高危慢性阻塞性肺病病人的围手术期处理

探讨高危慢阻肺（ＣＯＰＤ）病人的围手术期处理,方法：择期进行上腹部和胸腔内手术病人１６例,均患有严重的慢性肺,术前评估围手术期有高度发生呼吸系统并发症的危险。术前准备包括戒烟、预防和控制感染,支气管扩张和呼吸功能锻炼６例病人术前进行无创正压压气（ＮＰＰＶ）训练,手术在硬膜外阻滞复合全身麻醉下完成。术后施行硬膜外镇杂１胸部理疗扩张支气管和氧疗。部分病人间断采用ＮＰＰＶ进行呼吸支持。结果：１６例病人术     

高龄开胸患者围术期的呼吸道管理

目的探讨高龄患者开胸手术后围术期呼吸道管理与术后康复的关系。方法针对高龄患者开胸术后呼吸功能减退、咳嗽排痰无力等特点,对108例高龄开胸病人围术期加强呼吸道管理:术前加强呼吸功能训练、术前戒烟及术后采取正确的体位,湿化呼吸道,有效咳嗽、咳痰,密切观察病情变化等措施。结果除2例病人术后给予呼吸机辅助呼吸3～12d外,其余病人全部顺利康复,全组病人无死亡。结论加强高龄病人围术期的呼吸道管理,可有效地减少术后并发症,保障病人顺利康复。     

48例慢性骨髓炎灌注引流术围手术期的护理

目的：探讨慢性骨髓炎病人围手术期的护理方法。方法：对所有患者进行心理护理、术前营养支持、保证抗生素合理使用、肺功能训练、术后生命体征监测、合理体位、营养供给、切口及各管道的护理、呼吸功能的锻炼、肢体功能锻炼及康复训练。结果：48例患者平均住院26天,护理治疗效果满意,无一例发生严重并发症。结论：围手术期护理,尤其是心理护理、术前术后功能训练、术后呼吸道管理、切口引流管的管理及并发症的预防,对慢性骨髓炎手术取得良好治疗效果具有重要支持作用。     

高龄低肺功能食管、贲门癌患者的外科治疗

目的探讨高龄低肺功能食管、贲门癌患者的外科手术治疗、手术方式的选择及围手术期的合理处理。方法回顾性分析1990年1月~2003年12月44例70岁以上低肺功能食管、贲门癌患者的手术切除方式、围手术期处理及术后呼吸机的应用。结果术后19例行呼吸机辅助呼吸,围手术期死亡3例,其中2例死于呼吸衰竭,1例吻合口瘘患者死于胸腔感染,全身衰竭。结论由于手术技术的改进、术后呼吸机的应用及围手术期的正确处理,高龄低肺功能食管、贲门癌患者的手术适应证可相对扩大。     

高龄病人开胸术后呼吸道并发症原因分析及护理

分析高龄病人开胸手术后发生呼吸道并发症的原因,提出加强围术期老年病人呼吸功能训练及良好的呼吸道管理,可减少开胸术后呼吸道并发症,促进病人早日康复.     

食管癌术后复发再次手术临床疗效分析

目的总结食管癌或贲门癌术后复发癌的再次手术治疗的临床疗效。方法食管癌术后复发行再次手术切除病人18例,其中根治性切除17例,姑息性切除1例。采用经左胸腹联合切口行残胃-食管吻合术3例;采用胸腹联合切口3例,其中2例行食管-空肠R-Y吻合术,另1例行横结肠-食管、横结肠-残胃吻合术;采用颈、胸、腹三切口,先行颈部食管-结肠吻合术、结肠-残胃或空肠吻合术12例。13例病人同期行食管癌切除术加消化道重建术,5例病人先行结肠代食管术,择期行食管癌切除术。结果无围术期死亡。术后发生颈部食管-结肠吻合口漏1例,肺部感染4例,腹部切口感染1例,均经治疗后痊愈。所有病例均获随访,1例姑息性切除病人于术后13个月死亡。结论对于复发食管癌肿较局限的病人,如病人体质允许,掌握手术指征,采取积极的再次手术治疗可延长病人生存时间。     

