脑弥漫性轴索损伤的临床表现及CT诊断

目的探讨脑弥漫性轴索损伤(DAI)的临床表现、CT诊断。方法分析32例脑弥漫性轴索损伤的临床资料及cT图像资料。同时对所有病例进行GCS评分。结果DAI的CT征象主要为：a)弥漫性双侧脑白质水肿、脑肿胀、灰白质界限不清；b)脑室、脑池、脑沟及蛛网膜下腔变窄、消失，无中线移位；c)脑弥漫性肿胀，白质内点、片状出血，但未形成血肿，无占位效应；d)脑弥漫性肿胀伴硬脑膜下薄层出血。患者伤后昏迷时间越长，临床表现越重，GCS评分越低，cT显示脑室系统受压程度越重则预后越差。结论DAI根据临床表现及影像学检查可作出临床诊断?但DAI病情与CT表现不一致时需行CT薄层扫描或MRI检查。     

MRI对急性头外伤的意义

作者对177例头外伤病人在伤后3天内进行了MRI检查,并在第一次MRI检查后3小时内行CT检查。年龄9个月～90岁。按GCS计分:轻度损伤134例,中度损伤25例,重度损伤18例。弥散性轴突损伤(DAI)21例,按Gennerelli标准分为轻度、中度和重度。迟发性外伤性脑内血肿(DTICH)4例,颅底骨折21例。作者见到,MRI发现了123例病人共177处损伤,CT发现了90例病人共103处损伤。颅内任何部位CT发现的损伤数目均少于MRI。许多轻、中度损伤病人CT无异常表现而MRI却有异常发现。诊断为DAI的病人颅内损伤均被MRI显示,轻度者仅见于大脑白质,重度者除见于大脑白质外还见于     

脑弥漫性轴索损伤的CT表现（附68例分析）

目的：分析脑弥漫性轴索损伤（DAI）的CT征象,为DAI的诊断提供影像学依据。方法：回顾性分析68例经临床确诊的DAI的早期CT表现。其中,男52例,女16例,年龄6-72岁,平均32.3岁,51例采用保守治疗,17例行开颅减压术,死亡37例（54.4%),重残21例（30.9%),CT扫描在伤后30分钟至24小时进行,使用岛津SCT-4500TE型全身CT机行非增强扫描。结果：脑白质内单发或多发小出血灶49例（大脑半球37例,基底节区4例,胼胝体6例,脑干2例）,蛛网膜下腔出血17例,脑室出血5例,弥漫性脑肿胀58例。结论：CT是早期诊断DAI的有效方法。并可提示病人的预后。     

弥漫性轴索损伤影像学分析

目的探讨弥漫性轴索损伤(DAI)影像学表现及诊断价值。方法回顾性分析2010年9月~2015年9月26例DAI患者临床与CT、低场MRI资料,其中男性19例,女性7例;年龄16~65岁,平均34.6岁。患者均有创伤史,道路交通伤22例,高处坠落伤3例,重物打击伤1例。伤后均立即出现昏迷或持续昏迷,入院时格拉斯哥昏迷量化表(GCS)评分,重度(≤8分)4例,中度(9~12分)6例,轻度(13~15分)16例。结果 26例均使用CT及低场MRI诊断,主要表现为颅内不同部位单发或多发点状病变,DAI病灶分为出血灶和非出血灶,主要分布在灰白质交界区、基底节区、丘脑、深部白质、胼胝体等区域。低场MRI敏感性明显高于CT(χ2=14.567,P=0.012),各序列中GRE-T2*WI对出血灶检出数(97.59%)最高,DWI对非出血灶检出数(95.18%)最高。结论 CT及低场MRI对DAI的早期诊断很有价值,低场MRI能弥补CT检查阴性颅脑损伤而症状较重患者,能明显提高颅脑损伤的检出率、诊断率,能有效避免漏诊,提示预后。     

