老年动脉导管未闭患者彩色多普勒超声心动图特征研究

目的探讨老年动脉导管未闭(PDA)患者彩色多普勒超声心动图(CDE)特征。方法选择老年PDA患者25例,应用彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)分流束血流信号估测PDA肺动脉端直径,与心血管造影对比判断其准确性;连续波多普勒测量三尖瓣最大反流速度峰值,与心导管对比判断其准确性。结果 M型超声和二维超声心动图显示左心房(100%)、左心室(88.0%)内径不同程度增大,室间隔与左心室后壁运动幅度增大。所有患者CDFI均显示过动脉导管左向右五彩镶嵌分流束血流信号。PDA肺动脉端直径与心血管造影呈正相关(r=0.71,P<0.01);连续波多普勒估测肺动脉压力与心导管呈正相关(r=0.63,P<0.01)。合并二尖瓣关闭不全占88.0%、主动脉瓣关闭不全占80.0%、三尖瓣关闭不全占60.0%、肺动脉瓣关闭不全占28.0%。老年PDA患者合并肺动脉高压明显增多,占60.0%。女性(96.0%)明显多于男性(4.0%)。结论老年PDA患者的CDE特征明显,有特异性诊断价值。     

彩色多普勒超声心动图在老年房间隔缺损封堵术中的价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声心动图(CDE)在老年房间隔缺损(ASD)封堵术中的价值。方法选择老年ASD患者64例,封堵术前应用二维超声心动图观察ASD位置,测量ASD大小和残余边缘,彩色多普勒血流显像观察过房间隔分流束血流信号和过心脏瓣膜反流束血流信号,连续多普勒估测肺动脉压,合并心房颤动和多发ASD经食管超声心动图检查,筛选ASD封堵术适应证。ASD封堵术中应用二维超声心动图监视封堵器位置,用彩色多普勒血流显像监视有无过房间隔残余分流。ASD封堵术后应用CDE判断疗效。结果 64例老年ASD患者实施ASD封堵术全部获得成功,ASD封堵术后CDE判断疗效满意。结论 CDE在老年ASD封堵术中有重要价值。ASD封堵术前应用二维超声心动图观察ASD位置、大小和残余边缘,连续多普勒估测肺动脉压,合并心房颤动和多发ASD行经食管超声心动图检查是筛选老年ASD封堵术适应证的关键。     

双Amplatzer间隔封堵器套叠术关闭房间隔缺损封堵术后再通一例

患者男性,36岁.2002年5月因心悸就诊,外院经胸超声心动图(TTE)示右心房内径增大,右心室内径26.0 mm,房间隔中部回声失落12.0 mm,彩色多普勒示左向右分流,根据三尖瓣反流估测肺动脉收缩压为45 mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133 kPa).     

彩色多普勒超声对法洛四联症中心分流术后的疗效评价

目的:彩色多普勒超声评价中心分流术在法洛四联症手术治疗中应用的价值。方法:对28例重症法洛四联症患者应用人工血管施行中心分流手术,年龄7个月～19岁,平均(6.12±3.78)岁,体重5.8～43.7,平均(15.78±8.65)kg。使用彩色多普勒超声检测其术后肺动脉直径和左心室容积的变化。结果:中心分流手术后肺动脉增宽了60.5%,左心室容积增大了57.4%(P<0.05)。结论:中心分流术明显改善重症法洛四联症病情,彩色多普勒超声是长期动态观察其术后疗效的有效手段。     

