10-23脱氧核酶抑制细菌β-内酰胺酶基因表达的实验研究

目的： 观察10-23脱氧核酶对细菌β-内酰胺酶基因表达的抑制作用。 方法： 设计并合成针对细菌β-内酰胺酶SHV-5基因的10-23脱氧核酶、反义寡核苷酸和无关对照寡核苷酸，采用电穿孔法将其分别导入表达β-内酰胺酶SHV-5的大肠杆菌中，观察耐药菌在导入脱氧核酶后，在含β-内酰胺类抗菌素培养基中的生长活力及β-内酰胺酶表达量的变化。 结果： 10-23脱氧核酶导入表达blaSHV-5的大肠杆菌后，在含头孢他啶的培养基中大肠杆菌的生长活力明显低于反义寡核苷酸和无关对照DNA转化的大肠杆菌，导入脱氧核酶的大肠杆菌其β-内酰胺酶表达量也明显低于反义寡核苷酸和无关对照DNA转化的大肠杆菌。 结论： 10-23脱氧核酶能特异性地抑制细菌β-内酰胺酶基因表达。     

聚酰胺-胺型树枝状高聚合物介导Survivin反义寡核苷酸抑制人肝癌裸鼠 移植瘤生长的作用*☆

背景：采用反义寡核苷酸等治疗方法可以抑制凋亡抑制因子Survivin 的表达,从而诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。目前使用Survivin治疗恶性肿瘤仍存在基因载体转染效率低下、不能长期稳定表达、易被酶降解等难题。 目的：观察聚酰胺-胺型树枝状高聚合物(polyamidoamine,PAMAM)脂质体介导Survivin-反义寡核苷酸对人肝癌裸鼠移植瘤的抑制作用。 方法：以人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721裸鼠皮下注射建立人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,将PAMAM脂质体和PAMAM分别与Survivin-反义寡核苷酸混合得到载反义基因转染复合物。测定复合物的zeta电位及包封率。将两种载基因复合物注射道裸鼠移植瘤体内,观察两组移植瘤大小,检测移植瘤组织中survivin基因的表达。 结果与结论：PAMAM脂质体-survivin-反义寡核苷酸复合物的zeta电位高于PAMAM-survivin-反义寡核苷酸复合物(P < 0.05),基因包封率两组比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。PAMAM脂质体-survivin-反义寡核苷酸复合物治疗组裸鼠移植瘤质量及survivin蛋白表达低于PAMAM-survivin-反义寡核苷酸复合物组(P < 0.05)。提示PAMAM脂质体能将Survivin-反义寡核苷酸高效递送到人肝癌移植瘤细胞,降低survivin蛋白的表达,诱导移植瘤细胞凋亡。 关键词：聚酰胺-胺型树枝状高聚合物;脂质体;肝癌;反义寡核苷酸;Survivin doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.12.020      

Bcl-XL反义寡核苷酸转染对食管癌细胞增殖及裸鼠体内人食管癌移植瘤生长的抑制作用

目的探讨Bcl-XL反义寡核苷酸转染后,对食管癌细胞增殖及裸鼠体内人食管癌移植瘤生长的影响。方法采用阳离子脂质体介导的反义寡核苷酸转染、逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)、Western蛋白印迹杂交、四甲基偶氮唑盐光吸收法(MTT法)、流式细胞术及凋亡的原位末端标记(TUNEL)检测等方法观察了Bcl-XL反义寡核苷酸转染对食管癌细胞增殖、凋亡的影响及裸鼠体内人食管癌移植瘤生长的影响。结果MTT法检测显示,Bcl-XL反义寡核苷酸可显著抑制食管癌细胞的增殖(P<0.05);对Bcl-XLmRNA表达抑制率为57.3%,可显著下调Bcl-XL的蛋白表达;应用流式细胞术和TUNEL检测技术,反义寡核苷酸组的凋亡率分别为(31.1±5.8)%和35.0%,与相关对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。反义寡核苷酸组裸鼠体内人食管癌移植瘤的生长受到显著抑制(P<0.05)。Bcl-XLmRNA及蛋白表达亦受到明显抑制,并且移植瘤组织中凋亡细胞明显增加。结论Bcl-XL反义寡核苷酸可有效抑制食管癌细胞增殖及裸鼠体内人食管癌移植瘤的生长。通过反义寡核苷酸下调Bcl-XL的表达,达到治疗食管癌的目的,为食管癌的基因治疗提供实验依据。     

