股骨颈骨折后股骨头的血供变化与治疗方式

股骨颈骨折常发生于老年人,与骨质疏松导致的骨质量下降有关。随着我国社会步入老龄化,其发生率不断增加。股骨颈骨折后,影响其预后的主要因素是股骨头的血供情况,临床上可根据血供情况来选择股骨颈骨折的治疗方式,本文就针对核素骨断层扫描技术(SPECT)在股骨颈骨折检查中的应用综述如下,为临床治疗提供参考。     

Tomoscintigraphy of the lumbar spine: Prospects and clinical application

Summary In an in vivo prospective study, we examined the lumbar spine of 18 patients presenting with a first episode of acute low-back pain with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Scintigraphic activity at L2 was considered 100%, and the other levels were quantified in relation to L2. MRI scans were rated for disc signal intensity on T2-weighted images. The results show that an abnormal intervertebral MRI signal corresponds with an abnormal image on tomoscintigraphy. On tomoscintographic profiles, the disappearance of the discal dip corresponds well with degeneration on MRI. Furthermore, a positive MRI at one level appears to influence other levels at which a significantly higher scintigraphic activity was observed. Of patients with acute LBP 50% had a normal disc SPECT; it is concluded that in these cases a non-discal origin for the pain must be sought.Read at the annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine, Marseilles, 1993     

Tomographic studies of rCBF with99mTc-HM-PAO SPECT in comparison with PET in patients with primary brain tumors

^99mTc-hexamethyl-propyleneamine-oxime (HM-PAO) was developed as a radiotracer of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with SPECT. THe purpose of this study was to investigate if HM-PAO is able to trace rCBF in primary brain tumors. In 10 patients with glioblastoma grade IV the intracerebral distribution of HM-PAO was studied in comparison with C¹⁵O₂ steady state inhalation technique and PET for rCBF evaluation. In all instances the cerebral HMPAO distribution was comparable with rCBF pattern as confirmed by a significant correlation of tumor to cortex ratios. The results indicate the clinical usefulness of HMPAO for tracing rCBF in brain tumors.     

Advances in neuroimaging: management of partial epileptic syndromes

Structural and functional neuroimaging studies are essential in the evaluation of individuals with partial epilepsy syndromes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is important to delineate structural abnormalities underlying seizure disorders, commonly including hippocampal sclerosis or cortical dysplasias. Identification of a structural lesion is often a reliable indicator of the site of seizure onset. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) allows us to investigate cerebral metabolites and some neurotransmitters. Reduction in various metabolite concentrations has proven to be prognostically valuable when no structural abnormality is identified. Positron emission tomography (PET) using deoxyglucose demonstrates areas of reduced glucose metabolism, which are the hallmark of epileptogenic zones and usually extend beyond the underlying anatomical region. It is useful in temporal lobe epilepsy for lateralization; however, results in extratemporal lobe epilepsy have been less favorable. More promising is the use of benzodiazepine receptor ligands, which are reduced in the epileptogenic zone in a more restricted distribution. This appears to be helpful in the localization of extratemporal seizure foci. Peri-ictal single photon emission computed tomography measures increased blood flow during the ictal event and is beneficial in patients with normal MRI studies to determine lateralization and localization of the ictal onset zone. All imaging modalities should be correlated with clinical and neurophysiological data.Commentaries on this paper are available at and     

Using thallium-201 SPECT to detect recurrent or residual nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy in patients with indeterminate CT findings

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of thallium-201 (Tl-201) single-photon emission CT (SPECT) to detect recurrent or residual nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) when CT findings are indeterminate. METHODS: After radiotherapy, 30 NPC patients with indeterminate CT findings were included. CT, Tl-201, and biopsy were performed at least 4 months after radiotherapy and within 1 week of each other. The final results were based on histopathologic findings and clinical follow-up after at least 6 months. RESULTS: The rates for sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of Tl-201 SPECT in detecting recurrent or residual NPC when there were indeterminate CT findings, were 86.7%, 93.3%, and 90.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that Tl-201 SPECT is effective in detecting recurrent or residual NPC when CT findings are indeterminate.     

