诊断:病毒性心肌炎,心律失常。心电图示:基本心律为窦性,心率79次/min,P-P间隔匀齐,P-R间期逐渐延长,继后QRS波脱漏,房室传导比例为3:2,文氏周期结束后的第一个QRS波呈左束支阻滞形态,时限0.12s,其前有固定的P-R间期(0.30s)。且总在长间歇1.14s时出现,R-R间隔0.70s时QRS波形态转为正常。心电图诊断:二度一型     

双径路及交替性左右束支阻滞2例

例1患者女、70岁,因反复晕厥入院。门诊行24h动态心电图检查V1导联连续记录(图1A)示:窦性心律,心率83bpm。下传心室QRS波呈左、右束支阻滞型,且不固定比例交替。同时PR间期亦呈长短交替,长短PR间期差>0.06s,其中右束支阻滞型QRS波前PR间期长,约0.16s,左束支阻滞型QRS波前PR间期短,约0.08s,两者形成十分固定的"匹配"关系。患者的24h动态心电图记录还出现较长时间的完全性右束支阻滞及完全性左束支阻滞,其前也分别呈现固定的长短两种PR间期(图略),上述情况可以排除室性期前收缩,考虑为房室结双径路,快径路经左束支下传心室,慢径路经右     

心房颤动伴完全性左束支阻滞呈交替左右束支阻滞型心搏1例

患者男,65岁。临床诊断冠心病于1996年5月31日及1998年9月10日疑有心房颤动(Af)而行心电图(ECG)检测。 图示窦性心律,P-R间期0.18s,左房负荷过重,完全性左束支阻滞(CLBBB),V_5可见室性期前收缩(PVS)。P波消失,代之以大小不等、间隔不匀、形态互异的f波。但图中出现LBBB型与RBBB型QRS交替出现,R-R间期基本规则。     

频率依赖与非频率依赖性间歇性右束支传导阻滞并存一例

患者女性,62岁。临床诊断冠心病。心电图示窦性心律,心率88次/分时QRS波呈右束支传导阻滞图形,室性期前收缩长代偿间期后窦性QRS波右束支传导阻滞图形消失。但其心率及PR间期均不变时,亦可见右束支传导阻滞图形与正常QRS波交替出现,考虑右束支同时存在快频率依赖性阻滞和非频率依赖性阻滞,其机制可能与蝉联现象有关。     

双束支阻滞、房室交接性逸搏心律伴左束支内文氏现象1例

1 临床资料患者,男,81岁,临床诊断:冠心病.入院时心电图(见图1):V1-a导联示P-P间期0.78～0.82 s,P-R间期0.18 s,P波与QRS波呈2∶1传导,QRS波呈RsR＇型,时限0.12～0.13 s,为完全性右束支阻滞.     

阵发性房颤终止后长间歇患者心电图指标分析

目的探讨阵发性房颤终止后长间歇患者窦性心律时心电图指标的特征及长间歇可能的机制。方法阵发性房颤的患者170例,根据房颤发作终止后是否出现≥2 s的RR长间歇,分为长RR间歇组(长间歇组)70例和无长RR间歇组(对照组)100例。比较两组年龄、性别、房颤病史、基础疾病、黑矇或晕厥的发生率、心脏超声学指标、抗心律失常药物使用情况的差异。同时比较两组患者窦性心律时的心电图指标,包括24 h窦性平均心率、静息心率、Ⅱ导联P波时限和振幅、PR间期、QRS时限、QT间期、QTc间期、ST段形态、T波形态、有无传导异常、有无右束支和左束支传导阻滞、有无Brugada波和J波。结果两组患者黑矇或晕厥的发生率有明显差异(P<0.001);两组患者的窦性24 h平均心率、窦性静息心率、PR间期、QT间期及QTc间期的平均水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论阵发性房颤患者房颤终止后窦性心律时心电图出现心率减慢、PR间期延长、QT间期和QTc间期延长者有出现阵发性房颤终止后长间歇的可能。     

