三维CT血管造影在颅内动脉瘤夹闭手术中应用的初步经验

目的 评估三维CT血管造影（3D－CTA）在颅内动脉瘤手术中的应用价值。方法 对1997年9月至2000年4月间手术的32例脑动脉瘤病人在术前进行3D－CTA检查,并将其图像应用于手术。除4例危重患仅行3D－CTA外,其余患均同期行DSA检查。结果 除1例多发性动脉瘤因3D－CTA扫描平面确定有误而漏检1个动脉瘤外,其余的动脉瘤均被3D－CTA发现,并被手术所证实。3D－CTA均清晰显示了动脉瘤的部位、大小、形状、指向、瘤颈部位以及动脉瘤的破口,并显示了动脉瘤与截瘤动脉以及颅底骨结构的三维影像。其在显示颅内动脉瘤的形态、方向、部位与毗邻骨结构上优于DSA,有助于手术入路的设计以及术中寻找动脉瘤和载瘤动脉。结论 3D－CTA有助于颅内动脉瘤手术入路的设计以及术中寻找动脉瘤和载瘤动脉,尤其适合于床突旁动脉瘤、前交通动脉瘤,大型或巨型动脉瘤的手术以及急诊夹闭手术。     

颈椎后纵韧带骨化症12例分析

颈椎后纵韧带骨化症是一种病因未明的少见疾病，是指后纵韧带在椎管内异常骨化造成椎管狭窄，出现脊髓受压症状，是近30～40年才被认识，现已明确将它作为一种独立的疾病。本病起病缓慢，临床表现多样化，易造成漏诊，现将我们发现的12例分析如下。     

三维CT血管造影术在急性蛛网膜下腔出血颅内动脉瘤诊断中的应用

目的探讨三维CT血管造影术（3D-CTA）在急性蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）颅内动脉瘤诊断中的应用。方法采用3D-CTA和DSA对26例非外伤性SAH患者进行检查，3D-CTA通过最大密度投影（MIP）、表面遮盖法重建（SSD）和容积重建术（VRT）方法获得图像．根据3D-CTA和DSA所获得的关于动脉瘤的位置、大小等进行术前评估。结果在26例中24例3D-CTA检测出27个动脉瘤，瘤体直径3-2mm，1例后交通动脉瘤3D-CTA不能证实，1例未检出动脉瘤；14例行DSA检查，其中1例未检出动脉瘤而通过3D-CTA发现，1例右椎动脉梭形动脉瘤因DSA行右椎动脉造影失败而通过3D-CTA发现。12例仅凭3D-CTA手术，3D-CTA在检查动脉瘤的位置、大小、瘤体方向及对载瘤动脉和分支动脉的形态描述均优于DSA，它在诊断颅内动脉瘤的敏感性和特异性分别为96％和100％。结论3D-CTA是一种准确、价廉、非侵袭性的诊断颅内动脉瘤SAH的方法，在动脉瘤的急诊手术时较DSA更具优越性。     

三维CT血管造影在颅内动脉瘤诊治中的临床价值

目的探讨三维CT血管造影(3D-CTA)在颅内动脉瘤诊治中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析自2006年1月至2009年3月以来72例颅内动脉瘤患者的3D-CTA及DSA影像学资料,3D-CTA及DSA图像分别由两位神经外科医师及放射科医师采用双盲法进行对比分析。结果经手术证实72例患者共85个动脉瘤,其中单发动脉瘤61例;多发动脉瘤11例,9例发现2个动脉瘤,2例发现3个动脉瘤。3D-CTA发现67例80个动脉瘤,而DSA发现70例83个动脉瘤。动脉瘤体最大径及瘤颈宽度的测量值在CTA与DSA组间比较无显著性差异(P0.05)。3D-CTA的敏感性及特异性分别为97.65%及94.12%,而DSA的敏感性及特异性则分别为98.82%及97.65%,两组间也无显著差异(P均0.05)。结论 3D-CTA是一种快速、价廉的无创性检查技术,对颅内动脉瘤诊断的敏感性及特异性较高,并可准确显示动脉瘤的位置、形态及大小,较好评估动脉瘤体、载瘤动脉及周围血管之间的关系,从而为选择适当的手术治疗方案提供了可靠的直观依据。     