围手术期呼吸训练法治疗脊柱侧凸前路开胸松解术对肺功能的影响

目的探讨先天性或成年严重脊柱侧凸前路开胸半椎体、一期松解术对肺功能的影响及应用呼吸训练预防及治疗呼吸衰竭等手术并发症的方法。方法对于先天性或成年严重脊柱侧凸患者67例入院后即测量患者肺功能,术前2～3周均应用呼吸训练方法,使患者肺功能正常或接近正常,术后即进行呼吸训练,测量肺功能正常或接近正常,然后行头盆环牵引,3周后二期行后路PRSS或CDH侧弯矫正手术。结果全部病例经术前系统的呼吸训练,患者肺功能明显改善。开胸半椎体切除或前路椎体间松解术后1～6周,患者肺功能显著减退。二次手术前对患者的呼吸锻炼,尤其是咳嗽和排痰锻炼,改善患者的肺功能,避免肺部感染,使患者能耐受再次手术。1例开胸术后出现胸腔积液,坚持呼吸康复训练,控制感染,2月后治愈,进行二期后路手术。1例肺部感染,呼吸功能衰竭,经人工呼吸机辅助机械通气给氧及抗感染治疗,病情好转后,进行呼吸训练6月,在肺功能检查显示康复良好后,二期后路矫形手术。结论先天性或成人严重脊柱侧凸前路开胸半椎体切除或松解术围手术期呼吸康复训练能有效地改善患者肺功能,避免开胸手术及二期后路侧凸矫正手术严重而危险的并发症:呼吸衰竭。     

脊柱侧后凸伴有显著通气功能障碍的围手术期处理

目的分析伴有中、重度通气功能障碍的脊柱侧后凸患者矫形手术的策略及围手术期呼吸道处理方案。方法回顾性分析2004年6月～2008年1月行后路手术治疗的16例伴有中、重度通气功能障碍的侧后凸畸形患者。术前依据FVC与FEV1值评价通气功能损害;经呼吸功能锻炼,选择经后路全椎体切除并椎弓根钉棒矫形术或单纯椎弓根钉棒矫形术治疗。术后定期随访。结果行后路全椎体切除矫形7例,其中重度通气障碍4例,中度3例;9例行单纯椎弓根钉棒矫形,包括3例重度通气障碍。全椎体切除组侧凸及后凸矫正率分别达到68．5％和76．7％,单纯钉棒矫形侧凸及后凸矫正率分别为53．1％和48．0％。并发症主要有拔管延迟7例、胸腔积液3例、肺水肿2例,肺部感染3例;无气管切开或长期使用呼吸机等。至术后6个月肺功能均较术前提高。结论全椎体切除矫形适用于伴有中、重度通气功能障碍的严重且僵硬的侧后凸患者;后路矫形手术对患者的通气功能在短时间内存在一定程度的影响,但可恢复并获提高。     

高龄低肺功能食管癌患者围手术期呼吸功能保护

目的探讨高龄低肺功能食管癌患者围手术期呼吸功能保护的意义。方法2005年1月-2007年8月,对46例70岁以上,最大通气量占预计值31%-50%,一秒用力呼气容积/用力肺活量45%-60%的食管癌患者行手术治疗。术前戒烟,预防和控制呼吸道感染,呼吸道雾化吸入或应用解痉化痰药物,呼吸功能锻炼和氧疗。双腔管气管插管复合麻醉,改良后外侧小切口,将胸胃缝合成“管状胃”。术后施行静脉自控镇痛、抗感染、解痉化痰、保持呼吸道通畅、营养支持和氧疗,必要时予以呼吸支持。结果术中低氧血症（氧饱和度〈90%）9例,改为双肺小潮气量通气后平稳。4例因自主呼吸弱行机械辅助通气120-240 min后拔管。术后肺部感染5例,均治愈,其中1例气管切开呼吸机辅助通气6天。无手术死亡。结论高龄低肺功能食管癌患者术后肺部并发症发生率高,但加强围手术期呼吸功能保护,能降低术后肺部并发症的发生。     