左束支阻滞并4相室内传导阻滞1例

典型的LBBB心电图颇为常见。然而在原有束支阻滞基础上合并有4相室内传导阻滞的仅有少数文献报道,现报告1例。患者男性,52岁,高血压病史7年。因心悸、气短于1986年5月5日就诊。体检:BP160/90,心界向左扩大,心律不齐,A_2>P_2,心尖二级收缩期杂音,UCG提示冠心病。附图(见第36页)为Ⅰ导联不连续描记。基本心律为窦性,伴有LBBB,P波形态一致,P-R间期固定为0.16秒,频发室性早搏,联律间期不等。值得注意的是,同是LBBB,却呈现3种形态的QRS波:当心率快时(R-R<91)QRS振幅较低,时限为     

室性期前收缩引发窦性心律伴右束支阻滞型蝉联现象1例

患者男性,25岁.临床诊断:病毒性心肌炎.心电图(图1)示:V1导联连续记录,有三种形态的QRS波群.①正常时限的rS型(见图R1、R2等);②QRS波群呈宽大的rS型(见图R3、R4等),QRS波群时限>120ms,其前未见相关的P波,其后有或元代偿间歇,为室性期前收缩(PVS);③QRS波群呈mR'型的完全性右束支阻滞形态(图中R5-9等),其前可见P波,形态及P-R间期与窦律时完全相同,该QRS波群有时单独出现,有时在PVS后连续出现.     

儿童二度房室阻滞并4相左束支阻滞2例

例1 患儿男性,11岁。因咽痛、乏力、颜面水肿一周就诊。体查：BP105／68mmHg,心界不大,律不齐,心率68次／分,心音低钝,未闻及病理性杂音。临床诊断：急性肾小球肾炎。心电图为人院时描记（图1）：心律为窦性,心率约70次／分,p-p间距相等。QRS波成对出现且形态不同,基础P-R间期0．32s,仔细分析发现P-R间期逐渐延长并与QRS波有关,第1个P-R间期0．32s,第2个P-R间期0．40s,第3个P波下传受阻,QRS波脱落,为二度Ⅰ型房室阻滞（3：2文氏周期）。每个文氏周期的第1个QRS波形态宽大时限延长,呈完全性左束支阻滞（CLBBB）图型,其P-R间期均固定,以上现象均在长R-R间隔（1000ms或以上）后发生。     

Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in patients with angina pectoris presenting with bundle branch block

Long-term outcomes of unselected patients with angina pectoris and bundle branch block (BBB) on initial electrocardiogram are not well established. The Olmsted County Chest Pain Study is a community-based cohort of 2,271 consecutive patients presenting to 3 Olmsted County emergency departments with angina from 1985 through 1992. Patients were followed for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) including death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and revascularization at 30 days and over a median follow-up period of 7.3 years and for mortality only through a median of 16.6 years. Cox models were used to estimate associations between BBB and cardiovascular outcomes. Mean age of the cohort on presentation was 63 years, and 58% were men. MACEs at 30 days occurred in 11% with right BBB (RBBB), 8.8% with left BBB (LBBB), and 6.4% in patients without BBB (p = 0.17). Over a median follow-up of 7.3 years, patients with BBB were at higher risk for MACEs (RBBB, hazard ratio [HR] 1.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.44 to 2.38, p <0.001; LBBB, HR 2.04, 95% CI 1.62 to 2.56, p <0.001) compared to those without BBB. Over a median of 16.6 years, the 2 BBB groups had lower survival rates than patients without BBB (RBBB, HR 2.19, 95% CI 1.73 to 2.78, p <0.001; LBBB, HR 3.32, 95% CI 2.67 to 4.13, p ≤0.001), but after adjustment for multiple risk factors an increased risk of mortality for LBBB remained significant. In conclusion, appearance of LBBB or RBBB in patients presenting with angina predicts adverse long-term cardiovascular outcomes compared to patients without BBB.     