Improvement of cerebral blood flow following stereotactic surgery in patients with putaminal haemorrhage

Summary Changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) after CT guided stereotactic aspiration of putaminal haematoma were investigated in 13 patients with Xe-133 inhalation and single photon emission computed tomography. The interval from onset to operation ranged from 13 to 82 days (mean 30 days). The mean estimated haematoma volume ranged from 20 to 50 ml (mean 31.9 ml). The percentage of haematoma aspirated ranged from 75 to 98% (mean 86.8%). Postoperative CBF in two thirds of the patients was improved even though all cases were operated on in the subacute stage. Both the mean hemispheric and regional CBF in the anterior territory of the middle cerebral artery and in the region of the thalamus and basal ganglia in the affected hemisphere were increased postoperatively. Also in the nonaffected hemisphere, regional CBF in the region of the thalamus and basal ganglia was improved.This study was presented in part at the 9th Meeting of the World Society of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, July 4–7, 1985, in Toronto, Canada.     

Effects of a cognitive stress challenge on myocardial perfusion and plasma cortisol in coronary heart disease patients with depression

Although it is well established that coronary heart disease (CHD) patients with depression exhibit increased mortality compared with equally ill cardiac patients without depression, the mechanisms mediating this effect remain obscure. Depression is characterized by vulnerability to stress and heightened stress responsiveness, and stress can theoretically act through several biological pathways to contribute to excess mortality from CHD. Mechanisms connecting stress, depression and cardiovascular mortality have not been previously explored in detail. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of stress and depression on myocardial perfusion and plasma cortisol concentrations in CHD patients. Patients with CHD with and without depression (n = 28) underwent single photon emission computed tomography imaging of myocardial perfusion at rest and during a stressful cognitive challenge. Severity of ischaemia was measured by summing perfusion defect scores across myocardial segments and subtracting out rest from stress scores. Plasma cortisol concentrations were measured at baseline and in response to the stressful challenge. There were no differences in stress‐induced myocardial ischaemia or plasma cortisol response to stress between CHD patients with and without depression. Depressed CHD patients with a history of psychological trauma (n = 5) had an increase in stress‐induced ischaemia scores [7; standard deviation (SD) = 5] compared with CHD patients with depression without a history of psychological trauma (2 SD = 2) and CHD patients without depression or psychological trauma (1; SD = 2) (F = 8.51; degree of freedom = 2,23; p = 0.007). Eighty per cent of CHD/depression trauma‐exposed subjects had stress‐induced ischaemia as opposed to 38 per cent of CHD/depression subjects without trauma exposure and 23 per cent of subjects with CHD without depression or trauma. Self‐reported nervousness during the cognitive stressor was correlated with stress‐induced ischaemia. These preliminary findings suggest that depression with a history of prior exposure to traumatic stress is associated with increased risk for stress‐induced cardiovascular ischaemia. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SPECT、SPECT-CT与MRI对新鲜骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的诊断价值

目的:比较分析单光子发射计算机断层摄影术(SPECT)、单光子发射计算机断层摄影术联合同机CT扫描图像融合技术(SPECT-CT)与磁共振成像(MRI)对新鲜骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(OVCF)的诊断价值.方法:对201 1年10月～2012年4月因OVCF就诊而又同时接受了胸腰椎MRI、SPECT及SPECT-CT检查的20例老年患者进行回顾性分析,其中女12例,男8例,年龄60～80岁,平均73.5岁,平均病程21d.根据MRI表现确定最终诊断,MRI上出现骨髓水肿像的椎体定义为新鲜骨折椎体,椎体形态有压缩改变但MRI信号无异常者定义为陈旧骨折.由2位核医学医师分别评估SPECT及SPECT-CT检查,记录出现核素浓集的椎体,并给出疾病诊断意见.采用Kappa检验对比MRI与SPECT-CT判断新鲜骨折及陈旧骨折的一致性以及定性诊断能力.参考MRI发现,采用卡方检验分析SPECT与SPECT-CT定位病椎能力的异同.结果:根据MRI或SPECT-CT,20例患者均确诊为新鲜OVCF,其中MRI发现32个椎体存在新鲜OVCF,SPECT-CT发现34个椎体存在新鲜OVCF;根据SPECT诊断新鲜OVCF 12例,疑似新鲜OVCF但难以与肿瘤、感染相鉴别8例,共发现34个椎体存在核素浓集.MRI发现新鲜OVCF 32个椎体、陈旧OVCF 10个椎体,SPECT-CT发现新鲜OVCF 34个椎体、陈旧OVCF 8个椎体,两者之问具有良好的一致性(Kappa=0.0577,P＜0.05).在对病椎定位的准确性上,以MRI定位的病椎节段为参考,SPECT与MRI定位相同24个椎体,SPECT-CT与MRI定位相同30个椎体,SPECT-CT定位准确性优于SPECT(P＜0.05).SPECT-CT检查还发现了MRI未能显示的骨骼病损,其中骶尾椎骨折1例,肋骨骨折2例,骶髂关节炎1例,胸锁关节良性病变1例.结论:SPECT-CT在OVCF的定位、定性诊断上与MRI的价值相似,其准确定位病椎的性能优于传统SPECT检查;SPECT-CT还可以发现一些MRI未能显示的合并骨骼病损.SPECT-CT是患者不能接受MRI时的可靠选择.     