高龄食管癌患者术后肺部并发症的防治

目的探讨高龄食管癌患者术后并发症的防治策略。方法回顾性分析41例高龄(≥70岁)食管癌患者的临床资料。根据术前综合评估情况选择手术方式:其中行食管癌根治、胃代食管吻合术29例(右胸上腹二切口14例,颈胸腹三切口9例,左胸切口4例,左胸腹联合切口2例),行食管癌切除、颈段食管外置12例。术后加强呼吸道管理,及早发现并积极处理肺部并发症。结果围手术期肺栓塞1例,继发多脏器功能衰竭死亡。术后发生肺部感染2例,肺不张2例,呼吸功能衰竭3例。结论细致的术前评估和准备、管状胃重建消化道、积极有效的呼吸道管理是术后肺部并发症防治的关键。     

胸腹腔镜联合食管癌切除经胸骨后胃-食管颈部器械吻合术后患者生活质量的评价

目的评价胸腔镜和腹腔镜联合行食管癌切除,经胸骨后胃一食管颈部圆形吻合器吻合术与颈胸腹三切口食管癌切除术对患者术后生活质量的影响。方法南方医科大学南方医院胸心外科于2009年1月至2010年10月手术治疗63例胸部中上段食管癌患者,其中行胸腔镜和腹腔镜联合食管癌切除术33例（A组）,颈胸腹三切口食管癌切除术30例（B组）。采用欧洲癌症研究与治疗组织（EORTC）开发的生活质量核心量表QLQ-C30和食管癌补充量表QLQ—OES18评价患者术后的生活质量。结果两组患者一般资料的比较除吻合方式不同外,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）．A组患者术后分别发生颈部吻合口瘘1例（3．0％,1／33）、颈部切口感染1例（3．0％,1／33）和吻合口狭窄1例（3．0％,1／33）：B组发生吻合口瘘8例（26．7％,8／30）,吻合口狭窄2例（6．7％．2／30）．颈部切口感染1例（3．3％,1／30）,肺部感染6例（20．0％,6／30）;均经保守治疗后好转。A组患者术后在吞咽闲难、进食、疼痛、梗阻、呼吸困难、食欲丧失、疲倦、经济困难、躯体功能、角色功能、情绪功能、认知功能、社会功能及总体健康状况维度方面的评分均优于B组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）：其余维度差异无统计学意义。结论胸腔镜和腹腔镜联合食管癌切除术患者颈部器械吻合后并发症发生率低．生活质量明显优于颈胸腹三切口手术的患者。     

Selective use of tube cholecystostomy with interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis

HYPOTHESIS: Tube cholecystostomy followed by interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a sale and efficacious treatment option in critically ill patients with acute cholecystitis. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study within a 4 1/2%-year period. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: Of 324 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 65 (20%) had acute cholecystitis; 15 of these 65 patients (mean age, 75 years) underwent tube cholecystostomy. INTERVENTION: Thirteen patients at high risk for general anesthesia because of underlying medical conditions underwent percutaneous tube cholecystostomy with local anesthesia. Laparoscopic tube cholecystostomy was performed on 2 patients during attempted laparoscopic cholecystectomy because of severe inflammation. Interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted after an average of 12 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Technical details and clinical outcome. RESULTS: Prompt clinical response was observed in 13 (87%) of the patients after tube cholecystostomy. Twelve patients (80%) underwent interval cholecystectomy. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted in 11 patients and was successful in 10 (91%), with 1 conversion to open cholecystectomy. One patient had interval open cholecystectomy during definitive operation for esophageal cancer and another had emergency open cholecystectomy due to tube dislodgment. Two patients (13%) had complications related to tube cholecystostomy and 2 patients died from sepsis before interval operation. One patient died from sepsis after combined esophagectomy and cholecystectomy. Postoperative minor complications developed in 2 patients. At a mean follow-up of 16.7 months (range, 0.5-53 months), all patients were free of biliary symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Tube cholecystostomy allowed for resolution of sepsis and delay of definitive surgery in selected patients. Interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy was safely performed once sepsis and acute infection had resolved in this patient group at high risk for general anesthesia and conversion to open cholecystectomy. Just as catheter drainage of acute infection with interval appendectomy is accepted in patients with periappendiceal abscess, tube cholecystostomy with interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy should have a role in the management of selected patients with acute cholecystitis.     