三维CT影像资料测量国人心尖区心肌变薄的解剖学验证

背景：在常规心脏三维CT 成像检查中可见国人心脏心尖部心肌存在变薄的影像改变,但未见文献报道。认识该影像征象的相关解剖及影像特征,可为临床相关学科的应用及研究提供客观基础。目的：确定国人心尖区心肌最薄点的存在,测量其厚度及位置关系。方法：解剖学观察12个体外心脏标本并利用游标卡尺测量心尖部最薄点厚度及左室心肌最厚处的厚度。选取2009-01/12在厦门大学附属中山医院CT室进行检查的69例无明确心脏疾患患者的三维CT资料,利用三维成像技术显示心尖部结构。测量心尖最薄点、左室心肌最厚处的厚度及心尖最薄点至冠状动脉前降支的距离。结果与结论：解剖学观察显示体外心脏标本心尖部存在心肌变薄区,厚度为(1.74±0.32) mm,左室心肌最厚处为(13.07± 1.48) mm;三维 CT 可清楚显示心尖部心肌最薄区,厚度为(1.27±0.31) mm,左室心肌最厚处为(12.02±1.66) mm;心尖部最薄点到左冠状动脉前降支的距离为(13.70±3.78) mm。统计结果显示解剖学心尖部最薄点厚度与三维CT 测量值差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。结果证实国人心尖区心肌变薄是一种正常解剖结构,标本解剖学及活体三维CT影像学均可清楚显示。     

经鼻-蝶窦手术路径的体表定位及鼻-蝶窦区的三维CT影像解剖

目的 探讨三维螺旋CT在鼻-蝶鞍区影像解剖及经鼻-蝶窦垂体瘤手术入路的鞍底定位中的应用.方法 回顾性分析29例鼻-蝶鞍区螺旋CT扫描数据,以3D重建和剪切技术重建和观察鼻-蝶鞍区的3D解剖结构.分析鼻尖-耳轮上缘连线(鼻-耳轮线)与鞍底的关系.对14例垂体瘤患者术前、术后行螺旋CT扫描和重建,评估3D - CT和鼻-耳轮线在经鼻-蝶窦垂体瘤术前规划和术中鞍底定位中的可行性.结果 鼻-耳轮线在所有的研究对象中均与蝶窦相交,其中与鞍底相交者12例占42％.鞍底-斜坡交点至鼻-耳轮线的垂直距离是(3.6±1.8)mm.3D - CT能清晰地显示鼻-蝶鞍区的解剖结构,包括蝶窦及其分隔、颈动脉和视神经管隆起、鞍底等.为模拟手术入路和术中鞍底定位提供重要信息.结论 3D - CT技术可获得鼻-蝶鞍区高清晰度的三维空间解剖图像,有助于经鼻-蝶窦垂体瘤手术方案的制定和术中蝶窦和鞍底的定位.鼻-耳轮线可作为经鼻-蝶窦垂体瘤手术路径的体表定位.     

脑结节性硬化的CT特征

目的 分析脑结节性硬化症的CT影像表现，进一步认识其影像特征。方法 对19例脑结节性硬化患者的CT影像表现进行分析。结果 (1)皮层和皮层下病灶：CT显示病灶58个，面包圈样改变病灶23个，局部小片状高密度7个病灶，等密度伴有钙化点病灶28个。(2)脑白质病灶：CT发现6个病灶有钙化点，提示该处有病灶。(3)室管膜下病灶：CT发现钙化结节127个。其中2例合并巨细胞星形细胞瘤，CT表现为高、等、低混杂密度。结论 CT不仅可以显示室管膜下钙化结节．也可以较好地显示出皮层及皮层下结节。     

脑膜瘤患者三维CT血管造影的临床意义

20世纪末发展起来的多层螺旋CT以其优异的性能推进了CT血管成像（CTA）技术的迅速发展，使之成为观察血管病变的首选方法，在某些血管疾病的诊断方面甚至已超过常规血管造影。目前已被广泛地应用于颅内动脉瘤的诊断上。我科在1999年12月至2003年12月对26例脑膜瘤术前采用3D-CTA检查，着重探讨其对脑膜瘤手术治疗的指导价值。     

