Serum uric acid levels and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study

Purpose

To evaluate the impact of serum uric acid levels on the future risk of developing type 2 diabetes independent of other factors.

Methods

We used prospective data from the Framingham Heart Study original (n = 4883) and offspring (n = 4292) cohorts to examine the association between serum uric acid levels and the incidence of diabetes. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the relative risk of incident diabetes adjusting for age, sex, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, hypertension, body mass index, and blood levels of glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, and triglycerides.

Results

We identified 641 incident cases of diabetes in the original cohort and 497 cases in the offspring cohort. The incidence rates of diabetes per 1000 person-years for serum uric acid levels <5.0, 5.0-5.9, 6.0-6.9, 7.0-7.9 and ≥8.0 mg/dL were 3.3, 6.1, 8.7, 11.5, and 15.9, respectively, in the original cohort; and 2.9, 5.0, 6.6, 8.7, and 10.9, respectively, in the offspring cohort (P-values for trends <.001). Multivariable relative risks per mg/dL increase in serum uric acid levels were 1.20 (95% confidence interval; 1.11-1.28) for the original cohort and 1.15 (95% confidence interval; 1.06-1.23) for the offspring cohort.

Conclusions

These prospective data from 2 generations of the Framingham Heart Study provide evidence that individuals with higher serum uric acid; including younger adults, are at a higher future risk of type 2 diabetes independent of other known risk factors. These data expand on cross-sectional associations between hyperuricemia and the metabolic syndrome, and extend the link to the future risk of type 2 diabetes.     

老年2型糖尿病患者易患因素的对照分析

目的 研究老年２型糖尿病患者的易患因素,为预防和干预提供依据。方法 随机选择老年２型糖尿病就诊断病例６５例、医院对照７１例和人群对照６７例,进行频数匹配病例对照研究。结果 糖尿病阳性家族史（ＯＲ＝５．４８）、腰臀大（ＯＲ＝２．３３）、主食摄入量大（ＯＲ＝２．８６）、经常性肉类摄入（ＯＲ＝２．６１）、高血压（ＯＲ＝４．８３）和女性妊娠次数多（ＯＲ＝４．４６）,以及休闲时体力活动（ＯＲ＝０．４３）与２型糖尿病有显著性关联。结论 具有糖尿病家族史、肥胖、饮食高能量摄入、高血压和女性妊娠次数多等可能是老年２型糖尿病的危险因素;休闲时体力活动具有保护作用。倡导健康的生活方式,有计划地实施人群干预策略,是老年２型糖尿病防治的重要措施。     

老年2型糖尿病微血管病变相关危险因素分析

目的本研究旨在探讨老年2型糖尿病微血管病变相关危险因素。方法收集520例符合条件的老年2型糖尿病患者的临床相关信息,根据有无糖尿病微血管病变分为糖尿病性微血管病变组和无糖尿病性微血管病变组,收集两组一般情况、相关血液学指标及并发症情况。结果在单因素分析中,性别、年龄、糖尿病病程、吸烟史、HbA1c、TG、LDL-C、高血压病有统计学差异(P<0.05)。将单因素分析中有统计学差异的相关指标,包括性别、年龄、糖尿病病程、吸烟史、HbA1c、TG、LDL-C、高血压病纳入多因素Logistic分析模型中,结果显示:糖尿病病程、HbA1c、TG、LDL-C有统计学意义(P<0.05)。即老年2型糖尿病微血管病变与糖尿病病程(OR=1.063,95%CI 1.030~1.096,P=0.000),HbA1c(OR=1.086,95%CI 1.037~1.124,P=0.013),TG(OR=1.152,95%CI 1.046~1.267,P=0.005),LDL-C(OR=1.218,95%CI 1.024~1.610,P=0.028)风险增加相关。结论糖尿病病程、HbA1c、TG、LDL-C为老年2型糖尿病微血管病变的独立危险因素以预测其发生发展。     

Relationship between urinary excretion of sodium and dopamine in type 1 diabetic patients with an without microalbuminuria

The relationship between urinary sodium and dopamine excretion was investigated in 40 normal males and in 48 normotensive, Type 1 diabetic males, 11 with microalbuminuria and 37 with normal albumin excretion. In all three groups a significant correlation was demonstrated and the regression lines were similar. Thus, no evidence was found that a defect in dopamine mobilization contributes to the early renal pathophysiological changes of Type 1 diabetes.     

Increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes during lockdown for the COVID19 pandemic in India: A cohort analysis

Lockdown due to the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) pandemic may cause weight gain and enhance the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to determine this risk in apparently non-diabetic individuals.Material methodsBaseline demographic and clinical data from 100 apparently non-diabetic household members (related or unrelated) of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were collected until 49 days of lockdown and analyzed using the XL-STAT statistical software. A two-pronged analytical strategy was employed. First, the metabolic risk profile related to age, sex, weight, family history, and exercise pattern was analyzed. This was followed by an assessment of the risk of developing type 2 diabetes using an established risk assessment engine.ResultsThere was a trend towards weight gain seen in 40% of the cohort, with 16% of the population experiencing a 2.1–5 kg weight increment. When all the risk parameters were analyzed together using the ADA risk engine, there was an increase in the ADA diabetes risk score in 7% of the population, with 6.66% in the high-risk group. There was a further increase in weight among 3% of the population who were already obese at baseline.ConclusionWe show an increased risk of T2MD consequent to weight gain during 49 days of lockdown in India.     

盐敏感性高血压患者的肾脏排泄钠、钾特征的研究

为了探讨原发性高血压病病因并对其治疗及预防提供依据,本研究对55例原发性高血压病患者进行了区分盐敏感者的研究及三种状态下肾脏排泄钠、钾和血浆有关激素水平的实验室测查及统计分析,结果表明:盐敏感者为34例,中间型11例,10例盐耐受者.在盐负荷状态下,盐敏感者中大部分(71%)呈现肾排钠增强,且排钠量与收缩压的升高呈正相关(r=0.700,P<0.05);另一部分(29%)的盐敏感者排钠减低,但血压增高幅度大.盐负荷期肾排钾量盐敏感组高于耐受组.盐负荷期与基础状态时相比较,盐敏感组的血浆肾素活性、血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮水平没有得到有效的抑制.提示:盐敏感性高血压患者存在着肾排钾、钠障碍及肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统调节紊乱.     

Determining type 2 diabetes risk factors for the adults: A community based study from Turkey

Aims

This study aimed to determine risk factors for type 2 diabetes among adults who were not diagnosed with diabetes.

Development of diabetic retinopathy and its associated risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients in Osaka district, Japan: a long-term prospective study

Incidence rates of diabetic retinopathy and its associated risk factors were studied in a long-term prospective study involving 976 type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetic patients that showed no retinopathy at entry to the study. 322 of the patients (one-third of the subjects studied) developed diabetic retinopathy during the observation period (average length 8.3 years). The incidence rate per 1000 person-years was 39.8. The rate was significantly related to age at onset of diabetes, to fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level at entry, and to type of treatment. The incidence rate was also related to the duration of the disease. Glycemic control clearly played a role in the occurrence of retinopathy. Patients with FPG ≥ 200 mg/dl had the highest incidence rate, while patients with FPG < 140 mg/dl showed the lowest incidence rate throughout the observation period. Furthermore, a longer period between onset of diabetes and development of retinopathy was observed in patients with FPG < 140 mg/dl compared to patients with FPG ≥ 200 mg/dl. The findings suggest that strict glycemic control may be of particular value to reduce the incidence of retinopathy and to delay its appearance in type 2 diabetic patients.     

Additive effects of glycaemia and blood pressure exposure on risk of complications in type 2 diabetes: a prospective observational study (UKPDS 75)

Aims/hypothesis The relative importance of glucose and blood pressure control in type 2 diabetes remains uncertain. We assessed interactive effects of glycaemia and systolic blood pressure (SBP) exposure on the risk of diabetic complications over time.Subjects, materials and methods HbA_1c and SBP, measured annually for a median of 10.4 years in 4,320 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients from the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), were categorised as updated mean values <6.0, 6.0–6.9, 7.0–7.9 or ≥8.0%, and <130, 130–139, 140–149 or ≥150 mmHg, respectively. Clinical outcomes were UKPDS predefined composite endpoints.Results The incidence of the ‘any diabetes-related endpoint’ in the lowest (HbA_1c <6.0%, SBP <130 mmHg) and highest (HbA_1c ≥8%, SBP ≥150 mmHg) category combinations was 15 and 82 per 1,000 person-years, respectively, and 24 and 120 per 1,000 person-years in a Poisson model adjusted to white Caucasian male sex, age 50 to 54 years and diabetes duration of 7.5 to 12.5 years. Updated mean HbA_1c and SBP effects were additive in an adjusted proportional hazards model with risk reductions of 21% per 1% HbA_1c decrement and 11% per 10 mmHg SBP decrement. Endpoint rates obtained in the 887 patients randomised in both the glycaemia and hypertension intervention trial arms were consistent with the observational data. Those allocated to both intensive glucose and tight blood pressure control policies had fewer events than those allocated to either policy alone or to neither (p for trend 0.024).Conclusions/interpretation Risk of complications in type 2 diabetes is associated independently and additively with hyperglycaemia and hypertension. Intensive treatment of both these risk factors is required to minimise the incidence of complications.     

