多发伤与全身炎症反应综合征及多器官功能障碍综合征的关系

目的：探讨多发伤与全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）、多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）的关系。方法：96个多发伤患按照SIRS诊断标准分为非SIRS组和SIRS组（包括非感染性SIRS组，全身性感染组和感染性休克组）。计算各多发伤患的急性生理和慢性健康状况（APACHEⅡ）评分，各组别SIRS、MODS的发生率和病死率，进行对比分析。结果：全身性感染SIRS组，三差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。SIRS组MODS的发生率高于非SIRS组，两差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。一旦发生MODS，病死率均高于50％以上；APACHEⅡ评分越高，病死率越高。以颅损损伤为主的多发伤患，病死率最高（P＜0．05）；结论：多发伤、SIRS到MODS是一个临床常见的渐进过程。早期发现SIRS并有效调控，控制继发感染，阻止其进一步发展，可能是降低MODS发生率和改善多发伤，尤其是重症患预后的关键。     

合并腹部外伤的多发伤老年患者的死亡相关因素的分析

目的：探讨合并腹部外伤的多发伤老年患者的死亡相关因素。方法回顾性分析2003年1月-2013年1月我院ICU 200例合并腹部外伤的多发伤老年死亡患者的临床资料,分析其死亡相关因素。结果单因素分析显示：合并腹部外伤的多发伤老年患者的死亡与心肺脑复苏、机械通气、高钠血症、低体温、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、急性肾功能不全、高胆红素血症、第一个24h输液量〉5L、入院后24h内急性生理和慢性健康状况评分〉20分、多器官功能障碍累及器官数〉3个、glasgow coma scale〈7分关系显著（P 〈0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示：glasgow coma scale〈7分以及多器官功能障碍累及器官数〉3个与死亡有关。结论充分认识合并腹部外伤的多发伤老年患者的死亡危险因素,积极控制机体反应和防治多器官功能障碍,可降低病死率。     

腹部创伤后多器官功能障碍综合征180例诊治分析

目的探讨腹部创伤伴发多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）患者的死亡危险因素,以制定更好的防治对策。方法回顾性分析自1998年10月至2008年12月期间入住本院急诊科的180例腹部创伤伴发多器官功能障碍患者中死亡71例的危险因素。使用SPSS13．0软件进行单因素分析和多因素非条件Logistic回归分析。结果腹部创伤后多器官功能障碍患者的病死率为39．44％。单因素分析发现17个因素与腹部创伤后多器官功能障碍患者死亡关系显著（P〈0．05）。多因素非条件Logistic回归分析表明：MODS累及器官≥3个,Marshall评分≥8分,休克持续时间长,术中见腹腔严重污染、慢性系统疾病是主要的死亡危险因素;另外使用血液净化,住院时间长是保护性因素。结论充分认识腹部创伤后多器官功能障碍的死亡危险因素,及时救治休克,合理处理腹部及并发其他部位的损伤,积极控制感染和机体炎症反应,维持内环境稳定,防治多器官功能障碍,对MODS进行全面监护、综合的、个体化的治疗措施就可能降低其病死率。     

腹部创伤合并多器官功能障碍综合征患者病死危险因素分析

目的:探讨腹部创伤合并多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)患者的死亡危险因素.方法:回顾性分析178例腹部创伤合并MODS患者(死亡71例)的危险因素.应用SPSS13.0行单因素和多因素非条件Logistic回归分析.结果:腹部创伤合开MODS患者的病死率为39.9%.年龄、休克持续时间、并发多发伤、腹内多脏器损伤、存在漏诊漏治、大量输血(＞2000mL)、手术类型、受伤至确定性手术时间、腹腔感染、存在致死性三联征、合并肺部感染、Marshall评分≥8分、MODS累及器官≥3个、血液净化、机械通气、住院时间等16个因素与腹部创伤合并MODS患者病死关系密切(P＜0.05);MODS累及器官≥3个(OR=12.188,P=0.035)、Marshall评分≥8分(OR=19.740,P=0.004)、休克持续时间(OR=18.480,P=0.006)、腹腔感染(OR=30.838,P=0.006)是主要的死亡危险因素;另外使用血液净化(OR=0.001,P=0.001),住院时间长(OR=0.025,P=0.034)是保护性因素.结论:及时救治休克,合理处理腹部及并发其他部位的损伤,积极控制感染和机体炎症反应,维持内环境稳定,可能是降低MODS病死率的关键.     