不同椎间植入物内固定方式治疗长节段颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的比较

背景：颈椎长节段后纵韧带骨化症的治疗方法目前各界尚存争议,无指导性的标准方案。 目的：对比分析不同路径椎间植入物内固定治疗长节段颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的效果。 方法：随访35例长节段颈椎后纵韧带骨化症伴重度脊髓型颈椎病患者,前路内固定组10例患者采用颈前路椎体次全切、骨化灶切除或部分切除、椎间植骨融合内固定;后路内固定组16例患者采用颈后路单开门减压椎管成形、椎体侧块内固定;后路无内固定组9例患者采用后路单开门减压椎管成形。 结果与结论：患者均获随访,随访时间为6~24个月。治疗后12个月JOA评分改善率前路内固定组、后路内固定组、后路无内固定组分别为79.59%,83.01%及60.35%。治疗后前路内固定组1例患者并发脑脊液漏;后路无内固定组3例患者治疗后症状改善不明显;后路内固定组治疗效果好,无并发症。表明后路椎管成形经椎弓根钉内固定治疗长节段颈椎后纵韧带骨化症具有减压完全、安全有效、长期效果佳的特点,是治疗该病的一种较好方法。     

脊髓造影螺旋CT重建颈椎病仿真解剖模型的意义☆

背景：随着螺旋CT及计算机图像后处理技术的进步，医学仿真影像学在复杂颈椎病的诊断与治疗中获得了良好的临床应用效果。 目的：观察脊髓造影螺旋CT扫描多平面重建及三维重建颈椎影像仿真解剖模型的效果及其临床意义。 设计、时间及地点：计算机三维重建，金标准对比实验，于2001-01/2006-01在苏州大学附属第二医院完成。 对象：接受手术治疗的20例病情复杂的颈椎病患者。 方法：对20例患者进行颈脊髓造影螺旋CT薄层扫描，分别行多平面重建和三维重建，建立颈椎CT仿真解剖模型。将扫描及其重建结果用于术前病情评估、模拟手术，并以手术直视所见为金标准评价仿真解剖模型的准确性和效能。 主要观察指标：仿真解剖模型的准确性和效能。 结果：仿真解剖模型可同步显示骨性椎管和膜性椎管，为术前评估和模拟手术提供了颈椎全面、细微骨性解剖结构和硬膜囊、脊髓、神经根袖等软组织受压等解剖信息，与患者实际解剖相符合。 结论：仿真解剖模型直观、逼真，准确再现了颈椎解剖，可应用于综合评估颈椎病病情并模拟手术。     

颈椎动态稳定器置入治疗颈椎病5例：非融合术后弹性动态固定效果随访

背景：前路椎间盘切除减压融合术是颈椎病手术治疗的有效方法,但在长期的临床实践中也出现了很多问题。 目的：探讨颈椎动态稳定器在颈椎非融合手术中的安全性及有效性。 方法：5例颈椎病患者(6个节段) 行颈前路椎间盘切除减压置入颈椎动态稳定器进行非融合手术,术前及术后3 d、3个月、6个月进行JOA评分,观察神经功能恢复情况,并摄X射线平片观察椎间隙高度及椎间活动度。 结果与结论：经1~6个月随访,JOA平均评分由术前8.5分升至术后15.4分;影像学复查未见颈椎动态稳定器移位、下沉,生理弧度良好,颈椎运动范围得到一定保持,无明显颈部僵硬和活动受限表现。提示颈椎动态稳定器一体化植入术后能获得弹性动态固定,并恢复和维持椎间隙高度及椎间活动度,近期疗效满意。     

颈椎病前方入路术后恢复不良的原因分析

１９８０年１２月至１９９３年１２月，我科经前方入路治疗颈椎病并获随访１８３例，其中３７例（２０．２％）术后恢复不满意，ＪＯＡ恢复率小于６０％。根据主诉与症状，我们把这些病人分成４组。（１）术后症状立即加重，１年内仍无改善者４例。（２）术后症状无明显改善，１年后仍无进步者１１例。（３）术后症状减轻，但经过一段时间后，原症状又复出现者８例。（４）双下肢症状好转，但又出现新的上肢症状或上肢原症状加重者１４例。结合术后Ｘ线、ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ和椎管造影等检查所见，我们将发现的主要问题归纳为手术操作、病情发展演变、原有胸腰椎病和脊髓受压变性等情况。本文对以上发生的问题进行了分析，提出在以后的手术中应特别注意的事项。     