脑弥漫性轴索损伤的CT诊断

弥漫性轴索损伤（DAI）是头部加速运动引起的脑白质轴索广泛性损伤。我们报告18例脑弥漫性轴索损伤，提出DAI的CT诊断标准；大脑皮髓质交界处、基底地内囊区域、胼胝体、脑干或小脑一个或多个直径≤2cm的出血灶和／或脑室内出血，无明显颅内血肿和挫裂伤；或CT仅提示急性弥漫性脑肿胀，蛛网膜下腔出血，但伤后原发性持久昏迷，无脑缺氧情况。在384例急性脑外伤中，CT诊断DAI18例。对DAI的发病机理、CT表现的病理基础及诊断标准、CT表现与临床的关系进行了讨论。     

轻中度颅脑损伤的MRI表现和预后的相关性研究

目的分析轻中度颅脑损伤（mTBI）的MRI表现，评价MR／对mTBI的诊断价值和评估预后的价值。方法回顾性分析33例mTBI患者的CT和MRI表现。所有扫描在伤后24d内进行，MRI分别采用自旋回波T1W1、T2W1。预后评估在损伤后6个月进行。损伤的严重性的评估根据格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS）。评估预后用扩展的格拉斯哥预后评分（GOS）。结果10例（30％）恢复良好，15例（45％）伴有轻微的身体和智能缺陷，8例（24％）中等残疾。23例（70％）CT检查有异常，10例未发现异常。CT检查共发现25处脑内损伤。在MRI影像中，29例（88％）发现有异常，4例未发现异常，共发现44处脑内损伤。MRI发现的损伤数量是CT发现的1．76倍。损伤主要位于额叶和颞叶。早期MRI发现损伤位于额颞叶的患者预后不良。损伤程度与预后明显相关（P〈0．01）。结论mTBI的早期MR／影像对预后的评估有重要的参考价值，早期MRI表现的额颞叶区域损伤患者预后不良。损伤深度、数量和位置与预后相关。     

亚低温治疗重度弥漫性轴索伤的临床研究

目的 旨在探讨亚低温对重度弥漫性轴索伤（DAI）的治疗作用及患者颅内压、预后的关系。方法 本组观察了80例重度弥漫性轴索伤,在常规治疗的同时,对60例亚低温治疗。80例重度DAI患者分为亚低温和常温两组,所有患者均行颅内压监护5－7天。全部患者于伤后3个月行GOS评分判断预后。结果 在亚低温组,其颅内压明显低于对照组（P＜0．05）;亚低温组的死亡率为26．7％,而常温治疗组为55％（P＜0．05）。结论 重度DAI后,不仅应及时诊断,而且要尽早应用亚低温治疗、尽早降温。亚低温治疗有明显降低颅内压的疗效。亚低温治疗可以明显提高重度DAI患者的生存率和生存质量,降低DAI的死亡率和伤残率。     

SWI在弥漫性轴索损伤中脑内出血灶的诊断应用

目的利用磁敏感加权成像(SWI)了解弥漫性轴索损伤(DAI)出血灶的表现并探讨SWI在外伤性DAI中出血灶的应用价值。资料与方法20例DAI患者行3.0T磁共振SWI。观察DAI脑内出血灶在SWI上的形态、分布、数目等,并与昏迷程度、昏迷天数以及预后等进行对比或相关分析。结果DAI的出血灶在SWI像上表现为斑点状,线条状,小团状低信号,病灶最大径最大者15mm,最小者<0.5mm。DAI出血灶在脑表浅部分布较后颅窝和脑深部多。DAI出血灶总数分别与格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)和昏迷天数呈负相关(r=-0.931,P=0.000)和正相关(r=0.924,P=0.000)。预后不良组患者DAI出血灶数大于恢复良好组。结论SWI有助于显示DAI出血灶,从而能够较好地解释DAI的临床症状,并对判断DAI患者的预后亦有一定价值。     

