毛樱桃抗冻伤涂膜剂的制备及药效学研究

目的:研究毛樱桃抗冻伤涂膜剂的最佳制备工艺及其抗冻伤活性。方法:采用L_9(3~4)正交试验法,以综合外观质量总分作为考察指标,优化毛樱桃抗冻伤涂膜剂的PVA-1788、甘油和无水乙醇3个成膜材料的用量;建立液氮冻伤兔耳模型,随机分为3个组,分别为毛樱桃涂膜剂高剂量组、毛樱桃涂膜剂低剂量组和止痛消炎软膏阳性对照组,5只/组,连续治疗8 d,观察毛樱桃冻伤涂膜剂的抗冻伤作用。结果:毛樱桃抗冻伤涂膜剂基质的最佳工艺为:称取PVA-1788 9 g,加85%乙醇适量,浸泡过夜,挥干乙醇后,加入蒸馏水26 mL,在80℃水浴上加热溶解,加入300 mg毛樱桃总黄酮,搅拌均匀,静置放凉后加入甘油1.5 mL搅拌均匀,再加入氮酮0.2 mL,最后加入无水乙醇15 mL,使之分散均匀,静置,即得。与毛樱桃涂膜剂低剂量组和阳性对照组比,毛樱桃涂膜剂高剂量组可明显改善冻伤患耳的病变,降低Baker评分和镜下炎症细胞数量(P0.05)。结论:优选出的涂膜剂成膜材料的成膜性好,成膜时间短,比较均匀,易涂展。毛樱桃抗冻伤涂膜剂具有良好的抗冻伤活性。     

药理效应法对藏药熏倒牛不同提取工艺的评价

目的:研究藏药熏倒牛的提取工艺。方法:采用小鼠耳廓二甲苯致炎、小鼠热板法致痛实验,观察熏倒牛不同工艺提取物对抗炎、镇痛作用的影响。结果:熏倒牛传统水煎工艺提取物、传统水煎醇沉工艺提取物、醇提工艺提取物均有抑制二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀的作用,均可提高小鼠热板法致痛的痛阈(P<0.01),但醇提取物的抗炎、镇痛效果明显优于水煎提取物和水煎醇沉提取物(P<0.01)。结论:熏倒牛乙醇提取物的抗炎、镇痛作用显著,其药理效应明显优于水煎和水煎醇沉工艺。     

胡椒醇提液外用对兔耳冻伤的治疗研究

目的 探讨胡椒醇提液外用对兔耳轻度冻伤的治疗效果.方法 用-15℃左右低温液复制兔耳轻度冻伤模型,冻伤后48h开始在兔冻耳涂抹胡椒70%乙醇提取液治疗,2 d后测定血清中SOD活性、MDA和TNF-α含量,4 d后评价冻耳外观正常与否及变形程度,制作冻耳组织病理切片,显微镜下观察冻耳组织病理变化,同时测定血清与冻耳组织中SOD活性、MDA和TNF-α含量.结果 用胡椒70%乙醇提取液治疗2 d后血清中SOD活性显著增加,MDA量显著降低,TNF-α量无明显变化.治疗4d后血清中SOD活性、MDA和TNF-α含量均无明显差异,但冻耳组织中SOD活性与TNF-α水平显著提高,MDA量显著降低.另外冻耳外观评价与组织病理检查显示冻耳组织坏死范围减少,修复速度明显提高.结论 胡椒70%乙醇提取液局部外用对轻度冻伤有治疗作用.     

毛樱桃总黄酮超声提取工艺优选

目的:优选毛樱桃总黄酮的超声提取工艺。方法:以总黄酮得率为评价指标,紫外分光光度法测定总黄酮含量,采用正交试验法考察提取时间、料液比、乙醇体积分数、超声功率等对毛樱桃总黄酮超声提取工艺的影响,响应曲面法优选提取条件。结果:最佳提取工艺为20倍量95%乙醇于400 W功率下提取45 min。此工艺条件下,总黄酮平均得率1.135%。结论:乙醇超声提取法经济实用、方便快捷,可在中药材提取领域推广使用。     

基于药效筛选与正交试验优化花川保列颗粒提取工艺研究

目的:对花川保列颗粒提取工艺进行筛选,确定最佳提取工艺。方法:在药效实验的工艺初筛结果基础上,采用正交试验设计法,以制剂中槲皮素总量为考察指标,考察提取溶剂浓度、溶剂用量、提取时间、提取次数4个因素,优选花川保列颗粒的最佳提取工艺。结果:花川保列颗粒60%乙醇提取物的抗菌、抗炎活性优于水提醇沉物;花川保列颗粒的最佳提取工艺为10倍量60%乙醇回流提取3次,每次1.5 h。结论:本研究建立的提取工艺简单、稳定可行,对花川保列颗粒的工业化生产具有一定的参考价值。     

