颈静脉孔区神经鞘瘤的诊断和治疗

目的总结颈静脉孔区神经鞘瘤的临床特点和手术方法。方法14例颈静脉孔区神经鞘瘤患者术前应用CT、核磁共振成像（MRI）和数字减影血管造影（DSA）进行诊断;应用远外侧入路手术切除肿瘤,并行三维CT血管成像术（CTA）模拟手术人路9例。结果术中证实,术后病理确诊颈静脉孔区神经鞘瘤。肿瘤全切除8例,次全切除4例,大部分切除2例。术后患者临床症状均较术前明显改善。结论肿瘤的诊断、分型及三维CTA的模拟对手术入路选择具有一定意义,选用远外侧入路能良好显露、切除该区神经鞘瘤。     

枕大孔区脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗

目的报道枕大孔区脑膜瘤的显微神经外科手术的临床结果。方法选择经枕大孔后缘入路包括枕髁远外侧入路、枕下后正中入路和枕下下外侧入路，应用显微外科手术治疗的枕大孔区脑膜瘤7例，并结合文献分析影响枕大孔区脑膜瘤的手术入路的选择和影响预后的因素。结果肿瘤最大直径为0．8～4．8cm，肿瘤瘤体位置位于脑干前方3例，侧方2例，后方2例。经枕髁远外侧入路2例，枕下后正中入路3例，枕下外侧入路2例，肿瘤手术全切除6例（Simpson Ⅰ级4例，Simpson Ⅱ级2例），次全切除1例。术后6例随访6～36个月，神经系统占位症状较术前明显好转，未见肿瘤残留和复发。结论选择合适的经枕大孔后缘的手术入路，应用显微外科手术治疗枕大孔区脑膜瘤可获得较好的临床效果。     

颈静脉孔区哑铃型肿瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 探讨经颈静脉孔入路显微手术治疗颈静脉孔区哑铃型肿瘤的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2002年1月至2009年12月经颈静脉孔入路显微手术治疗的颈静脉孔区哑铃型肿瘤18例的临床资料、影像学表现和治疗效果.结果 18例中,手术全切除肿瘤17例,次全切除1例.病理结果:神经鞘瘤14例,腮腺腺癌1例,脑膜瘤1例,脊索瘤2例.术后出现后组颅神经功能损害加重10例,其中5例为暂时性,5例为永久性.术后3个月全部患者能做到生活自理.术后12个月,10例患者可胜任术前的工作或回校学习,8例患者需换成较轻松的工作.结论 经颈静脉孔入路,显露充分,有利于全切除颈静脉孔区哑铃型肿瘤,手术效果满意.     

颈静脉孔及其周围区域肿瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨颈静脉孔及其周围区域肿瘤的显微手术方法 和手术效果. 方法 对11例颈静脉孔区肿瘤行显微手术治疗,采用枕下乙状窦后进路2例,经颈静脉孔进路2例,颞下窝进路4例,乳突-颈联合进路3例. 结果 11例中全切除9例,次全切除2例;病理为神经鞘膜瘤4例,副神经节瘤4例,脑膜瘤1例,黏液软骨肉瘤1例,低分化鳞癌1例.术后并发脑脊液漏1例,经保守治疗痊愈,后组脑神经障碍加重2例,无手术死亡病例,术后随访8个月以上,术后听力较术前改善1例,不变6例,下降4例;9例术前无面瘫的患者,术后3例出现Ⅱ～Ⅲ级(House-Braekmann分级)面瘫,半年后恢复,2例术前有面瘫患者,术后1例改善,1例不变. 结论 根据肿瘤的性质、位置、大小、面神经功能、听力情况和后组脑神经功能,采用合适的手术进路和显微外科技术,能够充分显露肿瘤,较好地切除肿瘤,减少并发症.     

幕下小脑上锁孔入路显微手术切除松果体区肿瘤

目的探讨幕下小脑上锁孔入路显微手术切除松果体区肿瘤的可行性和安全性。方法依据术前神经影像学检查结果,制定个体化手术方案．采用经幕下小脑上锁孔入路,显微手术切除病变7例。骨窗大小约2．0 cm×2．5 cm,上缘达横窦和窦汇下缘。结果7例中,胚生殖细胞瘤2例；松果体细胞瘤2例；松果体母细胞瘤1例；胶质瘤1例；胆脂瘤1例。术后均行MRI检查,肿瘤全切除6例,1例次全切除。并发术后小脑肿胀、脑积水1例,再次行手术减压；1例术后出现一过性缄默及凝视；无死亡、感染及术后出血病例。近期随访效果良好。结论应用幕下小脑上锁孔入路显微手术切除松果体区肿瘤不仅可取得满意的切除率,而且手术创伤小、疗效好。     