食管癌术后并发肺部感染的相关因素

目的探讨食管癌患者术后并发肺部感染的相关因素,为临床预防术后肺部感染的发生、提高手术效果提供参考依据。 方法回顾性分析2012至2013年川北医学院附属医院胸外科接受食管癌根治术的215例患者的临床资料,按照术后是否发生肺部感染,将其分为感染组和对照组,其中感染组患者95例,男性73例,女性22例,平均年龄（63.8±7.5）岁;对照组患者120例,男性83例,女性37例,平均年龄（61.7±6.3）岁。利用卡方检验对两组病例的性别、年龄、病变部位、吸烟史、手术持续时间、术后呼吸机辅助呼吸时间及术前并发症进行率的比较,并通过Logistic多因素回归分析方法进一步明确食管癌切除术后并发肺部感染的危险因素。 结果卡方检验结果表明,术后肺感染组患者高龄（≥ 60岁）、肿瘤发生部位、吸烟史（≥ 20年）、手术持续时间（≥ 3 h）、术后呼吸机辅助呼吸时间（≥ 2 h）、术前并发症（糖尿病、COPD Ⅲ级以上、低蛋白血症）的比重均高于对照组（P均<0.05）。Logistic多因素回归分析表明,年龄≥ 60岁（χ² = 4.201、P = 0.04）、烟龄≥ 20年（χ² = 11.204、P = 0.001）、病变部位（χ² = 12.415、P = 0.000）、手术时间≥ 3 h（χ² =4.28、P = 0.045）、术后呼吸机辅助呼吸时间≥ 2 h（χ² = 4.565、P = 0.033）、术前并发糖尿病（χ² = 7.335,P = 0.007）、术前合并低蛋白血症（χ² = 4.97、P = 0.026）及术前合并COPD Ⅲ级以上（χ² = 5.225、P = 0.022）是食管癌术后并发肺部感染的高危因素。 结论年龄≥ 60岁、烟龄≥ 20年、肿瘤发生部位、手术时间≥ 3 h、术后呼吸机辅助呼吸时间≥ 2 h、术前合并糖尿病、低蛋白血症或重度肺功能受损是食管癌切除术后并发肺部感染的高危因素。     

合并慢性阻塞性肺病的老年直肠癌患者围手术期处理

目的探讨合并慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)的老年直肠癌患者的围手术期处理。方法对40例中度以上COPD直肠癌患者进行静态肺功能评估,并进行正确的围手术期处理,研究其对患者术后的影响。结果术后心律失常4例,COPD症状加重8例,肺部感染6例,二重感染4例,呼吸功能衰竭2例,内科治疗后均缓解;伤口感染5例,无围手术期死亡。结论虽然合并COPD患者增加了手术风险,但正确内科治疗及处理,可以降低手术并发症发生率。     

Effective treatment of empyema with bronchopleural fistula after esophagectomy by endobronchial embolization using endobronchial Watanabe Spigots

IntroductionEmpyema and bronchopleural fistula are well known complications after thoracic surgery. We report a case of refractory air leakage of bronchopleural fistula in a patient with empyema that was successfully treated by endobronchial embolization using Endobronchial Watanabe Spigots (EWSs).Presentation of caseA 71-year-old man underwent esophagectomy for primary esophageal cancer. A right empyema with bronchopleural fistula (BPF) developed four months after surgery. Right thoracic drainage tube was inserted. Although the empyema was treated by drainage and anti-biotics therapy, the air leakage was apparent. The chest computed tomography (CT) scan revealed that the bronchopleural fistula existed in the segment 6 and 10. Endobronchial embolization was performed to the responsible bronchus using EWSs. After the EWSs of middle and large sizes were inserted into the B⁶c and B¹⁰b + c, the air leakage was stopped. The thoracic tube of drainage was removed after endobronchial embolization. Complications due to the EWSs insertion were not observed, and the patient was discharged.DiscussionThe management of BPF has evolved over the years. Surgical approach is frequently needed to control the BPF, though endobronchial embolization is effective in closing the BPF in some patients. In our case, EWSs of middle and large size were useful to control air leakage. We safely retried the 2nd endoboronchial embolization using the EWS. The patient had no complication after insertion the EWS again.ConclusionEndobronchial embolization using EWSs was an effective treatment of an empyema with bronchopleural fistula after esophagectomy.     