cTTE联合TEE诊断卵圆孔未闭右向左分流的临床价值

目的 应用胸超声心动图声学造影（cTTE）联合经食管超声心动图（TEE）检查,诊断卵圆孔未闭（PFO）引发右向左分流（RLS）的临床价值。 方法 对246例临床疑似存反常栓塞的患者先行cTTE 检查观察并对比静息状态及Valsalva动作后RLS情况,并作分流程度的评估;对有RLS的患者再行TEE检查,观察PFO是否存在,测量PFO开放直径、观察PFO形态及其他伴随病变,最终明确PFO-RLS。对PFO-RLS病例组中PFO开放直径与RLS严重程度之间行关联性分析。 结果 cTTE发现不同程度RLS 174例,无RLS 72例。Valsalva动作后比静息状态下RLS的检出率明显增高,差异有统计学意义（P< 0.01）。174例RLS患者TEE检出PFO患者163例,其中129例彩色多普勒存在房水平左向右分流,34例房水平分流不明显。163例PFO-RLS,PFO直径与RLS程度之间存在相关性,但呈低度关联（CP=0.34,P<0.05,）。 结论 cTTE 能快速的发现房水平RLS并半定量判定分流程度,联合TEE可以清晰显示PFO形态及准确测量其开放直径,进而确诊PFO-RLS。PFO直径与RLS严重程度存在低度关联。     

超声心动图诊断马凡综合征(摘要)

1　资料与方法　　我院 1992年 2月至 1998年 12月经二维超声心动图及彩色多普勒超声心动图检出马凡综合征患者 15例 ,男 11例 ,女 4例 ,年龄 2 3～ 5 4岁 ,平均年龄 36岁。均经心血管造影及手术证实。使用Acuson12 8xp/ 10型彩色多普勒血流诊断仪 ,探头频率为 2 .5～ 3.5 MHz。嘱患者平卧位或左侧卧位 ,心脏各切面扫查 ,并测量主动脉根部 ,左、右心房心室大小 ,主动脉瓣环 ,二尖瓣环 ,肺动脉内径及心室间隔与左心室后壁厚度。2　结果　　 15例马凡综合征二维超声心动图均显示左心室扩大 ,主动脉根部增宽呈瘤样扩张 ,并且见主动脉瓣口变宽…     

慢性阻塞性肺病患者左心室心肌做功指数

目的 组织多普勒成像测量心肌做功指数(MPI)评价慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者左心室功能.方法 入选46例稳定期COPD及22例年龄性别匹配的健康者,根据肺动脉收缩压将COPD患者分为肺动脉高压组,肺动脉压力正常组,均完成经胸超声心动图检查,并用组织多普勒成像技术测量左室MPI.结果 COPD肺动脉高压组的左室MPI明显高于COPD肺动脉压力正常组和正常对照组(P<0.01),COPD肺动脉压力正常组左室MPI轻度高于正常对照组(P<0.05),左室MPI与肺动脉收缩压呈正相关(r=0.59,P<0.01).结论 左室射血分数正常的COPD患者存在左心室收缩和舒张功能障碍,尤其是伴有肺动脉高压的患者,MPI是一种较好反映COPD患者左心室功能障碍的指标.     

彩色多普勒超声心动图在中老年动脉导管未闭介入治疗中的价值

目的探寻彩色多普勒超声心动图(CDE)在中老年动脉导管未闭(PDA)介入治疗中的价值。方法应用CDE筛选155例中老年PDA,用彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)估测PDA肺动脉端直径与心血管造影测量PDA肺动脉端直径进行统计学相关检验,观察CDFI估测PDA直径的准确性,所有患者均行经皮穿刺封堵术介入治疗,术后再用CDE观察介入治疗效果。结果根据CDE特征对所有中老年PDA患者全部做出正确诊断,根据CDE筛选155例中老年PDA实施介入治疗全部获得成功。中老年PDA的CDE特征和规律性明显:(1)M型超声和二维超声心动图显示左心房(93.5%)、左心室(51.6%)内径不同程度增大,室间隔与左室后壁运动幅度增大。(2)所有患者CDFI均显示过动脉导管左向右五彩镶嵌分流束血流信号。(3)根据CDFI测量PDA肺动脉端分流束血流信号宽度判断PDA肺动脉端直径与心血管造影对照,二者呈显著正相关(r=0.73,P<0.001)。(4)中老年PDA合并心脏瓣膜关闭不全明显增多,其中二尖瓣关闭不全(78.7%)、主动脉瓣关闭不全(61.3%)、三尖瓣关闭不全(34.8%)、肺动脉瓣关闭不全(30.3%)。(5)中老年PDA合并肺动脉高压明显增多(46.5%)。(6)中老年PDA患者女性(83.9%)明显多于男性(16.1%)。结论中老年PDA的CDE特征和规律性明显,CDE在中老年PDA介入治疗中具有重要价值。     