颈静脉孔区巨大哑铃型肿瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 探讨颈静脉孔区巨大哑铃型肿瘤的治疗方法.方法 对10例颈静脉孔区巨大哑铃型肿瘤采用经颞下窝入路或改良枕下远外侧手术入路进行显微外科手术切除,并观察病死率、切除程度、术前术后的颅神经功能和脑脊液漏等主要并发症.结果 全切7例,次全切2例,部分切除1例.术后无一例死亡,脑脊液漏l例,术后出现新的神经功能损害1例,原有损害加重2例.术后9个月,80%的患者颅神经功能恢复,面神经功能1～2级(H-B分级)者7例,6例有残余听力者术后听力保存有3例,术后全切者复发1例.结论 采用颞下窝入路或改良枕下远外侧入路对颈静脉孔区巨大哑铃型肿瘤进行显微外科手术,术野暴露好,全切率高,并发症少,能较好的保护颅神经,术前受损颅神经功能有望恢复.     

经颅显微外科手术切除垂体腺瘤

报道经颅显微外科切除垂体腺瘤２８例，选择额下、翼点、额－颞联合三种不同术式入路和显微手术技巧。所有病例术前接受ＣＴ或／和ＭＲＩ扫描检查，经颅内路应用显微外科技术对肿瘤施行全切除。肿瘤全切除２０例，次全切除８例，无手术死亡。术后平均２年以上随访无肿瘤复发。认为肿瘤鞍上部分较大或瘤块向鞍上周围伸展，经颅入路是较理想的途径。     

选择性硬膜外前床突切除入路显微手术治疗鞍区肿瘤

目的 报道应用选择性硬膜外前床突（ACP）切除入路显微手术治疗鞍区肿瘤的临床疗效和体会。方法对标准翼点入路不能满意暴露的鞍区肿瘤，采用选择性硬膜外ACP切除入路进行显微手术：手术显微镜下由硬膜外选择性地切除ACP，得到楔形的床突间隙（CS），使得第Ⅲ间隙扩大；游离颈内动脉（ICA），增加视神经-颈内动脉三角（OCT）的宽度，使得第Ⅱ间隙扩大；再通过扩大了的第Ⅱ、Ⅲ间隙进行显微手术切除肿瘤。结果全部病例均成功切除前床突，无颈内动脉、视神经和动眼神经损伤。前床突切除后，病变的暴露显著改善，40例中在手术显微镜下全切28例（70．0％），其余12例（30．0％）大部分切除，术后均行立体定向放射外科治疗。手术并发症主要表现为术后一过性的下丘脑损伤症状，如尿崩、高血糖、电解质紊乱、消化道出血。1例垂体瘤患者虽镜下全切肿瘤，但因严重的下丘脑损伤症状自动出院，其余患者经积极治疗1周内均缓解，恢复良好。随访1．5个月至7年，39例肿瘤复发5例，其中镜下全切者复发1例，占全切的3．7％（1／27）；大部分切除者复发4例，占大部分切除的33．3％（4／12）。随访期间无患者死亡。结论应用显微外科技术由硬膜外选择性地切除ACP，安全有效，可改善鞍区肿瘤的暴露，扩大手术操作空间，减少手术区域内重要结构的损伤，提高鞍区肿瘤的手术全切率，是一个值得推广的显微神经外科手术入路。     

经眶颧入路显微手术切除海绵窦肿瘤

目的探讨经眶颧入路显微切除海绵窦肿瘤的手术方法与临床疗效。方法回顾性研究经眶颧入路显微切除的19例海绵窦肿瘤，对肿瘤病理类型、临床和影像学特征、手术入路、手术切除技巧及术后并发症等进行系统分析。结果在手术显微镜下肿瘤全切除17例，近全切除2例。术后原有脑神经症状38％得到改善，43％同术前，19％加重，出现重的脑神经症状5例。无其它严重并发症及死亡病例。结论经眶颧入路可以较好地显露并全切除海绵窦肿瘤，熟知该入路的巨．微解剖、肿瘤与海绵窦结构的病理解剖关系以及熟练的显微手术技能是全切除肿瘤并有效地保护脑神经的关键。     

颈静脉孔区神经鞘瘤17例临床分析

目的 探讨颈静脉孔区神经鞘瘤的临床分型和手术疗效。方法 对17例颈静脉孔区神经鞘瘤患者的临床表现、手术方式和预后进行回顾性分析。17例患者中,男性8例,女性9例,就诊前平均病程53．2个月;主要临床表现有Ⅶ、Ⅷ颅神经损伤,舌肌萎缩和后组颅神经损害;按Samii分类法,A型5例、B型3例、C型2例、D型7例。结果 手术采用远外侧入路10例,枕下入路5例,经下颌骨、经颌下入路2例;全切除肿瘤12例,次全切除5例;术后症状改善9例,症状同术前3例,术后出现神经功能损害加重5例,其中2例出现暂时性声音嘶哑,随访中好转。2例术后出现吞咽困难,1例有轻度面瘫。结论 根据肿瘤的生长方式,选择适当手术入路,可通过手术切除颈静脉孔区神经鞘瘤,并可获得良好手术效果。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.