Salvage esophagectomy after definitive chemotherapy and radiotherapy for advanced esophageal cancer

BACKGROUND: Although local recurrence of advanced esophageal cancer is frequent after definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT), the clinical benefit of salvage esophagectomy has not been elucidated. METHODS: We reviewed 27 patients with squamous-cell cancer who underwent esophagectomy after definitive CRT (> or = 50 Gy) (salvage group) and 28 patients who underwent planned esophagectomy after neoadjuvant CRT (30 to 45 Gy) (neoadjuvant group). RESULTS: The preoperative albumin level and vital capacity were significantly lower in the salvage group than in the neoadjuvant group. Two patients (7.4%) from the salvage group who underwent extended esophagectomy with three-field lymphadenectomy died of postoperative complications, but no deaths occurred after less-invasive surgery. There was no difference of overall postoperative survival between the salvage and neoadjuvant groups. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of salvage esophagectomy after definitive CRT was similar to that of planned esophagectomy after neoadjuvant CRT. Less-invasive procedures might be better for salvage esophagectomy because of the high operative risk.     

The first series of completely robotic esophagectomies with three-field lymphadenectomy: initial experience

Background This study investigated the use of robotics to perform extended esophageal resection in a series of patients. Methods A total of 14 patients with a median age of 64 years underwent esophagectomy using the da Vinci robot. At presentation, there were 12 cases of cancer, staged at T2N1 (n = 2), T3N0 (n = 2), T3N1 (n = 6), T4N1 (n = 1), and M1a (n = 1); 2 cases of high-grade dysplasia; 8 cases of adenocarcinoma; and 4 cases of squamous cell cancer; as well as 2 middle third, 9 lower third, and one gastroesophageal junction tumor. Nine patients had undergone preoperative chemoradiotherapy, and six had undergone prior abdominal surgery. The patients were categorized into three chronological groups according to the procedure performed. Group 1 consisted of the first three patients in the series, whose surgery was thoracic only (robotically assisted esophagectomy). Group 2, the next three patients, had robotically assisted thoracic esophagectomy plus thoracic duct ligation using a laparoscopic gastric conduit. Group 3, the last eight patients, underwent completely robotic esophagectomy. Results For Group 3, the total operating room time was 11.1 ± 0.8 h (range, 11.3–13.2 h), with a console time of 5.0 ± 0.5 h (range, 4.8–5.8 h). The estimated blood loss was 400 ± 300 ml (range, 200–950 ml). One patient in group 1 had a thoracic duct leak. In groups 2 and 3, thoracic duct ligation resulted in no further leaks. Other postoperative complications included severe pneumonia (1 case), atrial fibrillation (5 cases), cervical anastomotic leak (2 cases), wound infection (1 case), and bilateral vocal cord paresis requiring tracheostomy (1 case). In seven of the cases, no intensive care unit time was required. There was one death from pneumonia 72 days after the procedure. The rate of disease-free survival was 87%. Conclusion The robotic approach facilitates an extended three-field esophagolymphadenectomy even after induction therapy and abdominal surgery. Larger scale trials are needed to define the role of this technique.     