高海拔地区经胸超声心动图在老年房间隔缺损封堵术中的应用价值

高海拔地区根据青海省不同海拔高度地区的调查,先心病患病率为5.66‰,海拔越高,发病率越高,房间隔缺损(ASD)在各种先心病中ASD发病率最高(约占37.42%),并发肺动脉高压早的常见的先天性心脏病。老年(≥60岁)ASD患者由于年龄大,长期处于心房水平左向右分流,加之高海拔缺氧,往往合并肺动脉高压及不同程度的心功能损害,同时全身脏器功能趋于减退。本文探讨经胸超声心动图(TTE)在ASD封堵术中的应用价值。     

肺栓塞的超声心动图诊断

目的探讨经胸彩色多普勒超声心动图肺栓塞的诊断价值。方法利用二维超声(2DE)、脉冲多普勒(PW)和彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)检测肺动脉、心脏和下腔静脉等。结果超声心动图肺栓塞的直接征象可做诊断,间接征象可做提示。结论超声心动图简便易行、费用低,可筛检、重复检测肺动脉压。     

心房颤动合并肺动脉高压的临床特征与危险因素

目的 探讨肺动脉高压（pulmonary arterial hypertension, PAH）在心房颤动（atrial fibrillation,AF）患者中的临床特征与危险因素。 方法 纳入于2016年11月～2019年11月连续入院的292名确诊AF的患者,根据临床分类分为两组:①阵发性AF组167例（发作后在7天内能自行或干预终止的AF）;②非阵发性AF组125例（持续时间超过7天的AF）。以超声心动图为主要诊断标准,PAH采用三尖瓣反流法估算的肺动脉压值进行诊断。收集患者的临床信息进行统计分析。 结果 对292例AF患者进行分析:阵发性AF患者167例,非阵发性AF125例,分别检出PAH100例（占59.9%）和111例（占88.9%）,非阵发性AF合并PAH比率高(P<0.01）;与阵发性AF组比较,非阵发性AF组年龄大,肺动脉压数值高（均P<0.01）。单因素分析结果发现年龄>65岁、起搏器置入术后、D-二聚体升高（前3项均P<0.05）、非阵发性AF、左房直径、右房扩大以及左室射血分数（LVEF）（后4项均P<0.01）与PAH显著相关。多因素分析发现右房扩大（P<0.01）、非阵发性AF和LVEF（均P<0.05）是AF合并PAH的独立危险因素。 结论 非阵发性AF并发PAH比率较高,非阵发性AF、右房扩大、左室EF值均为AF合并PAH的独立危险因素。     

Percutaneous balloon catheter closure of a patent foramen ovale in a patient with pulmonary disease,profound hypoxemia,and normal right heart pressures

Right-to-left intracardiac shunting across a patent foramen ovale (PFO) has been reported in patients with pulmonary embolism, right ventricular (RV) infarction, positive pressure ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure, heart failure with left ventricular assist devices, cardiac tamponade, and unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis. The primary driving force for these shunts is a reduction in the compliance of the pulmonary bed or right ventricle; right atrial pressure is usually elevated and pulmonary hypertension is frequently present. Significant shunting and hypoxemia are unusual in the absence of these diseases. We encountered a patient with normal pulmonary pressures, severe hypoxemia, pulmonary disease, and intracardiac shunting across a PFO in whom it was difficult to determine how great a role intracardiac shunting was playing in his hypoxemia. To assess this, we performed percutaneous balloon catheter occlusion of the PFO, using transthoracic echocardiography with contrast to confirm closure of the PFO. Therapeutic balloon occlusion has been reported in severe hypoxemia due to shunting across a PFO in a patient with RV infarction. Our case is unique, however, in two respects. First, this patient had normal right-sided cardiac pressures and normal RV function and, thus, no obvious driving force for a significant right-to-left shunt. Second, transthoracic echocardiography with contrast was used before and after balloon inflation to confirm closure of the PFO. This technique helped to answer the important clinical question of whether surgical closure of the PFO in this patient with both lung disease and intracardiac shunting would significantly improve his oxygenation.     