孤立性脑转移瘤的CT诊断

目的研究孤立性脑转移瘤的CT表现。方法36例经病理证实的孤立性脑转移瘤患者均经头颅CT平扫,其中,12例又经对比增强CT扫描。对全部患者的CT表现进行了回顾性分析。结果CT平扫显示,36例孤立性脑转移瘤中表现为不规则形或囊状低密度影8例（22．2％）,结节状等密度影13例（36．1％）,肿块形高密度影4例（11．1％）,以及结节状混杂密度影11例（30．6％）,对比增强扫描见边缘强化。多数孤立性脑转移瘤位于皮髓交界处,周围有大小不等的水肿带。甲状腺癌脑转移表现为高密度影,周围无或仅有轻度水肿。结论孤立性脑转移瘤随其原发肿瘤的不同,CT表现多种多样,对不明原因的脑孤立性病灶,应仔细筛查颅外肿瘤,特别是应判定肺部、乳腺及甲状腺等有无原发肿瘤,以便尽早作出明确诊断。     

颅内压检测及脑脊液乳酸水平对重型颅脑损伤患者预后预测研究

目的研究颅内压检测及脑脊液乳酸水平对重型颅脑损伤患者预后的预测价值。方法 2014年5月—2018年1月蚌埠市第一人民医院重症医学科收治重型颅脑损伤并进行手术患者68例,其中男性38例,女性30例;年龄40～78岁,平均61.28岁;受伤至入院时间(4.61±1.34)h;致伤原因:高血压脑出血60例,道路交通伤4例,高处坠落伤4例。患者均在术后采用无创颅内压检测仪连续监测并记录颅内压同时设定预警值,并根据变化情况给予适当的干预。同时对患者行腰椎穿刺收集脑脊液检测乳酸水平。将患者颅内压变化情况与GCS评分及CT复查结果进行比对,采用格拉斯评价量表对患者的预后进行评估,比较预后不同组别间患者脑脊液乳酸水平的差异,并分析颅内压预警结果与预后的关系。结果术后2h后颅内压轻度增高患者21例(30.88%),GCS评分降低0～1分,CT复查结果显示未发现挫裂伤与迟发性血肿;中度增高患者32例(47.09%),GCS评分下降2～3分,CT复查结果显示颅内挫伤与迟发性水肿均有一定程度的增大;重度增高患者15例(22.06%),GCS评分降低>3分,CT复查结果显示颅内挫伤与迟发性水肿均明显增大;随着颅内压增高程度上升,患者的恢复良好率、轻度缺陷残疾率越低,而重度残疾率、植物生存率与病死率越高(P<0.05);随着脑脊液乳酸水平增加,患者的恢复良好率、轻度缺陷残疾率越低,而重度残疾率、植物生存率与病死率越高(P<0.05)。结论随着颅内压和脑脊液乳酸水平的增加,重症颅脑损伤患者的预后越差,可见在重症颅脑损伤患者治疗过程中对上述两种指标的观察和控制,对于重症颅脑损伤患者的恢复具有积极的作用。     

重型颅脑损伤患者自主神经功能障碍的临床分析

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤患者自主神经功能紊乱综合征发生率、临床症状、发病危险因素及预后.方法回顾性分析2008年1月-2010年3月收治的142例重型颅脑损伤患者,比较自主神经功能障碍组和对照组(无自主神经功能障碍患者)的临床特征;采用Logistic回归分析自主神经功能障碍发病的危险因素;伤后6个月采用GOS评分分析其预后.结果142例患者中生存并成功随访94例,自主神经功能障碍患者16例(17%),且其在GCS评分、昏迷时间、ICU时间、平均住院时间等方面较对照组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);自主神经功能障碍患者预后较差(P<0.05),与弥漫性轴索损伤(DAI)密切相关(OR=11.25,95%CI 7.65～16.54).结论 自主神经功能障碍在严重颅脑损伤患者中发生率较高,临床表现重,DAI增加其发作风险,此类患者多预后不良.     