单中心8818例脊柱畸形矫形术后深部感染的处理策略

目的探讨脊柱畸形矫形术后深部感染的发生率及其相应的处理策略。方法回顾性分析1998年1月至2017年12月接受脊柱畸形矫形术治疗8818例患者的病历资料,根据患者术后的临床症状、影像学检查及实验室检查判断是否发生深部感染。将初次手术后3个月之内发生的感染定义为早发性感染,初次手术3个月后发生的感染定义为迟发性感染。所有感染患者行清创灌洗、术后引流冲洗,并静脉应用敏感抗生素。若感染无法根除,如手术后时间不足2年,暂予伤口换药保留内固定;如手术后时间达到2年,评估融合情况满意后可在伤口清创的同时取出内固定。摄站立位全脊柱正、侧位X线片测量冠状面和矢状面参数,评估取出内固定者矫正丢失情况。结果共有60例(0.68%,60/8818)术后发生深部感染,早发性感染11例(发生率为0.12%,11/8818),迟发性感染49例(发生率为0.56%,49/8818)。两组患者在年龄、性别、手术入路及融合节段数方面的差异均无统计学意义。术后2~5年是深部感染发生的高峰期。特发性脊柱侧凸及强直性脊柱炎患者术后感染的发生率最低,综合征性及神经肌源性脊柱侧凸术后感染的发生率较高。初次培养阴性率较高,早发性感染中金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌居多;迟发性感染中痤疮丙酸杆菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占比明显增高。经治疗后早发性感染组中9例保留内固定,2例换药至术后2年取出内固定。迟发性感染组中5例保留内固定,10例换药至术后2年取出内固定,34例手术时间超过2年直接取出内固定;其中1例患者取出内固定后1个月重新植入内固定;另有1例患者因矫正丢失在取出内固定3年后重新植入内固定。末次随访时取出内固定的患者出现了明显的冠状面矫正丢失。结论脊柱畸形矫形术后深部感染的发生率为0.68%,早发性感染发生率较低,迟发性感染较高;神经肌源性脊柱侧凸与综合征性脊柱侧凸患者有着较高的感染风险。如果感染在反复清创后无法根除,推荐在术后2年骨融合后取出内固定,但仍存在矫正丢失的风险。     

Respiratory function and pulmonary thromboxane release after total thoracic esophagectomy

In experimental studies using mongrel dogs, 60 minutes after total thoracic esophagectomy the dog lung transiently released into the systemic circulation up to about 6000 micrograms/ml of thromboxane A2(TXA2) measured by radioimmunoassay as its metabolite thromboxane B2(TXB2). To determine whether lung TX release had effects on pulmonary function, we measured the changes in extravascular lung water (EVLW), lung resistance (RL) before, 10, 30, and 60 minutes after total thoracic esophagectomy in 14 anesthetized dogs. In seven untreated dogs, EVLW and RL increased and CL decreased approximately twofold at 60 minutes after the surgery, which corresponded well with a large transpulmonary plasma concentration gradient of TXB2. In remaining 7 dogs pretreated with intravenous OKY-046 which was TXA2 synthetase inhibitor, increase in EVLW and RL and decrease in CL were minimal and plasma concentration of TXB2 remained low value of a preoperative level. In clinical studies, 20 patients with esophageal carcinoma were evaluated. All of these patients underwent total thoracic esophagectomy with extended lymph node dissection of a similar extent. In 5 control patients, significant increase in EVLW and pulmonary vascular resistance were noted at 60 minutes after surgery. On the other hand, while the patients who had intravenous OKY-046 administration during operation at a dose of 1 microgram/kg/min or 5 micrograms/kg/min showed significant decrease in EVLW and pulmonary vascular resistance at 60 minutes after surgery. Based on these results, it is concluded that TXA2 appears to be one of the most important factors to cause the postoperative pulmonary complication after total thoracic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.     

合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病的食管癌病人围手术期处理

目的　探讨合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (CPOD)的食管癌病人的围手术期处理。方法　总结2 18例合并COPD病人行食管癌根治术的手术经验和术后急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)的治疗体会。结果　全组无手术中死亡。吻合口漏致全身感染死亡 2例 ,术后发生ARDS 2 6例 ,死亡 7例。结论　术前严格的检查有助于判断COPD程度 ,及早发现和及时处理是ARDS治疗成功的关键 ,除病因治疗和脏器功能维持外 ,更重要的是以全身炎症反应综合征 (SIRS)与代偿性抗炎反应综合征 (CARS)为主线 ,积极干预 ,可提高成功率