原发性高血压患者心脏结构和功能改变的流行病学调查

目的:了解北京市合并原发性高血压的住院患者心脏结构和功能改变的特点及相关因素。方法:针对北京地区4 081例原发性高血压住院患者进行流行病学回顾性调查,超声指标包括左心房及左心室内径,室间隔和左心室后壁厚度,E／A比值和左心室射血分数。其他指标包括患者的一般情况、病史和治疗情况。结果:高血压患者左心房扩大和E／A比值异常分别占所有患者的50．6％和70．0％,是高血压心脏损害最常见的两种表现。60～79岁老年人合并各种心脏结构和功能异常的比例均高于中年人。左心房扩大和左心室肥厚呈现出随血压水平升高,异常率增加的趋势。合并心脏结构和功能损害的高血压患者更多的使用联合用药。多因素分析显示,与左心房扩大有关的危险因素有合并心房颤动、肥胖、高龄、高血压病程长以及收缩压增高。与左心室肥厚有关的危险因素同样有高血压病程长、收缩压增高和高龄。与左心室扩大有关的危险因素有女性、合并心房颤动和肥胖。结论:①左心房扩大和E／A比值异常是高血压心脏损害最常见的两种表现;②老年人合并更多的心脏结构和功能损害;③血压水平越高,合并左心房扩大和左心室肥厚者越多;④男性、高血压病程长、收缩压增高和高龄是左心房扩大和左心室肥厚共同的危险因素,合并心房颤动患者合并更多的左心房扩大和左心室扩大。     

Transthoracic Doppler echocardiographic measurement of left atrial appendage blood flow velocity: comparison with transoesophageal measurement.

AIM: We validated transthoracic echocardiographic measurements of left atrial appendage flow velocity by comparing them with transoesophageal echocardiographic measurements. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eighty-four consecutive patients (mean age, 64.6 years) with various cardiac diseases, who underwent both transthoracic echocardiography and transoesophageal echocardiography were studied. Thirty-two patients were in sinus rhythm, and the remaining 52 patients were in atrial fibrillation. On transthoracic echocardiography, the transducer was placed somewhat superior and outside from the position viewing the conventional parasternal short-axis image of the aortic valve, so that the angle between left atrial appendage midline and Doppler beam could be narrowed. The left atrial appendage flow velocity pattern was recorded by pulsed Doppler mode with a sampling volume placed at the left atrial appendage orifice on both transthoracic echocardiography and transoesophageal echocardiography. In both approaches, the peak emptying velocity (LAA-E) and the peak filling velocity (LAA-F) of the left atrial appendage were measured. In sinus rhythm, the LAA-E was detectable in 25 of the 32 patients (78.1%) and the LAA-F in 20 of the 32 patients (62.5%). Both LAA-E and LAA-F were detectable in 46 of the 52 patients (88.5%) in atrial fibrillation. Good correlations of LAA-E and LAA-F were observed between transthoracic echocardiography and transoesophageal echocardiography measurements in sinus rhythm (r=0.94, r=0.95, respectively; both, P<0.0001) and in atrial fibrillation (r=0.89, r=0.95, respectively; both, P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The left atrial appendage flow velocities could be sufficiently recorded and assessed by transthoracic echocardiography in 84 Japanese unselected consecutive patients with sinus rhythm or atrial fibrillation.     

Potential Faces of Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO PFO)

Background: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is diagnosed on echocardiography by saline contrast study with or without color Doppler evidence of shunting. PFO is benign except when it causes embolic events. Methods and Results: In this report, we describe unique additional manifestations related to the diagnosis and presentation of PFO. These include demonstration of PFO during the release phase of “sigh” on the ventilator in the operating room, use of a separate venipuncture to allow preparation of blood‐saline‐air mixture after multiple failed saline bubble injections, resting and stress hypoxemia related to left to right shunting across a PFO in the absence of pulmonary hypertension, presentation of quadriperesis secondary to an embolic event from a PFO and development of a thrombus on the left atrial aspect of PFO in a patient with atrial fibrillation, and on the right atrial aspect of PFO in a patient who had undergone repair of a flail mitral valve. Finally, in one patient with end‐stage renal disease, aortic valve endocarditis and periaortic abscess, PFO acted as a vent valve relieving right atrial pressure following development of aortoatrial fistula. Conclusion: PFO diagnosis can be elusive if appropriate techniques are not used during saline contrast administration. PFO can present as hypoxemia in the absence of pulmonary hypertension, can be a rare cause of quadriperesis, and can be associated with thrombus formation on either side of interatrial septum. Finally, PFO presence can be lifesaving in those with sudden increase in right atrial pressure such as with aortoatrial fistula. (Echocardiography 2010;27:897‐907)     