重型颅脑损伤患者自主神经功能障碍的临床分析

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤患者自主神经功能紊乱综合征发生率、临床症状、发病危险因素及预后.方法回顾性分析2008年1月-2010年3月收治的142例重型颅脑损伤患者,比较自主神经功能障碍组和对照组(无自主神经功能障碍患者)的临床特征;采用Logistic回归分析自主神经功能障碍发病的危险因素;伤后6个月采用GOS评分分析其预后.结果142例患者中生存并成功随访94例,自主神经功能障碍患者16例(17%),且其在GCS评分、昏迷时间、ICU时间、平均住院时间等方面较对照组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);自主神经功能障碍患者预后较差(P<0.05),与弥漫性轴索损伤(DAI)密切相关(OR=11.25,95%CI 7.65～16.54).结论 自主神经功能障碍在严重颅脑损伤患者中发生率较高,临床表现重,DAI增加其发作风险,此类患者多预后不良.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the incidence, clinical symptoms, correlative risk factors and prognosis of dysautonomia in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Methods A total of 142patients with severe traumatic brain injury treated from January 2008 to March 2010 were retrospectively surveyed to compare the clinical features of dysautonomia group and control group. Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors for dysautonomia. At 6 months post-trauma, the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) was used to measure the outcome. Results Of all the patients, 94 patients survived and were followed up. There were 16 patients ( 17% ) diagnosed as dysautonomia depended on clinical symptoms,with statistical difference in aspects of GCS, coma duration, ICU time and average length of stay (ALOS)(P < 0.05). The patients with dysautonomia tended to have poorer outcome ( P < 0.05 ) and showed a positive association with diffuse axonal injury (DAI) ( OR = 11. 25, CI 7.65-16.54 ). Conclusion Dysautonomia has high incidence and is usually severe in patients with severe traumatic brain injury,when DAI may contribute to its occurrence and result in poor prognosis.     

Prediction of recovery from a post-traumatic coma state by diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in patients with diffuse axonal injury

Introduction To determine whether diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings combined with initial clinical factors indicate the depth of shearing lesions in the brain structure and therefore relate to coma duration in diffuse axonal injury (DAI). Methods A total of 74 adult patients (48 male and 26 female) with DAI were examined with conventional MR imaging and diffusion-weighted MR imaging between 2 hours and 20 days after injury. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were obtained and the mean ADC values of each region of interest (ROI) were measured using MRI console software. The involvement of the brainstem, deep gray matter, and corpus callosum was determined for each sequence separately as well as for the combination of all sequences. The correlations between MR imaging findings indicating the presence of apparent brain injury combined with initial clinical factors were determined. Results Clinical characteristics, such as initial score on the Glasgow coma scale (GCS), age and number of all lesions, and ADC scores were predictive of the duration of coma. Conclusion It was possible to predict post-traumatic coma duration in DAI from cerebral MR imaging findings combined with clinical prognostic factors in the acute to subacute stage after head injury. Age, ADC scores, GCS score and number of lesions were highly significant in predicting coma duration. The technique presented here might provide a tool for in vivo detection of DAI to allow the prediction of the coma duration during the early stages in patients with traumatic brain injury. This paper is funded by Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology, China (Grant No. 2005B33801010).     

Traumatic brain stem injury: MR imaging

Eighty-seven patients with acute (n = 70) or chronic (n = 17) head injuries were prospectively studied with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and computed tomography (CT) to characterize the frequency and nature of traumatic brain stem injury (BSI). Forty-eight traumatic lesions were identified in 36 patients. Of 36 patients, 35 had neurologic findings that corroborated the radiographic impression of BSI. T1- and T2-weighted MR images demonstrated a significantly higher number of lesions than did CT. Patients with BSI had a significantly higher frequency of corpus callosum and diffuse axonal "shear" lesions. The number of cortical contusions and extraaxial hematomas was similar in both groups. The mean Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores at admission were significantly lower in patients with evidence of BSI on MR images. Patients with primary BSI had lower initial GCS scores, a longer duration of coma, more diffuse axonal "shear" lesions, and a higher frequency of corpus callosum injury than patients with secondary BSI. The location of primary and secondary lesions was significantly different. Overall, MR imaging was more helpful than CT in detecting, localizing, and characterizing BSI.     

Combined head and abdominal computed tomography for blunt trauma: which patients with minor head trauma benefit most?

