连续缝合法在套入式胰肠吻合中的应用

目的 探讨在胰十二指肠切除术中利用连续缝合法进行套入式胰肠吻合对预防胰瘘发生的作用.方法 通过采用4-0可吸收线连续缝合法对22例胰十二指肠切除患者进行端侧套入式胰肠吻合,并以同期实施的12例端侧套入式间断缝合、23例胰管空肠黏膜吻合术进行比较.结果 22例患者均顺利施行套入式连续胰肠吻合,平均时间约13 min,术后1例出现胆漏,未发生胰肠吻合口漏,无手术死亡.患者平均住院15 d.同期端侧套入式间断缝合时间平均20 min,术后发生胰漏2例,腹腔感染1例,其中1例并发腹腔大出血死亡;端侧胰管空肠黏膜吻合时间平均18 min,发生胰漏1例,上消化道出血1例.术后患者平均住院19 d.结论 连续套入式胰肠吻合适用于任何情况下的残余胰腺,且操作简便、省时、并发症少,是胰肠吻合技术的一种有效改进.     

改良胰肠端侧吻合法在胰十二指肠切除术中的应用

目的：观察胰十二指肠切除术中应用改良的胰肠端侧吻合法（胰管—空肠黏膜对黏膜）的临床效果。方法41例行胰十二指肠切除术患者,术中采用4-0 Prolene线连续缝合胰腺断面与空肠浆肌层,5-0 Prolene线吻合胰管—空肠黏膜行胰肠端侧吻合。记录胰肠吻合时间、胰漏等并发症和死亡发生情况。结果41例患者均顺利完成手术,胰肠吻合时间9～16 min、平均12 min,均未出现术后胰漏、消化道出血及死亡,2例出现胆瘘,2例出现胃排空障碍,1例出现碱性反流性胃炎,经保守治疗后痊愈。结论改良的胰肠端侧吻合法可降低胰十二指肠术后胰漏发生率,操作简便、省时、安全。     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰肠吻合口出血与胰管内置管留置空肠长度的关系

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术后胰肠吻合口出血与胰肠套入捆扎吻合后胰管内置管留置空肠长度的关系.方法 2006年8月至2011年8月行胰十二指肠切除术63例,均采用Child消化道重建方式,胰肠吻合重建分为A、B、C三组.A组22例,胰肠吻合采用胰腺残端套入空肠捆扎法吻合,胰腺残端外内支撑管长度15 cm;B组21例,吻合方法同A组,胰腺残端外内支撑管长度为5 cm;C组20例,采用胰腺残端与空肠黏膜吻合,胰腺残端外内支撑管长度为5 cm.结果 A组2例(9.1％)发生胰肠吻合口出血,经非手术治疗均痊愈.B组8例(38.1％)发生胰肠吻合口出血,其中2例因出血病死,3例行二次手术止血治愈,3例经非手术治疗痊愈.C组无一例发生胰肠吻合口出血.A组和B组患者发生出血的时间均在术后15 d左右,A、B两组胰肠吻合口出血发生率的差异具有统计学意义(x2=9.428,P=0.009).结论 胰肠套人捆扎吻合术后发生胰肠吻合口出血与胰管内支撑管留置空肠的长度过短有关.     

不同胰肠吻合方式的临床效果比较

目的:探讨端端胰肠套入式吻合、端侧胰管空肠黏膜吻合和捆绑式胰肠吻合的临床应用效果.方法:收集本院1999-02/2009-05行胰十二指肠切除术的患者资料157例,其中采用端端胰肠套入式吻合方式61例,端侧胰管空肠黏膜吻合方式66例,捆绑式胰肠吻合方式30例.分析患者胰肠吻合时间、术后并发症各指标、死亡率及住院时间.结果:端端胰肠套入式吻合时间、端侧胰管空肠黏膜吻合时间与捆绑式胰肠吻合组比较差异有统计学意义(35.85±4.73 min,37.18±6.12 min vs 20.75±4.05 min,均P<0.05).3组术后并发症各指标、死亡率及住院时间统计学上无差异.捆绑式胰肠吻合无1例发生胰漏.结论:3种方法均有良好的临床效果及较低的并发症.捆绑式胰肠吻合具有操作更方便、手术时间短、并发症少的优点,值得临床推广     