Visualization of left atrial appendage and assessment of its function by transthoracic second harmonic imaging and contrast-enhanced pulsed Doppler.

BACKGROUND: Low flow velocity within the left atrial appendage, as assessed by transoesophageal echocardiography, is a predictor of thromboembolism and of a low success rate of cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. However, the semi-invasive nature does limit its serial application as a screening technique. METHODS AND RESULTS: We investigated the value of transthoracic second harmonic echocardiography and pulsed Doppler at baseline and after intravenous contrast injection to visualize the left atrial appendage and assess blood flow velocities within its cavity. We studied 51 consecutive patients undergoing transoesophageal echocardiography. After transoesophageal echocardiography, transthoracic second harmonic imaging was performed and the left atrial appendage was visualized in 46 patients. Interpretable pulsed Doppler tracings of left atrial appendage flow were obtained at baseline in 39 patients and in 45 patients during Levovist administration. The correlations between peak emptying velocity of left atrial appendage as measured by transoesophageal echocardiography and by transthoracic standard and contrast-enhanced Doppler were 0.81 and 0.91, respectively. The agreement between transoesophageal echocardiography and transthoracic contrast-enhanced pulsed Doppler echocardiography in classifying left atrial appendage flow velocity patterns was 93%. Left atrial appendage thrombus was detected by transthoracic second harmonic imaging in only one of the eight patients shown by transoesophageal echocardiography to have a thrombus. However, all but one of the patients with left atrial appendage thrombus and/or spontaneous echocardiographic contrast at transoesophageal echocardiography had <30cm/s left atrial appendage flow velocity by transthoracic Doppler. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that left atrial appendage can be visualized by transthoracic second harmonic imaging and that the flow velocity within its cavity is reliably measured by pulsed Doppler in a substantial fraction of patients. Contrast enhancement improves the feasibility and the accuracy of transthoracic evaluation of left atrial appendage flow velocity. The practical value of these results in predicting thromboembolic risk and success of cardioversion of atrial fibrillation needs to be proved by prospective studies.     

Spectral Doppler Interrogation of the Patent Foramen Ovale–A Window to Left Heart Hemodynamics

Spectral Doppler interrogation of flow across a patent foramen ovale (PFO) allows recording of the instantaneous pressure gradient between left and right atrium (RA). The assessment of RA pressure using the size and collapsibility of the inferior vena cava would thus allow estimation of left atrial (LA) pressure. In this article, we illustrate the value of spectral Doppler interrogation of flow across the PFO by transthoracic echocardiography as a novel and simple tool for the assessment of LA pressure and left cardiac hemodynamics in addition to the conventional noninvasive parameters.     

Pulmonary vein flow analysis by transoesophageal echocardiogr phy in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation; 1 year follow-up after cardioversion.