短穗兔耳草和短管兔耳草抗急性酒精肝损伤及其作用机制

目的 研究短穗兔耳草和短管兔耳草对急性酒精肝损伤的保护作用及其作用机制。方法 将小鼠随机分为9组,每组10只,分别为正常组、模型组、联苯双酯组（阳性对照组）、短穗兔耳草低、中、高剂量组、短管兔耳草低、中、高剂量组。采用灌胃50%乙醇的方法制备急性酒精肝损伤模型,连续灌胃给药7d,于造模后16h各组取血、取肝脏,测定血清中ALT、AST、TC、TG、TNF-α、NF-κB各项指标,测定肝组织匀浆中SOD、MDA、GSH、蛋白的含量,PCR检测肝组织中TNF-α相对表达量。结果 与模型组比较,短穗兔耳草和短管兔耳草高剂量组可显著降低血清中ALT、AST、TC、TG含量（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）,短穗兔耳草和短管兔耳草高剂量组可显著升高肝匀浆中SOD、GSH含量,降低MDA含量,具有统计学意义（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）。短穗兔耳草各剂量组和短管兔耳草高剂量组可显著降低TNF-α、NF-κB的含量,具有统计学意义（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）。短穗兔耳草提取物和短管兔耳草提取物给药组小鼠肝组织中TNF-α mRNA的相对表达量均显著降低（P＜0.01）。结论 短穗兔耳草和短管兔耳草乙醇提取物均具有抗急性酒精肝损伤作用,其作用与氧化应激及对炎症因子的调控相关。     

泽泻降血尿酸乙醇提取物的提取工艺研究

目的:筛选泽泻降血尿酸乙醇提取物的最佳提取工艺。方法:采用正交试验设计,以泽泻所含泽泻醇B23-乙酸酯为指标,考察乙醇浓度、提取时间、提取次数和乙醇用量等4种因素对提取结果的影响。泽泻醇B23-乙酸酯和血尿酸的含量均用HPLC法测定。结果:只有提取次数对泽泻乙醇提取物的泽泻醇B23-乙酸酯含量有显著影响。结论:泽泻降血尿酸乙醇提取物的最佳制备工艺为7倍药材量的70%乙醇提取2次,每次提取1 h。该提取工艺合理、可行。     

老龙皮水和乙醇提取部位的抗炎和体外抑菌实验研究

目的:比较老龙皮的药效活性部位。方法:采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀和棉球致小鼠肉芽肿模型研究其抗炎作用;采用二倍稀释法和纸片法研究其体外抑菌作用。结果:老龙皮乙醇提取物高剂量组(40g生药.kg-1)对小鼠耳肿胀有显著抑制作用(P<0.05),抑制率为45.38%;低剂量组(10g生药.kg-1)对棉球肉芽肿有极显著作用(P<0.01),抑制率为26.28%。乙醇提取物和水提取物均对大肠埃希菌和白色念珠球菌敏感,乙醇提取物作用较水提取物强。结论:老龙皮乙醇提取物具有较好的抗炎和抑菌作用。     

土茯苓降血尿酸乙醇提取物的提取工艺研究

目的:筛选土茯苓降血尿酸乙醇提取物的最佳提取工艺。方法:采用正交试验设计,以土茯苓所含落新妇苷为指标,考察乙醇浓度、提取时间、提取次数和乙醇用量的4种因素对提取结果的影响。落新妇苷和血尿酸含量均采用HPLC法测定。结果:提取次数、提取时间和乙醇浓度对以落新妇苷为指标的提取率都有显著的影响。结论:土茯苓降血尿酸乙醇提取物的最佳工艺是7倍药材量的90%乙醇提取2次,每次2.0h。该提取工艺合理、可行。     

正交试验法优选抗柯萨奇B病毒性心肌炎胶囊提取工艺

目的:优选抗柯萨奇B病毒性心肌炎胶囊( K-CoxB-JN)的提取工艺.方法:采用紫外-可见分光光度法测定乙醇提取物中皂苷、黄酮、木质素类成分含量;正交试验设计优选抗柯萨奇B病毒性心肌炎胶囊的提取工艺.结果:乙醇提取最佳工艺为10倍量70％乙醇加热回流2次,每次1.5h.结论:优选的提取工艺稳定,安全,简便易行.     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属植物传统药物学调查

通过野外资源调查、整理各大标本馆标本原始记录和查阅文献记载等方法,系统整理、总结、归纳了列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属民族药用植物种类、功效及民间使用情况,结果表明列当属6种药用植物在4个少数民族间作为7种民族药应用,草苁蓉属2种药用植物在8个少数民族间作为10种民族药应用,肉苁蓉属2种药用植物在3个少数民族间作为3种民族药应用,且同种药用植物常作不同民族药;发现3属植物的传统疗效主要集中在补肾壮阳、止血和止痛3个方面,并且该传统疗效与现代药理研究结果基本吻合。因此深入研究植物种类丰富的列当属植物资源对缓解肉苁蓉植物资源匮乏局面和扩大药源具有积极意义。