颈前路显微减压治疗脊髓型颈椎病(附54例报告)

目的探讨脊髓型颈椎病的手术治疗方式和早期疗效。方法54例脊髓型颈椎病患者,前路显微镜下手术减压及椎间植骨融合颈前路钛钢板内固定术50例,前路脊柱内镜下手术减压及椎间植骨融合颈前路钛钢板内固定术2例,前路显微镜下减压后椎间植Bryan人工椎关节盘2例。结果随访进行6～48个月(平均25个月),症状明显缓解,脊髓功能明显改善者52例,占96.3%。52例植骨者术后6个月植骨融合率100%。2例Bryan人工椎关节盘植入者,术后6个月及1年X线平片随访显示:颈椎过曲、过伸运动及生理曲度良好,与自体椎体融合良好。术后症状与术前比较无明显缓解但无加重者2例。结论对脊髓型颈椎病,前路手术不同方式各有其适应证,应根据临床表现、体征、影像学特征早期诊断和尽早手术,进行仔细的显微操作技术,可以更加充分减压并减少对脊髓的损伤,取得更加良好的治疗效果。     

脊髓型颈椎病手术治疗后疗效观察

目的：脊髓型颈椎病手术治疗后１￣１２年随访检查者１１２例,观察其疗效。方法：收集我院１９８６￣１９９８年间住院采用了颈前路手术摘除颈椎间盘加自体髂骨融合术治疗１４８例患者,经发函,通知来院复查者计１１２例,对此进行统计分析。结果：疗效达优良者为６１＾（６８例／１１２例）,总有效率９３％（１０４例／１１２例）。结论：提示该治疗方法有可行性。     

Long-Term Outcome of Posterior Cervical Inclinatory Foraminotomy

ObjectiveA modified surgical technique of posterior cervical foramintomy called posterior cervical inclinatory foraminotomy (PCIF) was introduced in previous preliminary article. PCIF allows better preservation of facet joint and capsule than conventional techniques. The authors conducted a study to investigate long-term outcomes of PCIF.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed demographic, radiologic, and clinical data from the patients who underwent PCIFs at our institution. Criteria included a minimum of 48 month follow-up and PCIFs for patients with radiculopathy from foraminal stenosis (C2–T1; single or multilevel) with persistent or recurrent root symptoms despite conservative treatment for more than 3 months. Patients who had undergone previous cervical operation were excluded. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score was used for clinical follow-up, and radiologic follow-up was performed to compare the changes of cervical sagittal alignment, focal angle and disc-space height of treated segment.ResultsThe PCIFs were performed between April 2007 and March 2011 on 46 patients (32 males and 14 females) with a total of 73 levels affected. The average duration of follow-up was 74.4 months. Improvements in radiculopathic pain were seen in 39 patients (84.7%), and VAS score decreased from 6.82±1.9 to 2.19±1.9. Posterior neck pain also improved in 25 patients (71.4%) among 35 patients, and VAS score decreased from 4.97±2.0 to 2.71±1.9. The mean disc-space heights of treated segment were 5.41±1.03 mm preoperatively and decreased to 5.17±1.12 mm postoperatively. No statistically significant changes in cervical sagittal alignment, focal angle were seen during the follow-up period (Cox proportional hazards analysis and Student t-test, p>0.05).ConclusionThe PCIF is highly effective in treating patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy, leading to long-lasting relief in pain. Long-term radiologic follow-up showed no significant spinal angular imbalance.     

Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy due to the Ochronotic Arthropathy of the Cervical Spine

Ochronosis is a musculoskeletal manifestation of alkaptonuria, a rare hereditary metabolic disorder occurs due to the absence of homogentisic acid oxidase and leading to various systemic abnormalities related to deposition of homogentisic acid pigmentation (ochronotic pigmentation). The present case reports the clinical features, radiographic findings, treatments and results of a cervical spondylotic myelopathy woman patient due to the ochronotic arthropathy of the cervical spine. The patient aged 62 years was presented with gait disturbance and hand clumsiness. Physical examination, X-rays, computed tomography and lab results of the urine sample confirmed the presence of ochronosis with the involvement of the cervical spine. The patient underwent a modified cervical laminoplasty due to multi-segment spinal cord compression. The postoperative follow-up showed a good functional outcome with patient satisfaction. The present study concludes the conditions and important diagnostic and surgical aspects of a patient. It is necessary to identify the condition clinically and if cord compression is observed, appropriate surgical interventions needs to be instituted.     

Comparison between Anterior Cervical Decompression with Fusion and Posterior Cervical Fusion with Wide Facetectomy for Treatment of Severe Bony Foraminal Stenosis

ObjectiveTo compare the anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) and posterior cervical fusion (PCF) with wide facetectomy in the treatment of parallel-shaped bony foraminal stenosis (FS). MethodsThirty-six patients underwent surgery due to one-or-two levels of parallel-shaped cervical FS. ACDF was performed in 16 patients, and PCF using CPS was performed in 20 patients. All patients were followed up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Standardized outcome measures such as Numeric rating scale (NRS) score for arm/neck pain and Neck disability index (NDI) were evaluated. Cervical radiographs were used to compare the C2–7 Cobb’s angle, segmental angle, and fusion rates. ResultsThere was an improvement in NRS scores after both approaches for radicular arm pain (mean change -6.78 vs. -8.14, p=0.012), neck pain (mean change -1.67 vs. -4.36, p=0.038), and NDI score (-19.69 vs. -18.15, p=0.794). The segmental angle improvement was greater in the ACDF group than in the posterior group (9.4°±2.7° vs. 3.3°±5.1°, p=0.004). However, there was no significant difference in C2–7 Cobb angle between groups (16.2°±7.9° vs. 14.8°±8.5°, p=0.142). As a complication, dysphagia was observed in one case of the ACDF group. ConclusionIn the treatment of parallel-shaped bony FS up to two surgical levels, segmental angle improvement was more favorable in patients who underwent ACDF. However, PCF with wide facetectomy using CPS should be considered as an alternative treatment option in cases where the anterior approach is burdensome.     

颈部哑铃形肿物的显微外科治疗

目的 探讨颈部哑铃形肿瘤常用手术方法及手术入路。方法 大多数肿瘤经后正中入路椎板或部分椎板切除及单侧小关节切除进行手术,部分病例经颈前外侧及后正中联合入路手术。术中切除肿瘤在显微镜下进行。结果 所有病例术后MRI检查示肿瘤全切,1例脊膜瘤术后半年复发,再次手术后痊愈。术后大多数病例症状明显改善,无加重及死亡病例。结论 采用合适的手术入路,精细的显微外科操作,可提高疗效、减少术后并发症的发生。     

The Effect of the Pedicle-Facet Angle on Degenerative Cervical Spondylolisthesis

ObjectiveTo measure the orientation of the facet joints of cervical spine (C-spine) segments in the sagittal plane, known as the pedicle-facet (P-F) angle, and to use these measurements to evaluate the relationship between the P-F angle and the amount of vertebral anterolisthesis in patients with degenerative cervical spondylolisthesis (DCS).MethodsA retrospective case-control study was performed including 30 age- and sex-matched patients with DCS and 30 control participants. Anterior-posterior and lateral view radiographs of the C-spine were obtained in a standing position. The P-F angle at all cervical levels and the amount of anterolisthesis at C4-5 were measured from lateral view plain radiographs.ResultsThe P-F angles at C4-5 were 141.14±7.14° for the DCS group and 130.53±13.50° (p=0.012) for the control group, and at C5-6 were 137.46±8.53° for the DCS group and 128.53±16.01° for the control group (p=0.001). The mean P-F angle at C4-5 did not correlate with the amount of anterolisthesis (p=0.483). The amount of anterior slippage did correlate with age (p<0.001).ConclusionThe P-F angle was intrinsically higher at C4-5, compared to C5-6, in both the DCS and control groups, which might explain the increased likelihood for anterolisthesis of C4. Higher P-F angles in the DCS group may be a predisposing factor to slippage. The P-F angle may interact with age to increase incidence of anterolisthesis with increasing age.