AIMS: Left and right upper pulmonary vein flow can be adequately recorded by transoesophageal Doppler echocardiography. The aim of this study was to investigate whether analysis of the pulmonary venous flow velocity pattern can predict the long-term maintenance of sinus rhythm after successful cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-six consecutive patients, aged 53+/-9 years, with chronic atrial fibrillation of 5.33+/-2 months duration, were subjected to transoesophageal Doppler echocardiography to record left and right upper pulmonary venous flow, 24 h and 3 months following successful cardioversion. One year following cardioversion, 12 patients (33.3%) were in sinus rhythm (sinus rhythm group) while the remaining 24 patients were in atrial fibrillation (atrial fibrillation group). At 24 h following cardioversion, biphasic systolic forward flow in the left and/or right upper pulmonary venous flow velocity was detected in 10 patients of the sinus rhythm group and in four patients of the atrial fibrillation group (P<0001). The systolic fraction was significantly higher in the sinus rhythm group, 0.48+/-0.04 and 0.39+/-0.06, P<0.001 for the left upper pulmonary venous flow, and 0.52+/-0.05 and 0.41+/-0.04, P<0.001 for the right upper pulmonary venous flow, respectively. In patients who displayed a biphasic systolic forward flow and in whom the right upper pulmonary venous flow systolic fraction was higher than 0.50 at 24 h post-cardioversion, the probability of maintenance of sinus rhythm at 1 year exceeded 95%. CONCLUSION: The detection of a biphasic systolic forward flow in the pulmonary venous flow velocity, and of a right upper pulmonary vein systolic fraction higher than 0.50 as early as 24 h following cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation, identifies patients who will remain in sinus rhythm 1 year after cardioversion.     

Evaluation of pulmonary venous flow by transesophageal echocardiography in subjects with a normal heart: comparison with transthoracic echocardiography

Nineteen normal subjects and five patients with atrial fibrillation underwent transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiographic studies to evaluate the normal pulmonary venous flow pattern, compare right and left pulmonary venous flow and assess the effect of sample volume location on pulmonary venous flow velocities. Best quality tracings were obtained by transesophageal echocardiography. Anterograde flow during systole and diastole was observed in all patients by both techniques. Reversed flow during atrial contraction was observed with transesophageal echocardiography in 18 of the 19 subjects in normal sinus rhythm, but in only 7 subjects with transthoracic echocardiography. Two forward peaks during ventricular systole were clearly identified in 14 subjects (73%) with transesophageal echocardiography, but in none with the transthoracic technique. The early systolic wave immediately followed the reversed flow during atrial contraction and was strongly related to the timing of atrial contraction (r = 0.78; p less than 0.001), but not to the timing of ventricular contraction, and appeared to be secondary to atrial relaxation. Conversely, the late systolic wave was temporally related to ventricular ejection (r = 0.66; p less than 0.001), peaking 100 ms before the end of the aortic valve closure and was unrelated to atrial contraction time. Quantitatively, significantly higher peak systolic flow velocities were obtained in the left upper pulmonary vein compared with the right upper pulmonary vein (60 +/- 17 vs. 52 +/- 15 cm/s; p less than 0.05) and by transesophageal echocardiography compared with transthoracic studies (60 +/- 17 vs. 50 +/- 14 cm/s; p less than 0.05). Increasing depth of interrogation beyond 1 cm from the vein orifice resulted in a significant decrease in the number of interpretable tracings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Absent left-sided atrioventricular connexion, with right atrium connected to left ventricle: prospective diagnosis in infancy, and outcome.

Prospective echocardiographic diagnosis of absence of the left atrioventricular connexion, with the right atrium connected to a morphologic left ventricle through a bileaflet morphologically mitral valve, was made in six infants. The rudimentary right ventricle was left-sided in all patients, and separated from the left atrium by sulcus tissue. The ventriculoarterial connexions were discordant. Associated defects included subpulmonary stenosis (2 patients), pulmonary atresia (1 patient), and a patent duct (4 patients). All patients developed early left atrial hypertension due to a restrictive interatrial septum, and required transcatheter septostomy (5 patients), or surgical septectomy (3 patients). One patient who had a severely restrictive ventricular septal defect died following cardiac catheterization. In three others the ventricular septal defect has become progressively restrictive on serial catheterization. Successful intermediate term palliation has been performed in two patients using a bidirectional Glenn anastomosis, together with enlargement of the ventricular septal defect and a Damus-Kay-Stansel procedure in one. It is possible to distinguish this malformation from "mitral atresia" using cross-sectional echocardiography. The long-term outlook is influenced by early relief of left atrial hypertension. Balloon atrial septostomy alone is usually inadequate, and either blade septostomy or surgical septectomy are required. Serial cardiac catheterization is mandatory for planning definitive palliation.