Bundle-branch block as a risk factor in noncardiac surgery

BACKGROUND: Despite extensive data examining perioperative risk in patients with coronary artery disease, little attention has been devoted to the implications of conduction system abnormalities. OBJECTIVE: To define the clinical significance of bundle-branch block (BBB) as a perioperative risk factor. METHODS: Retrospective, cohort-controlled study of all noncardiac, nonophthalmologic, adult patients with BBB seen in our preoperative evaluation center. Medical charts were reviewed for data regarding cardiovascular disease, surgical procedure, type of anesthesia, intravascular monitoring, and perioperative complications. RESULTS: Bundle-branch block was present in 455 patients. Right BBB (RBBB) was more common than left BBB (LBBB) (73.8% vs 26.2%). Three patients with LBBB and 1 patient with RBBB died; 1 patient had a supraventricular tachyarrhythmia. Three of the 4 deaths were sepsis related. There were 2 (0.4%) deaths in the control group. There was no difference in mortality between BBB and control groups (P = .32). Subgroup analysis suggested an increased risk for death in patients with LBBB vs controls (P = .06; odds ratio, 6.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-100.0) and vs RBBB (P = .06; odds ratio, 8.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-100.0). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of BBB is not associated with a high incidence of postoperative cardiac complications. Perioperative mortality is not increased in patients with RBBB and not directly attributable to cardiac complications in patients with LBBB. These data suggest that the presence of BBB does not significantly increase the likelihood of cardiac complications following surgery, but that patients with LBBB may not tolerate the stress of perioperative noncardiac complications.     

Effect of bundle branch block patterns on mortality in hospitalized patients with heart failure

A widened QRS interval is associated with increased mortality in patients with heart failure (HF). However, the prognostic significance of the type of bundle branch block (BBB) pattern in these patients is unclear. The data of 4,102 patients with HF hospitalized during a prospective national survey were analyzed to investigate the association between BBB type and 1-year mortality in 3,737 patients without pacemakers. Right BBB (RBBB) was present in 381 patients (10.2%) and left BBB (LBBB) in 504 patients (13.5%). RBBB and LBBB were associated with increased 1-year mortality on univariate analysis (odds ratio [OR] 1.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15 to 1.81, and OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.47, respectively). In patients with systolic HF, after adjusting for multiple risk factors, only RBBB was found to be an independent predictor of mortality (RBBB vs no BBB OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.33, and RBBB vs LBBB OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.69). This correlation was stronger in patients with lower left ventricular ejection fractions and was also maintained in patients without acute myocardial infarctions. Analyzing the data for all patients with HF, there was a trend for increased mortality in the RBBB group only (adjusted OR 1.21, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.56). LBBB was not related to mortality in patients with either systolic HF or preserved ejection fractions. In conclusion, RBBB rather than LBBB is an independent predictor of mortality in hospitalized patients with systolic HF. This prognostic marker could be used for risk stratification and the selection of treatment.     

Association of right bundle branch block or intraventricular conduction delay with recurrence of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation

Background

The association between bundle branch block (BBB) and recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) after catheter ablation is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether AF combined with BBB is associated with AF recurrence after catheter ablation.

Methods

A total of 477 consecutive AF patients who underwent catheter ablation were included. The AF patients were divided into three groups according to BBB: AF without BBB (n = 427), AF with right bundle branch block (AF with RBBB) (n = 16), and AF with intraventricular conduction delay (AF with IVCD) (n = 34).

Results

Of the 477 AF patients (mean age 57 years, 81% men, median CHA₂DS₂-VASc score of 1), 16 (3.4%) patients had RBBB, and 34 (7.1%) patients had IVCD. During a mean follow-up of 15.2 ± 6.7 months, 119 patients (24.9%) had recurrence of AF. Of these, 111 (26%) patients were in the AF without BBB group, with 2 (12.5%) and 6 (17.6%) patients in the RBBB and IVCD groups, respectively. The Kaplan–Meier estimate of the rate of recurrent AF was not significantly different among the three groups (p = .39). Multivariable analysis showed that persistent AF (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.15–2.50, p = .007), chronic kidney disease (HR 2.94, 95% CI 1.20–7.17, p = .01), and left atrial diameter (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.009–1.082, p = .01) were significantly associated with AF recurrence.

Conclusion

AF with BBB was not significantly associated with the recurrence of AF after catheter ablation in middle-aged patients with low-risk cardiovascular profile.     

