海藻酸钙凝胶微丸作为口服缓释给药载体的研究

将海藻酸钠溶液滴入胶凝剂氯化钙溶液中制备了海藻酸钙凝胶微丸。以胶凝过程中凝胶微丸重量变化 (失水量 )研究了胶凝速率及不同浓度海藻酸钠溶液 ( 1 %～ 4 % )与氯化钙溶液 ( 0 0 5～0 2 0mol/L)对胶凝速率的影响 ,结果是 6h前胶凝速率快 ,随后减慢 ,约 70h胶凝完全 ,氯化钙溶液的浓度≥ 0 1mol/L对胶凝速率无明显影响。干燥的凝胶微丸在不同水性介质中溶胀试验结果表明 :在温度约 37℃时 ,微丸在蒸馏水和 0 1mol/L盐酸 ( pH1 0 )中几乎不溶胀 ,而在磷酸盐缓冲溶液( pH6 8)中1h溶胀 ,溶胀后的微丸直径是干燥前湿微丸直径的 1 80 %。海藻酸钙凝胶微丸这种溶胀的 pH敏感性 ,使它能成为口服药物缓释制剂的载体。以硝苯地平为模型药物制备的海藻酸钙凝胶微丸 ,其体外释放试验结果 ,2h累积释放量为 2 0 %～ 30 % ,6h为 6 0 %～ 80 % ,1 2h时大于85 %。药物从微丸中的释放是以扩散和骨架溶蚀相结合的方式。由此可见 ,硝苯地平的海藻酸钙凝胶微丸具有缓释作用     

海藻酸钙凝胶微球的制备和pH依赖性溶胀

利用海藻酸钠溶液与氯化钙溶液发生胶凝反应，本文用滴制的方法制备了海藻酸钙凝胶微球，并对制备的处方和工艺进行了探讨，同时考察了海藻酸钙凝胶微球的特征和溶胀特性。干燥的凝胶微球在不同pH的水性介质中溶胀特性不同。海藻酸钙凝胶微球的这种溶胀的pH敏感性，使其能成为口服药物缓释制剂的载体。     

硝苯地平海藻酸钙凝胶缓释微丸处方及工艺的优化

目的制备硝苯地平 海藻酸钙凝胶缓释微丸。方法采用滴制法。用单因素考察及均匀设计实验优化处方及工艺。结果优化得到的微丸在体外累计释放硝苯地平百分率 ,2h为 2 0 %～ 3 0 % ,6h为 60 %～ 80 % ,1 2h>85 %。结论在体外释放度实验中 ,硝苯地平海藻酸钙凝胶微丸具有良好的缓释作用     

阿莫西林脉冲释药微丸的研制

目的:制备阿莫西林脉冲释药微丸。方法:取空白丸芯分别以含药层、溶胀层(羧甲基淀粉钠)和控释层(乙基纤维素水分散体)顺序依次进行包衣制备阿莫西林脉冲释药微丸。采用紫外法和篮法考察溶胀层(12%、16%、20%)和控释层包衣增重(24%、28%、32%)及不同介质(水、盐酸、pH6.8磷酸盐缓冲液)对药物释放的影响。结果:溶胀层和控释层包衣增重对脉冲控释微丸的释药时滞和释放速率具有显著影响,药物释放情况不受介质pH值的影响;溶胀层和控释层包衣增重分别为16%、28%时制备的微丸时滞时间约为4h,时滞后4h累积释药率达到80%。结论:所制备的阿莫西林脉冲释药微丸具有体外脉冲释放作用。     

硝苯地平缓释凝胶的制备工艺及其释药性能研究

目的:制备硝苯地平缓释凝胶并考察其体外释药情况。方法:采用复凝聚法制备硝苯地平缓释凝胶,以壳聚糖、海藻酸钠的浓度、搅拌速度和壳聚糖溶液与海藻酸钠溶液的体积比为因素进行正交试验;用转篮法测定所制凝胶的释放度,通过改变释放介质的pH值,考察该缓释药物对pH的敏感性。结果:最佳工艺为壳聚糖浓度0.4%、海藻酸钠浓度1.5%、搅拌速度160r.min-1、壳聚糖溶液与海藻酸钠溶液的体积比为6:1。硝苯地平缓释凝胶在pH1.5的人工胃液中4h释放度为13.43%;在pH6.8的人工肠液中4h释放度为52.30%,12h释放度为81.72%。结论:所制硝苯地平缓释凝胶具有明显的缓释作用,体外释放具有较强的pH敏感性。     