LMP1促鼻咽癌细胞生长与端粒酶活性

为探讨EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白 1(LMP1)促鼻咽癌细胞生长作用与端粒酶活性的关系 ,用LMP1基因真核表达质粒转染鼻咽癌CNE1细胞 ;脂质体介导端粒酶反义核酸处理转染细胞 ;MTT法检测细胞增殖能力 ;原位杂交法检测端粒酶逆转录酶 (hTERT)mRNA表达 ;免疫组化法检测LMP1蛋白表达。结果显示 :转染LMP1基因的细胞增殖能力和hTERTmRNA表达水平均显著高于未转染和转染空载质粒的细胞 (均P <0 0 1)。经端粒酶反义核酸作用 4 8h ,LMP1基因转染细胞的细胞增殖能力、hTERTmRNA和LMP1蛋白表达水平均显著低于空白对照组 (均P <0 0 1) ,反义核酸和脂质体处理组上述各指标无显著变化 ;反义核酸组LMP1基因转染细胞的增殖能力和hTERTmRNA表达水平仍均显著高于未转染细胞和转染空载质粒的细胞 (均P <0 0 1)。以上结果提示 :EB病毒LMP1的促鼻咽癌细胞生长作用与端粒酶活性密切相关。     

Survivin反义寡核苷酸抑制肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤生长的作用

目的：研究survivin反义寡核苷酸（ASODN）对人肝癌耐药细胞株移植裸鼠皮下后，移植瘤生长的抑制作用。方法:将人肝癌耐药细胞系SMMC-7721/ADM裸鼠移植瘤模型，随机分为：空白对照组、单纯脂质体转染组、正义链转染组、200 μg/L ASODN组、400 μg/L ASODN组和600 μg/L ASODN组，观察裸鼠移植瘤体积，计算抑瘤率。免疫组化检测Survivin蛋白的表达。结果:A组、B组和C组移植瘤随时间增长而增大，但3组间无显著差异（P>0.05）。D组、E组和F组注射ASODN后，裸小鼠移植瘤的体积随着注射ASODN时间的延长和ASODN浓度的增加，移植瘤生长越来越小，并呈时间-剂量-效应依赖性。实险第20 d D组、E组和F组的肿瘤抑制明显大于A组、B组和C组（P<0.05）。HE染色见对照组移植瘤细胞密集成群，核大深染，而ASODN组见肿瘤细胞少，癌细胞皱缩变圆，胞核固缩深染。免疫组化见对照组肝癌细胞浆Survivin蛋白表达较强，而ASODN组Survivin蛋白表达较弱。结论:Survivin反义寡核苷酸能够抑制裸鼠皮下移植瘤的生长。     

反义VEGF寡核苷酸联合放射线抑制食管癌细胞移植瘤生长

目的 研究干扰VEGF表达联合照射对移植瘤的影响,为抗VEGF基因治疗联合放射治疗食管癌提供理论依据.方法 将16只裸鼠分为4组:(1)对照组(2)转染组(3)照射组(4)转染组 照射组.食管癌TE.1移植瘤直,go.8 cm时开始实验,照射后反义VEGF寡核苷酸转染.观察各组裸鼠移植瘤体积变化与肿瘤生长延迟时间,应用RT-PCR、western blot检测移植瘤组织中VEGF的表达.结果 转染组、照射组、转染组 照射组的绝对延迟时间分别为(3.0 4-2.6)、(10.1±5.4)和(27.4 4-3.1)d,标准化的延迟时间为(24.4±3.1)d,对放射的增益因子为2.41.转染可降低VEGF表达.结论 VEGF能显著提高食管癌细胞株TE一1裸鼠移植瘤的放射效应.     