Electromechanical coupling, uncoupling, and ventricular function in patients with bundle branch block: a tissue-Doppler echocardiographic study

BACKGROUND: Left bundle branch block (LBBB) is associated with impaired left ventricular (LV) function and increased morbidity and mortality, especially in patients with structural heart diseases. The mechanisms are poorly understood. Subjects and METHODS: Subjects with isolated LBBB (n=20), right bundle branch block (RBBB, n=20), and controls (C, n=20) were studied with standard two-dimensional (2D), and color-encoded tissue-Doppler echocardiography (TDE). Inter- and intraventricular systolic and diastolic coordination were assessed from the TDE velocity profiles. LV function was assessed by 2D echocardiography, by TDE-derived peak systolic velocities, and the atrioventricular (AV) plane displacement. RESULTS: Subjects with LBBB had longer electromechanical delays and longer isovolumic relaxation times than did the C and RBBB groups (P <0.001). For the LBBB subjects compared with the RBBB and C groups, ejection times were shorter, peak systolic velocities and AV plane displacements were lower, they had larger LV end-systolic volumes and lower LV ejection fraction (all P <0.001), and the atrial contribution to A-V plane displacement was higher (P <0.01). There were no differences in diastolic or filling times among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with LBBB, delayed regional electromechanical coupling and uncoupling leads to generalized intra- and interventricular asynchrony, thereby explaining the depressed regional and global LV functions. Assessment of the electromechanical coupling and uncoupling processes and their consequences on cardiac function in patients with BBB and structural heart diseases may be possible using TDE.     

急性前壁心肌梗死心电图ΣR、ΣQ、ΣST演变特点

目的　探讨急性前壁心肌梗死Q波、R波及ST段演变规律。方法　采用单极胸导联心电图在胸部进行体表标测 ,分别计算∑R、∑Q、∑ST。结果　∑R在胸痛发作后 12h内下降速度最快 ,12h后下降速度较慢 ,两者比较差异有非常显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;∑Q在 2 4h内与 2 4h后形成对比差异有非常显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;∑ST在 2 4h内下降速度比 2 4h后下降速度显著增快 ,两者比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　观察心肌梗死急性期心电图∑R、∑Q、∑ST演变规律 ,以便采取急救措施 ,及时挽救濒死心肌。     

Electrocardiographic characteristics in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis indicating cardiac involvement

ECG Characteristics of Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Introduction: Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease that can affect the heart. Early identification of cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is critical because sudden death can be the initial presentation. We sought to evaluate the potential role of the ECG for identification of cardiac involvement in a cohort of patients with biopsy‐proven pulmonary sarcoidosis. Methods: Our cohort consisted of referred patients with biopsy‐proven pulmonary sarcoidosis who demonstrated symptoms consistent with cardiac involvement. The ECG characteristics collected were PR, QRS duration, QT interval, rate, bundle branch block (BBB), fragmented QRS (fQRS). QRS fragmentation was defined as 2 anatomically contiguous leads demonstrating RSR’ patterns in the absence of BBB. Results: There were 112 subjects included in the cohort. Of the 52 subjects eventually diagnosed with CS, 39 had an ECG demonstrating fQRS while 21 of the 60 of non‐CS patients had fQRS (75% vs 33.9%, P < 0.01). A RBBB or LBBB pattern were both more prevalent in the CS population (RBBB: 23.1% vs 6.7%, P = 0.016; LBBB: 3.8% vs 1.7%, P = 0.6). QRS duration remained significantly associated with CS after exclusion of those with BBB (93.5 +/− 10.6 vs 88 +/− 11 ms; P = 0.04). When fQRS and bundle branch block were combined, 90.4% of CS patient's ECGs contained at least one of the features, compared to 36.7% of noncardiac CS (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The presence of fQRS or BBB pattern in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis is associated with cardiac involvement and therefore should prompt further evaluation. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. pp. 1‐6)     

冠心病伴束支传导阻滞患者冠状动脉病变特点研究

目的 :探讨冠心病伴束支传导阻滞患者冠状动脉血管病变特点。方法 :回顾性分析冠心病伴束支传导阻滞患者 (束支阻滞组 ,39例 )及无束支阻滞的冠心病患者 (对照组 ,35 1例 )心电图束支阻滞有无与冠状动脉病变的对应关系。结果 :与对照组比较 ,束支阻滞组左主干、左回旋支 (LCX)及三支血管 [左前降支 (LAD)、LCX、右冠状动脉 (RCA)同时存在病变 ]发生病变比率增加 (P <0 .0 1,P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 5 )。右束支传导阻滞(RBBB)者LAD及RCA发病率高 ,RBBB并发左前分支阻滞 (LAFB)者三支血管病变发生率增高 ,左束支传导阻滞 (LBBB)者LAD、LCX病变发生率高 ,LAFB者LAD病变发生率高 ,房室传导阻滞伴束支阻滞患者多为三支血管病变。结论 :冠心病伴束支阻滞预示冠状动脉病变广泛而严重 ,LBBB提示冠状动脉血管病变以左冠状动脉为主 ,RBBB提示冠状动脉血管病变多累及RCA及LAD ,如存在 2种以上阻滞 ,特别是并发有左前分支或房室阻滞时 ,多提示存在三支血管病变及左主干病变     