老年多发伤患者短期内并发多器官功能障碍综合征的危险因素分析

探讨影响老年多发伤患者短期内并发多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2010年11月～2020年8月江苏大学附属医院收治的130例老年多发伤患者的临床资料,根据患者是否在入院4周内并发MODS分为MODS组（n=42）和非MODS组（n=88）。比较两组性别、年龄、致伤原因、入院前时间、损伤部位数目、主要损伤部位、损伤严重度评分（ISS）、D二聚体水平、动脉血乳酸水平、急性生理与慢性健康状况（APACHEIII）评分、是否急诊手术、是否输血和是否合并脓毒症等13个临床指标。通过单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析探讨影响老年多发伤患者短期内并发MODS的危险因素。结果 单因素分析显示主要损伤部位、ISS、D二聚体水平、动脉血乳酸水平、APACHEIII评分、是否急诊手术和是否合并脓毒症共7个临床指标在两组间比较有统计学差异（P＜0.05）,而性别、年龄、致伤原因、入院前时间、损伤部位数目和是否输血共6个临床指标在两组间比较无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示主要损伤部位、ISS、D二聚体水平、动脉血乳酸水平、APACHEIII评分和是否合并脓毒症共6个临床指标是影响老年多发伤患者短期内并发MODS的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论 影响老年多发伤患者短期内并发MODS的独立危险因素包括主要损伤部位、ISS、D二聚体水平、动脉血乳酸水平、APACHEIII评分和是否合并脓毒症。重视主要损伤部位、损伤严重程度、凝血功能和综合病情危重程度的评估,同时有效液体复苏,改善微循环及维护内环境稳定并预防感染可降低老年多发伤患者短期内并发MODS的风险。     

老年严重多发伤患者凝血功能障碍发病及危险因素分析

目的：探讨老年严重多发伤患者凝血功能障碍发病特点及危险因素。方法：对我院2019年3月～2021年12月143例老年严重多发伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据凝血功能障碍发病情况分为凝血功能障碍组(n=22)及非凝血功能障碍组(n=121),采用单因素及多因素Logistic分析影响老年严重多发伤患者凝血功能障碍发病的危险因素。结果：143例老年严重多发伤患者中,22例合并凝血功能障碍发病,发生率为15.38%(22/143);凝血功能障碍组ISS评分≥30分、GCS评分<8分、酸中毒、MODS、低体温所占比例及输血量均高于非凝血功能障碍组;凝血功能障碍组PLT、HGB低于非凝血功能障碍组,PT>18s、APTT>60s所占比例均高于非凝血功能障碍组;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,ISS评分≥30分、GCS评分<8分、酸中毒、MODS、低体温、PLT<78.25×10⁹/L、HGB<93.34g/L、PT>18s、APTT>60s均为老年严重多发伤患者凝血功能障碍发病的独立危险因素。结论：ISS评分、GCS评...     

多器官功能障碍综合征回顾性分析及预后相关因素

[目的]探讨多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）的病因、临床生理特征、病死率以及死亡危险因素．[方法]回顾性分析2010年1月2011年12月间收治的符合MODS诊断标准的69例患者临床资料,均在诊断MODS当天进行急性生理与慢性健康状况评分（APACHEII）及多器官功能障碍评分（MODS）,其他指标包括年龄、性别、起病至确诊时间、既往慢性疾病史、RICU滞留时间、脏器损伤数目、血气分析指标（A—aDO2,RI）、乳酸（Lac）．[结果]69例MODS患者主要致病因素为中毒（46．74％）及重症感染（18．48％）．生存组与死亡组起病至确诊时间、RICU滞留时间、APACHEII评分及MODS评分上差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）．死亡组的A-aDO2,RI,Lac值明显高于生存组（P〈O．05）．MODS患者的病死率与发病至确诊时间、脏器损害数目呈正相关（P〈0．05）．MODS患者最易受累器官为肺（81．16％）,其次为中枢神经系统（62．32％）及心脏（52．12％）,累及心脏病死率最高（58．33％）,死亡率高于中枢神经系统（48．84％）及肺（46．43％）．Logistic回9-5分析结果显示,脏器损害数目、Lac是影响MODS预后的独立危险因子．[结论]中毒为MODS患者的主要致病因素．MODS患者最易受累器官为肺,其次为中枢神经系统,累及心脏病死率最高,其次为中枢神经系统及肺．脏器损害数目、APACHEII评分、MODS评分、Lac、A—aDO2及RI可作为影响MODS预后的危险因素,其中脏器损害数目、Lac可作为影响MODS预后的独立危险因子．     