VEGF-ASODN抑制裸鼠胃癌移植瘤微血管生长

目的 研究血管内皮细胞生长因子反义寡核苷酸（VEGF-ASODN）对裸鼠荷人胃癌移植瘤微血管的生长抑制作用。方法 人工合成硫代磷酸化VEGF-ASODN,转染胃癌细胞SGC-7901, 实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测细胞RNA起始拷贝数, ELESA法检测VEGF 蛋白含量,MTT检测细胞生存力,细胞生长曲线检测细胞生长。建立裸鼠荷胃癌移植瘤模型。实验分为4组：（1）VEGF-ASODN组,（2）错义寡核苷酸组,（3）生理盐水组,（4）无荷瘤对照组。结果 VEGF-ASODN能降低胃癌细胞VEGFmRNA的水平,显著降低胃癌细胞及培养液VEGF 蛋白含量,降低细胞生存力、抑制细胞生长。VEGF-ASODN还能显著降低荷瘤裸鼠血清VEGF蛋白水平、减小移植瘤的体积和重量、降低移植瘤微血管密度。结论 VEGF-ASODN抑制移植瘤微血管的生长。     

EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白1对鼻咽癌细胞P53蛋白表达的影响

目的:研究EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白1(LMP1)对鼻咽癌细胞P53蛋白表达的影响。方法:将LMP1基因真核表达质粒转染至鼻咽癌CNE1细胞,脂质体介导端粒酶反义核酸处理转染细胞,MTT法检测细胞增殖能力,免疫组化法检测LMP1和P53蛋白表达,原位杂交技术检测端粒酶逆转录酶(hTERT)mRNA表达。 结果:对照组,转染并表达LMP1基因的细胞的增殖能力、P53蛋白和hTERT mRNA表达水平均显著高于未转染细胞和转染空载质粒的细胞。端粒酶反义核酸作用组,LMP1基因转染细胞的LMP1蛋白表达水平显著低于对照组(P＜0.01);LMP1基因转染细胞与未转染细胞和转染空载质粒的细胞的增殖能力、P53蛋白和hTERT mRNA表达水平均显著低于对照组(P＜0.01),但LMP1基因转染细胞的增殖能力和P53蛋白表达水平仍显著高于未转染细胞和转染空载质粒的细胞(P＜0.01)。 结论:EB病毒LMP1可促进鼻咽癌细胞P53蛋白的表达。     

MMP-28反义寡核苷酸对肺癌细胞系A549生物学行为的影响

目的 探讨基质金属蛋白酶（MMP）-28反义寡核苷酸（AODN）对人肺癌细胞A549生物学行为的影响。方法 人工合成MMP-28反义寡核苷酸基因,转染至A549细胞,通过半定量RT-PCR和Western blot检测MMP-28 mRNA和蛋白表达;MTT和软琼脂克隆形成实验检测细胞的增殖能力;体外侵袭实验观察细胞体外侵袭能力;裸鼠移植瘤模型观察肺癌细胞形成能力和转移潜能的改变。结果 转染48 h后,与空白对照组和SODN组相比,AODN组细胞MMP-28 mRNA和蛋白表达显著下调（P<0.01）;AODN组细胞增殖活性和体外侵袭能力明显下降（P<0.01）;AODN组细胞移植瘤重量明显减轻（P<0.01）。结论 MMP-28反义寡核苷酸可明显抑制A549细胞体内、外生长和侵袭,表明MMP-28可能成为肺癌抗侵袭治疗的分子靶点。     

反义VEGF165基因转染对人神经母细胞瘤生物学行为的影响

目的探讨反义VEGF165基因转染在抑制肿瘤血管生成和肿瘤生长中的作用。方法构建正义和反义VEGF165真核表达载体,用脂质体转染人神经母细胞瘤细胞SH-SY5Y,G418筛选稳定表达细胞克隆。应用RT-PCR证实外源性反义VEGF mRNA的表达,免疫细胞化学和EUSA检测VEGF蛋白的表达水平,MTT法检测肿瘤细胞体外生长情况,并接种于裸鼠皮下,观察体内肿瘤增殖能力。结果RT-PCR证实转染反义VEGF的细胞中有外源性反义VEGF mRNA的表达,免疫细胞化学和EUSA显示VEGF蛋白表达明显降低,MTT实验显示转染前后细胞体外生长速度基本一致。而转染反义VEGF的肿瘤细胞裸鼠体内生长速度明显减慢。结论反义VEGF基因转染能够有效抑制SH-SY5Y细胞内源性VEGF蛋白的表达,抑制裸鼠体内肿瘤的生长。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.