Cardiac Resynchronization Defibrillator Therapy for Nonspecific Intraventricular Conduction Delay Versus Right Bundle Branch Block

BackgroundThe benefits of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with non-left bundle branch block (LBBB) conduction abnormality have not been fully explored.ObjectivesThis study sought to evaluate clinical outcomes among Medicare-aged patients with nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay (NICD) versus right bundle branch block (RBBB) in patients eligible for implantation with a CRT with defibrillator (CRT-D).MethodsUsing the National Cardiovascular Data Registry implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) registry data between 2010 and 2013, the authors compared outcomes in CRT-eligible patients implanted with CRT-D versus ICD-only therapy among patients with NICD and RBBB. Also, among all CRT-D–implanted patients, the authors compared outcomes in those with NICD versus RBBB. Survival curves and multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were used to assess outcomes including hospitalization and death.ResultsIn 11,505 non-LBBB CRT-eligible patients, after multivariable adjustment, among patients with RBBB, CRT-D was not associated with better outcomes, compared with ICD alone, regardless of QRS duration. Among patients with NICD and a QRS ≥150 ms, CRT-D was associated with decreased mortality at 3 years compared with ICD alone (HR: 0.602; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.416 to 0.871; p = 0.0071). Among 5,954 CRT-D–implanted patients, after multivariable adjustment NICD compared with RBBB was associated with lower mortality at 3 years in those with a QRS duration of ≥150 ms (HR: 0.757; 95% CI: 0.625 to 0.917; p = 0.0044).ConclusionsAmong non-LBBB CRT-D–eligible patients, CRT-D implantation was associated with better outcomes compared with ICD alone specifically in NICD patients with a QRS duration of ≥150 ms. Careful patient selection should be considered for CRT-D implantation in patients with non-LBBB conduction.     

大鼠内毒素性急性肝损伤后肝细胞凋亡与炎性因子的表达

目的 探讨脂多糖诱导D-氨基半乳糖胺致敏大鼠急性肝损伤肝细胞凋亡、炎性因子表达情况及其发生机制.方法 56只大鼠分为0 h对照组与1、2、4、6、24和48 h脂多糖+D-氨基半乳糖胺处理组.在相应时间点处死大鼠后收集肝组织及血清,肝组织苏木精-伊红染色后光学显微镜下观察ELISA法检测血清细胞因子表达;反转录(RT)-PCR法检测TNF-α、IL-β、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和p53基因表达;收集24 h肝组织用底物显色法检测Caspase-3、8、9,12活性.组间比较用方差分析.结果 经药物处理后,肝组织出现碎片状坏死、大量炎性细胞浸润等表现,从6 h开始,24 h和48 h显著加重.血清TNF-α浓度在1 h处理组为(727.8±261.3)ng/L,显著高于对照组及其他处理组(F=49.82,P<0.01),2 h处理组为(156.4±52.2)ng/L,显著低于1 h组,但高于对照组(F:30.23,P<0.01);血清IL-β浓度逐渐上升,24 h处理组最高,为(360.5±121.6)ng/L(F=18.61,P<0.01).24 h处理组肝组织Caspase-3、8、9、12活性明显高于对照组(F=84.96,P<0.01).iNOS基因在对照组无表达,药物作用后6 h达最高,24 h和48 h则显著下降(F=34.07,P<0.01);p53基因在24 h和48 h处理组表达明显增高(F=37.43,P<0.01);TNF-α和IL-1β基因表达均较对照组升高(F=2.94,P<0.05),其峰值均出现在1 h处理组.结论 小剂量脂多糖可诱导D-氨基半乳糖胺致敏大鼠发生急性肝损伤;Caspase-3、8、9、12活性明显增强是其特征性改变之一;肝损伤的发生与TNF-α、iNOS和p53基因早期高水平表达有密切关系.