响应曲面法优化NSC/APT凝胶小球的制备工艺及其释药特性考察

目的 探索N-琥珀酰壳聚糖/凹凸棒黏土（NSC/APT）释药凝胶小球的制备工艺,考察其释药特性.方法 利用响应曲面法优化了制备工艺,采用安全无毒的氯化钙进行交联.结果 与结论通过响应曲面法优化的最佳工艺与模型拟合很好;所得凝胶小球的溶胀率和累积药物释放实验结果表明复合凝胶小球具有pH敏感性,在pH为1.2时基本不溶胀,3h药物仅释放0.66%;pH为5.8时溶胀率增加,3h药物累积释放达到62.55%;pH为6.8时溶胀率最大,药物释放速度最快,3h达到94.51%;但当pH增加至8.0时,溶胀率减小,3h释放了76.05%.琥珀酰壳聚糖的羧基在药物释放中起着关键作用.     

阿西美辛海藻酸钙凝胶微丸释药影响因素考察

目的:考察阿西美辛海藻酸钙凝胶微丸的释药机制。方法:采用滴制法制备阿西美辛海藻酸钙微丸,考察海藻酸钠浓度,钙离子浓度,投药量,滴头直径大小对药物释放的影响。结果:海藻酸钠浓度增加,钙离子浓度增加,滴头直径增加,释药速率减慢。结论:在体外释放度实验中,阿西美辛海藻酸钙凝胶微丸具有良好的缓释作用,海藻酸钙凝胶微丸是一种非常有潜力的药物载体。     

盐酸维拉帕米缓释微球含量的测定及体外释放行为研究

目的建立UV法测定盐酸维拉帕米缓释微球含量的方法,考察环境pH对微球释药行为的影响。方法采用UV法测定缓释微球中盐酸维拉帕米,对该方法的专属性、精密度、回收率、稳定性等进行考察;并测定维拉帕米微球在蒸馏水、0.1 mol·L^-1盐酸、pH=6.8磷酸盐缓冲液3种不同的释放介质中的累积释放度,采用f2相似因子法对不同释放介质药物释放曲线的相似性进行评价。结果不同介质中的盐酸维拉帕米在229 nm处,吸光度A值和浓度C间线性关系均良好,线性范围为7.5～22.5μg mL-1,r值为0.999 9,平均回收率的RSD值均〈2%。结论该方法操作简便快捷,结果准确可靠,可用于盐酸维拉帕米缓释微球的含量测定,缓释微球在蒸馏水、pH=6.8磷酸盐缓冲液中的累积释放度基本一致,在0.1 mol·L^-1盐酸中释放较快。     

卡维地洛pH敏感性N-琥珀酰壳聚糖-海藻酸钙水凝胶的制备工艺优选

目的:优选卡维地洛pH敏感性N-琥珀酰壳聚糖-海藻酸钙水凝胶的最佳制备工艺,并考察其pH敏感性。方法:以包封率和载药量为考察指标,采用L9(34)正交试验优选其制备工艺。评价水凝胶在不同pH值溶液中的pH敏感性。结果:优选的最佳工艺为2%(w/v)N-琥珀酰壳聚糖,2%(w/v)海藻酸钠,2%(w/v)氯化钙,药物与海藻酸钠的质量比为1∶4(g/g)。水凝胶在pH1.5的溶液中几乎不溶胀,在pH6.8的溶液中溶胀度最大。结论:优选的制备工艺合理可行,制备的水凝胶具有明显的pH敏感性及缓释效果。     

鼻用氟脲嘧啶壳聚糖微球的体外释放及溶胀影响因素

目的考察壳聚糖脱乙酰度、壳聚糖浓度、固化剂用量、固化时间以及介质pH值对氟脲嘧啶壳聚糖微球的体外释放与溶胀的影响。方法乳化化学交联法制备氟脲嘧啶鼻用微球,动态透析法检测微球的体外释放特性;根据微球吸水前后质量变化测定微球的溶胀率。结果壳聚糖的脱乙酰度越高、固化剂用量越大、固化时间越长则微球的溶胀越慢,微球的体外释放越慢;壳聚糖浓度的增加则使微球的溶胀度增加,体外释放量减少;释放介质的pH值对微球的溶胀性能影响很大,在酸性条件下微球溶胀度高且释药加快。结论影响壳聚糖微球溶胀的因素顺序为介质的pH值>固化剂用量>固化时间>壳聚糖浓度≈壳聚糖脱乙酰度;影响壳聚糖微球体外释放的因素顺序为固化剂用量>壳聚糖脱乙酰度>壳聚糖浓度,而固化时间和介质的pH值对体外释放无显著性影响。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.