多器官功能障碍综合征患者死亡危险因素分析

目的探讨多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）患者死亡危险因素。方法回顾性分析203例MODS患者的年龄、器官累计率、病死率、基础病、脏器受损及衰竭情况。结果 MODS患者经治疗和护理后,治愈95例,治愈率46.80%;死亡108例,病死率53.20%。老年患者、合并有基础疾病者病死率较高,病死率随受累器官数目的增加而增高。结论 MODS病死率高,既往健康状况、功能衰竭器官数目是主要死亡危险因素,有针对性地进行治疗和护理干预,对于改善预后有重要意义。     

353例多发伤后全身炎性反应综合征与多器官功能障碍综合征的临床研究

目的：探讨多发伤后全身炎性反应综合征（SIRS）的特点,不同程度SIRS与MODS的关系以及对进展为多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）的防治。方法：根据SIRS的诊断标准,同时参照APACHE评分系统、创伤严重程度、全身感染等确定SIRS的严重程度,分析不同程度SIRS与MODS的关系以及由SIRS向MODS发展的渐进过程。结果：353例中轻、中、重度SIRS分别为158例、118例和77例。与轻度SIRS比较,中、重度SIRS患者MODS的发生率明显增加（P＜0．05）;受累器官中,呼吸功能障碍最多见,患病率达27．5％;随着受累器官增多,病死率显著增加（P＜0．05）。结论：多发伤后SIRS患者由于二次打击因素的存在,MODS发生率高,SIRS的程度与MODS的发病和预后密切相关。高度重视SIRS向MODS转变过程中的高危因素,阻断或削弱二次打击,早期进行脏器功能支持是防治MODS最有力的措施。     

不同创伤严重程度的多发伤患者血清心肌酶谱指标水平变化及对MODS中心功能障碍的预测价值

目的 探讨不同创伤严重程度的多发伤患者血清心肌酶谱指标［乳酸脱氢酶（lactate dehydrogenase,LDH）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（aspartate aminotransferase,AST）、肌酸激酶同工酶（creatine kinase isoenzyme,CK-MB）、肌酸激酶（creatine kinase,CK）］水平变化及对多器官功能障碍综合征（multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS）中心功能障碍的预测价值。 方法 选择多发伤患者67例,根据多发伤患者入院创伤危重评分（injury severity score,ISS）标准将其分为轻度多发伤组（20例）、中度多发伤组（26例）及重度多发伤组（21例）;并根据MODS标准,将其分为MODS组及非MODS组。比较创伤后第1、2、3天重度多发伤组、中度多发伤组及轻度多发伤组LDH、AST、CK-MB、CK水平。比较创伤后第1、2、3天MODS组及非MODS组LDH、AST、CK-MB、CK水平比较。采用Spearman秩相关分析LDH、AST、CK-MB、CK与多发伤患者病情严重程度、多发伤患者合并胸腹部位、多发伤患者伴MODS中的心功能障碍的相关性。分析LDH、AST、CK-MB、CK对多发伤患者伴MODS中的心功能障碍的预测价值。 结果 重度多发伤组APACHEⅡ评分、MODS例数及MODS评分高于中度多发伤组及轻度多发伤组,中度多发伤组APACHEⅡ评分、MODS例数及MODS评分高于轻度多发伤组（P＜0.05）。创伤后第1天、第2天、第3天,重度多发伤组、中度多发伤组、轻度多发伤组LDH、AST、CK-MB、CK水平均呈逐渐降低趋势,重度多发伤组LDH、AST、CK-MB、CK水平均高于中度多发伤组、轻度多发伤组,中度多发伤组LDH、AST、CK-MB、CK水平均高于轻度多发伤组;MODS组和非MODS组LDH、AST、CK-MB、CK水平均呈逐渐降低趋势,MODS组LDH、AST、CK-MB、CK水平均高于非MODS组,组间、时点间、组间·时点间交互作用差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。采用 Spearman 秩相关分析结果显示,第1天、第2天、第3天,LDH、AST、CK-MB、CK水平与多发伤患者病情严重程度、多发伤患者合并胸腹部位呈正相关、多发伤患者伴MODS中的心功能障碍均呈正相关（P＜0.05）。第1天,多发伤患者伴MODS中的心功能障碍ROC曲线显示,LDH、AST、CK-MB、CK对多发伤患者伴MODS中的心功能障碍有预测价值（P＜0.05）。 结论 血清心肌酶谱指标水平随多发伤患者病情加重而升高,其与多发伤患者创伤严重程度、胸腹部位及发生MODS中的心功能障碍呈正相关,且是多发伤患者发生MODS中的心功能障碍的危险因素。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.