新诊断2型糖尿病患者亚临床大血管病变及危险因素分析

目的:研究新诊断2型糖尿病患者的亚临床大血管病变患病情况及危险因素分析。方法 :采取社区筛查、门诊收集的方法,获取178例新诊断2型糖尿病患者,行颈动脉彩色超声筛查亚临床大血管病变,并采集个人史、既往史、身高、体重、腰围及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血脂等数据。结果:178例患者中合并亚临床大血管病变者(A组)67例,患病率为37.6%,无亚临床大血管病变者(B组)111例(62.4%)。A组患者年龄较大,高血压患病率较高,且2组间高血压病程、收缩压差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组患者性别比例、吸烟率相似,腰围、腰臀比、舒张压、HbA1c、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇无明显差异,A组体质量指数(BMI)、总胆固醇(TC)水平较B组升高(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,高血压病史、BMI、TC是亚临床大血管病变患病的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:部分新诊断2型糖尿病患者已合并亚临床大血管病变,高血压病程、BMI、TC是其患病的危险因素。     

The triglyceride-glucose index,a predictor of type 2 diabetes development: A retrospective cohort study

AimsThe triglycerides-glucose (TyG) index, the product of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and triglycerides (TG) is a novel index. Many previous studies have reported that the TyG index might be a strong predictor of incident type 2 diabetes. We determined whether the TyG index could be a useful predictor for diabetes diagnosis and compared it to the FPG and TG as predictors of type 2 diabetes.MethodsA total of 617 subjects without baseline diabetes were examined and followed up for a median period of 9.2 years. We performed a mixed effect cox regression analysis to evaluate the risk of developing diabetes across the quartiles of the TyG index, calculated as ln[triglyceride (mg/dl) × FPG (mg/dl)/2], and plotted a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to assess discrimination among TyG, FPG and TG.ResultsDuring 4,871.56 person-years of follow-up, there were 163 incident cases of diabetes. The risk of diabetes increased across the quartiles of the TyG index. Those in the highest quartile of TyG had a higher risk of developing diabetes (adjusted HR 3.38 95% CI 2.38–4.8, ptrend < 0.001) than those in the lowest quartile. The area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC plots were 0.79 (95% CI 0.74–0.83) for FPG, 0.64 (95% CI 0.60–0.69) for TyG and 0.59 (95% CI 0.54–0.64) for TG.ConclusionThe TyG index was significantly associated with risk of incident diabetes and could be a valuable biomarker of developing diabetes. However, FPG appeared to be a more robust predictor of diabetes.     

A longitudinal study of foot ulceration and its risk factors in community-based patients with type 2 diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study

Aims

To determine the prevalence and associates of foot ulcer, and the subsequent incidence and predictors of first-ever hospitalisation for this complication, in well-characterised community-based patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Baseline foot ulceration was ascertained in 1296 patients (mean age 64 years, 48.6% male, median diabetes duration 4.0 years) recruited to the longitudinal Fremantle Diabetes Study between 1993 and 1996. Incident hospitalisation for foot ulceration was monitored through validated data linkage until end-December 2010.

Results

At baseline, 16 participants (1.2%) had a foot ulcer which was independently associated with intermittent claudication, peripheral sensory neuropathy (PSN) and diabetes duration (P ≤ 0.01). The incidence of hospitalisation for this complication in those without prior/prevalent foot ulceration was 5.21 per 1000 patient-years. This rate and other published data suggest that 1 in 7–10 foot ulcers require hospitalisation. In a Cox proportional hazards model, intermittent claudication and PSN were significant independent predictors of time to admission with foot ulceration, in addition to retinopathy, cerebrovascular disease, HbA_1c, alcohol consumption, renal impairment, peripheral arterial disease and pulse pressure (P ≤ 0.038).

Conclusions

These data confirm PSN as an important risk factor for foot ulceration but, in contrast to some other studies, peripheral arterial disease was also a major independent contributor. Associations between hospitalisation for foot ulcer and both retinopathy and raised pulse pressure suggest a role for local microvascular dysfunction, while alcohol may have non-neuropathic toxic effects on skin/subcutaneous structures. The multifactorial nature of foot ulceration complicating type 2 diabetes may have implications for its management.     