Nuclear medicine imaging: new radiotracers and future techniques

Nuclear medicine imaging is based upon positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. PET and SPECT are widely used in patients with medically refractory partial epilepsy. For clinical purposes, PET is performed using FDG and SPECT is performed using perfusion agents. PET is also used to better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of epilepsies. New radiotracers are available for PET and SPECT imaging such as (18)F-fluoro-L-Dopa and (123)I-FP-CIT and others are under development. In addition, there are currently new methodological developments combining techniques such as SPECT associated with computed tomography and in the near future PET combined with MRI. This progress will improve the performance of nuclear medicine imaging techniques.     

SPECT与PSA联合检测诊断前列腺癌的临床意义

目的：探讨放射性核素骨显像与血清前列腺特异抗原联合检测在前列腺癌诊断中的临床意义。方法;采用单光子发射型计算机断层摄影术骨显像及血清ＰＳＡ浓度检测诊断ＰＣａ患者６３例。结果：６３例ＰＣａ患者中,血清ＰＳＡ测定阳性率为９６．８３％,ＳＰＥＣＴ骨显像转移率为５７．１４％。结论：ＳＰＥＣＴ骨显像与血清ＰＳＡ浓度联合检测对于ＰＣａ患者的临床诊断及治疗具有重要的指导意义。     

Brain‐bladder control network: The unsolved 21st century urological mystery

A review of functional brain imaging studies of bladder control in participants with normal control and pathological conditions. In the normal condition, bladder and urethral afferents received in the periaqueductal gray relay the information to the insula, the anterior cingulate cortex and the prefrontal cortex. During the storage phase, these superior regions control the pontine micturition center to inhibit voiding. In overactive bladder patients, brain responses are different. Cortical responses become exaggerated, especially in the anterior cingulate cortex and the supplementary motor area. That is what presumably evokes the “urgency”. The supplementary motor area is activated during contraction of the pelvic floor muscles, and provides protection against incontinence. We believe that functional brain imaging studies are promising not only for the understanding of bladder dysfunction, but also as an aid to the development of therapeutic options for chronic disorders.     

单光子发射计算机断层扫描在颅脑创伤后的临床研究

目的 探索单光子发射计算机断层扫描（SPECF）在脑外伤评估及预后方面的价值的依据。方法 28例中、重度颅脑损伤患者分别于伤后3天、10天及3～4周接受SPECF、CT检查及临床评定。3个月后所有患者行脑外伤综合征的临床测试，对首检SPECF显像阳性者复查SPECF，分析首检SPECF显像阳性者与损伤程度的关系，动态观察SPECF显像与预后的关系。结果 SPECF显像阳性与脑损伤程度有关，首检SPECF显像阳性提示预后良好，复查SPECF显像阳性提示多出现脑外伤综合征。对幕上损伤患者表现的小脑症状、体征可以做出合理的解释。结论 在中至重度颅脑损伤后SPECF显像与CT扫描比较更敏感，脑SPECF具有无创性、功能性及灵敏性高等特点，是脑外伤后功能评估、预后判断及临床研究的可靠方法。     

Usefulness of single photon emission computed tomography imaging in the detection of lumbar vertebral metastases from prostate cancer