The widespread availability of computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis and management of blunt trauma has created the possibility of overuse without clear indications. Some clinicians believe that patients with head injury, intoxication, and/or distracting injury have an unreliable abdominal examination and should undergo combined head and abdomen CT. The objective of this study was to evaluate which patients with minor head trauma benefit most from combined head and abdomen CT. Consecutive blunt trauma patients, with a Glasgow coma scale (GCS) of 14 or 15, who underwent concomitant head and abdomen CT upon admission to a level I trauma center over a 2-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, mechanism of injury, physical exam, hospital course, and radiological and laboratory findings were recorded. Patients were divided into four subgroups based upon the presence or absence of intracranial and/or intraabdominal injury detected by CT. Among the 1,478 blunt head trauma patients, only 18 (1%) patients had both head and abdominal injuries detected by combined CT. One-hundred twelve (8%) patients had only head injuries, and 131 (9%) had only intraabdominal injuries detected. Patients with a GCS of 14 were more likely to have isolated head injury [odds ratio (OR) 3.1, P=0.001], while those with loss of consciousness were more likely to have combined head and intraabdominal injury (OR 6.8, P=0.03) or isolated head injury (OR 1.7, P=0.02). Abdominal tenderness was associated with increased risk of isolated intraabdominal injury (OR 1.8, P=0.0015). Hematuria was associated with increased risk of combined head and intraabdominal injury (OR 8.3, P=0.0004) or isolated intraabdominal injury (OR 7.9, P=0.0001). Patients with loss of consciousness and/or GCS of 14 frequently undergo head CT. The addition of an abdomen CT scan in this patient population should be based on objective clinical criteria such as presence of abdominal tenderness and/or hematuria.This work was presented at the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine Annual Meeting, San Francisco, May 20, 2006.     

Indications for CT in patients receiving anticoagulation after head trauma

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Head CT is frequently ordered for trauma patients who are receiving anticoagulation. However, whether patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 15 and normal findings on neurologic examination require CT is still debated. The purpose of our study was to assess the use of cranial CT in patients receiving anticoagulants after head trauma and to establish clinical criteria to identify those in this group who do not need emergency CT. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients receiving heparin or coumadin who had head trauma and who subsequently underwent cranial CT at a level I trauma center within a 4-year period. Patients were evaluated for mechanism of injury, clinical signs and symptoms of head injury, and type and reason for anticoagulation. Prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, partial thromboplastin time, GCS score, age, and head CT results were recorded for each patient. RESULTS: A total of 89 patients fulfilled the enrollment criteria. Among them, 82 had no evidence of intracranial injury on CT. Seven patients had evidence of intracranial hemorrhage. Patients without hemorrhage had no significant focal neurologic deficits and presented with an average GCS score of 14.8. Patients with intracranial hemorrhage tended to have focal neurologic deficits and presented with an average GCS score of 12.0. CONCLUSION: Patients with head injury, normal GCS scores, and no focal neurologic deficits and who are receiving the anticoagulants heparin or coumadin may not necessarily require emergency CT.     

不同创伤评分法对颅脑损伤预后预测价值的比较

目的：比较格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS）,修正的创伤记分（RTS）,急性生理和既往健康状况评定II（APACHEII）系统在颅脑损伤预后预测中的价值,探索适合颅脑损伤预后的预测的创伤评分,方法：回顾性分析1994－2000年116例颅脑损伤患者的临床资料,采用Spearman等级相关分析,观察了入院时GCS,RTS,APACHEII与预后的相关关系,以GOSI－III级为顾险事件,GCS,呼吸频率,收缩压,年龄,既往健康状况等为变量进行Logistic回归分析,判断半年预后独立的预计指标,结果：GCS,RTS,APACHEII均与预后显著相关（r分别为0.660,0.676和－0.578);Logistic回归分析表明,GCS,年龄为独立的预后预计指标,结论：RTS系统并未表现比GCS系统更大的优越性,APACHEII适当地与GCS结合应用,可提高对颅脑损伤预后预测的准确性。