2型糖尿病尿微量白蛋白与心血管病危险因素的研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者尿微量白蛋白与心血管病危险因素（血糖、血脂、血压、尿酸等）的关系。方法选择192例确诊为T2DM住院患者,分为微量白蛋白尿（MAU）组（n=60）和正常微量白蛋白尿（NAU）组（n=132）,检测患者体质指数（BMI）、血脂、血压、尿酸等相关危险因素,并进行对比分析;同时以尿微量白蛋白为因变量,各相关危险因素为自变量进行了多元线性回归分析,以明确影响2型糖尿病患者尿微量白蛋白增加的因素。结果 MAU组糖化血红蛋白水平（HbA1c）、入院时收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）水平、血肌酐（Cr）、尿酸（UA）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）水平及TC、LDL-C、UA、SBP和DBP的异常率明显高于NAU组,而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）水平明显低于NAU组（P〈0.05～0.01）,多元线性回归分析发现MAU与BMI、SBP、DBP、TC、TG、LDL-C、HbA1c、UA和Cr呈正相关,而与HDL-C呈负相关（P〈0.05～0.01）。结论血脂、血压等多种危险因素的异常影响T2DM患者尿微量白蛋白水平。     

Population attributable risk of risk factors for type 2 diabetes; Bayesian methods

ObjectiveDemonstrating the risk factors of diabetes can help to plan for prevention of this disease. This study aimed at quantification of the impact of physical activity, hypertension, general obesity, central obesity, high cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglyceride, smoking, hookah, drug use, alcohol consumption on the incidence of type 2 diabetes at a population level in Yazd, Iran. And this study calculated population attributable risk (PAR) of them.MethodsFor this study, data from the first phase of the cohort study of chronic diseases in the adults of Yazd city were used, which began in 2016. Data was recorded through a cohort trained team. To calculate PAR and its the Bayesian confidence interval were performed using software R (version 3.4.3).ResultsOf the 9967 subjects studied, age ≥30, 14.67% (n = 1432) has type 2 diabetes. The most common risk factors for diabetes were Inadequate physical activity and central obesity (WHR). The PAR for Inadequate physical activity of diabetes in women was 17.92%, in men 18.53, And PAR for WHR in women was 57.62%, in men 43.03.ConclusionsIn this study, age was the strongest determinant of diabetes. And then type 2 diabetes is mainly attributable to WHR, significantly more so in women than men. Therefore, central obesity probably should be considered as a major strategy for reducing incidence of type 2 diabetes.     

Dietary selenium intake and risk of hospitalization for type 2 diabetes in the Moli-sani study cohort

Background and aimsExperimental and non-experimental human studies have consistently shown a positive association between exposure to the trace element selenium, which occurs primarily through diet, and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Plausible biological mechanisms include adverse effects of selenium and selenium-containing proteins on glucose metabolism. However, the levels of exposure above which risk increases are uncertain.Methods and resultsWe examined the association between selenium intake and first hospitalization for type 2 diabetes during a median follow-up period of 8.2 years among 21,335 diabetes-free participants in the Moli-sani cohort, Italy. Selenium intake was ascertained at baseline using a food frequency questionnaire, showing a median value of 59 μg/day. During follow-up, we identified 135 incident cases of hospitalization for diabetes, based on population-based hospital discharge data. We used a Cox proportional hazards model to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for hospitalization for diabetes, adjusting for potential confounders. HRs (95% CIs) were 1.01 (0.60–1.70), 1.13 (0.66–1.96) and 1.75 (0.99–3.10) comparing the second, third, and fourth sex-specific quartiles with the first quartile, respectively. Risk was 64% greater in the fourth quartile as compared with the previous three. Spline regression analysis also indicated a steeper increase in risk occurring among men compared with women.ConclusionsIn a large population of Italian adults free of type 2 diabetes at cohort entry, high dietary selenium intake was associated with increased risk of hospitalization for diabetes.     

2型糖尿病及糖尿病肾病危险因素分析

目的 研究2型糖尿病（DM）及糖尿病肾病（DN）的易患因素，指导临床及早防治。方法 随机选择2型糖尿病病例201例，人群对照110例作病例对照研究。根据尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）将DM患者分为四组互为对照比较。结果 与人群对照组相比，DM组在饮酒、喜食甜食、过多摄入动物脂肪、糖尿病家族史、女性病人巨大儿生产史、合并冠心病、高血压、脑血管意外、高脂血症、胰岛素敏感性指标方面有显著差异。DM四组间在年龄、病程、继发糖尿病眼病、糖尿病神经病变、合并高血压、冠心病、脑血管意外、胆囊结石、心电图异常、收缩压、舒张压有显著差异。UAER与糖尿病肾病、眼病、冠心病正相关。结论 饮酒、喜食甜食、过多摄入动物脂肪、糖尿病家族史、女性病人巨大儿生产史、合并冠心病、高血压、脑血管意外、高脂血症、胰岛素抵抗等可能是2型糖尿病的危险因素。血糖、血脂、血压的不良控制导致糖尿病肾病的进展，DN与其他血管并发症或合并症有较好的相关性。定期监测尿白蛋白排泄率对于及早发现防治糖尿病肾病和其它血管并发症具有重要意义。