Objective:   To determine whether single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is useful in the detection of prostate cancer bone metastases in the lumbar vertebrae.
Methods:   Thirty-nine patients (12 with benign prostatic hyperplasia, 27 with prostate cancer) were considered and submitted to bone SPECT. All of them had increased uptake in lumbar vertebrae on bone scintigraphy. In those with prostate cancer, definitive diagnosis of bone metastases was established by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). SPECT axial images were classified into five accumulation patterns: mosaic, large hot, diffuse, peripheral, and articular (or pediculate). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of bone SPECT were calculated.
Results:   Overall, 116 vertebral lesions (49 metastatic, 67 degenerative) were studied. Mosaic, large hot and diffuse patterns were more frequently associated with metastatic lesions (84.2%, 70.3%, and 63.1% of the cases, respectively). On the other hand, peripheral and articular (or pediculate) patterns were mostly ascribed to degenerative lesions (100% and 87.5% of the cases, respectively). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of bone SPECT were 95.9% (47/49), 73.1% (49/67), 72.3% (47/65), and 96.1% (49/51), respectively.
Conclusions:   Bone SPECT provides better accuracy than bone scintigraphy in differential diagnosis of lumbar vertebral lesions from prostate cancer.     

Rectal malignant melanoma diagnosed by N-isopropyl- p-123I-iodoamphetamine single photon emission computed tomography and 5-S-cysteinyl dopa: report of a case

Malignant melanoma in the anorectal region is a rare disease associated with a very poor prognosis. Taking a biopsy of malignant melanoma is generally contraindicated because of the high risk of inducing metastasis. Although clinical examination and imaging findings are important for the preoperative diagnosis, conventional imaging techniques sometimes fail to provide information from which an accurate diagnosis can be made. We recently treated an 84-year-old woman with rectal malignant melanoma, in whom magnetic resonance imaging showed atypical findings. On the other hand, N-isopropyl-p-¹²³I-iodoamphetamine single photon emission computed tomography and 5-S-cysteinyl dopa in blood serum, as a tumor marker of malignant melanoma, proved very effective for establishing the preoperative diagnosis. Despite radical abdominoperineal resection, the patient died of multiple liver and lung metastases about 5 months after surgery. Received: April 8, 2002 / Accepted: November 19, 2002 RID="*" ID="*" Reprint requests to: S. Sato     

消化道出血的放射性核素诊断

消化道出血的病灶检出和准确定位对于及时治疗具有重要意义,核素显像作为一种无创、安全、有效的检查方法,可以灵敏地检测出消化道出血病灶,尤其对于纤维胃镜和结肠镜不能到达的小肠、慢性间歇性出血、其他检查未能发现病灶的隐匿性出血具有较大价值和优势。连续减影、动态采集等方法的改进,在一定程度上弥补了核素显像定位精度的不足,而将高分辨率的CT解剖影像与高灵敏度的单光子发射计算机断层成像（SPECT）功能显像融合的SPECT/CT的临床应用,大大提高了核素显像对消化道出血定位的准确性,降低了假阴性及假阳性率。     

Peripheral small-sized (2 cm or less) non-small cell lung cancer with mediastinal lymph node metastasis; clinicopathologic features and patterns of nodal spread

Objective: The diagnosis of small-sized (2 cm or less) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has increased with the development of computed tomography (CT), whereas unexpected extensive multiple-level mediastinal involvement has been occasionally detected in this small-sized lung cancer. To establish the optimal surgical strategy, we retrospectively analyzed the clinicopathologic features, efficacy of preoperative investigations and lobe specific patterns of nodal spread in small-sized NSCLC with mediastinal involvement. Methods: Among 1550 resected lung cancer cases between 1981 and 2000, 267 (17.2%) had peripheral small-sized NSCLC. Of these, 29 patients (10.8%) with mediastinal lymph node involvement who underwent pulmonary resection and systematic nodal dissection were reviewed. Results: Among 29 patients, 27 patients (93.1%) were adenocarcinoma, and 51.7% (15/29) showed no lymph node enlargement on CT (cN0). Surgical pathology revealed multiple-level mediastinal involvement in 65.5% (19/29) of all patients and 60.0% (9/15) of cN0 patients. All of right upper lobe tumors (n=11) showed multiple-level involvement. Thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography (201Tl-SPECT) was positive for increased focal uptake in the mediastinum in 72.7% (8/11) of patients. Conclusions: The vast majority of cases were adenocarcinoma, and two thirds of them showed multiple-level mediastinal involvement, even in cN0 patients. We thus recommend to perform systematic nodal dissection or meticulous sampling for accurate intrathoracic staging, especially for right upper lobe tumor. 201Tl-SPECT appears to be more sensitive preoperative investigation for mediastinal metastasis compared with CT scan.