根据胰管直径等因素选择不同胰肠吻合方式对患者术后恢复的影响

目的:探究根据胰管直径等因素选择不同胰肠吻合方式对患者术后恢复的影响.方法:采取回顾性的方法对2010-01/2014-01遵义医学院第三附属医院接收治疗的进行胰十二指肠切除术的108例患者的临床资料进行分析.其中胰管直径≥3 mm的患者42例,给予其胰管空肠黏膜吻合术进行治疗,为胰管空肠黏膜吻合组.胰管直径<3 mm的患者66例,其中28例患者的胰腺残端比较粗大,且较空肠管径大的患者给予改良Child胰肠吻合术进行治疗,为改良Child胰肠吻合组,其余38例患者胰腺残端直径<空肠管径,给予其套入加捆绑式胰肠吻合术进行治疗,为套入加捆绑式胰肠吻合组.对比不同胰肠吻合方式患者的术后并发症发生率,并对其临床疗效进行评价.结果:3组患者中胰管空肠黏膜吻合组患者的胰管直径最大,与其他两组相比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).3组患者中改良Child胰肠吻合组患者的胰腺残端直径最大,与其他两组相比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).比较3种手术方式的术中出血量、胰肠吻合时间、手术总时间之间的差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05).3组患者共发生9例胰瘘,总胰瘘发生率为8.33%.比较3组患者的术后腹腔出血、胰瘘、消化功能异常、腹腔感染、死亡和平均住院时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:在进行Wipple术时,根据患者的胰管直径、空肠管径和胰腺残端直径选择合理的胰肠吻合方式对患者术后的恢复有一定的促进作用.     

外科治疗Vater壶腹周围癌21例

我院1990～1993年行Vater壶腹周围癌手术21例,其中男13例,女8例,年龄44～73岁。术后病理诊断为胰头癌9例,胆总管下段腺癌6例,十二指肠降部恶性肿瘤6例。均行胰十二指肠切除,按胰—胆—胃—空肠吻合重建上消化道,胰残端楔形切除,褥式缝合,胰管内插一有侧孔的硅胶管,结肠前行胰空肠端端套入吻合,隔此口下5～10cm行胆总管空肠端侧吻合,再距此口下25～35cm行胃空肠顺蠕动端侧吻合。于肝下及胰床置2根质软腔大硅胶管或橡胶管,3～4天拔除。持续胃肠减压3～4天,术后给静脉营养支持,常规应用抗生     

捆绑式胰肠吻合术100例报告

目的探讨捆绑式胰肠吻合术在胰十二指肠切除术后预防胰肠吻合口漏的临床价值.方法1996年1月～2000年1月间共施行100例捆绑式胰肠吻合术,并与同期94例用传统方法吻合的病例进行对比.捆绑式胰肠吻合手术方法为先将空肠断端向外反摺3cm,将外翻的粘膜用石炭酸破坏3 cm;游离胰断端3 cm,将其断端与距离空肠断端3 cm的空肠粘膜缝合一圈,注意缝针不穿透浆肌层.将反摺的空肠复位后,胰断端就自然进入肠腔之中(长约3 cm),其表面被缺失粘膜的空肠所覆盖,距离断端1 cm用可吸收缝线环绕空肠进行捆绑,令空肠与其腔内的胰残端紧密相贴,然后结扎完成手术,术后观察总体恢复情况,B超定期检查残端有无积液等.结果全组100例,无一例发生胰漏,残端没有积液.结论捆绑式胰肠吻合术十分安全,能够防止胰肠吻合口漏的发生,且操作简单,不论胰腺质地软硬或胰管有无扩张均可使用,值得进一步推广.     

褥式交锁缝合在胰空肠吻合术中的应用

目的 探讨在胰十二指肠切除胰空肠吻合术中,采用褥式交锁缝合法防止胰空肠吻合口瘘的可行性。方法 对51例行胰十二指肠切除术的患者,在经典胰管空肠黏膜端侧吻合口前后壁加缝一层胰腺断端前后壁包膜,与空肠浆肌层切口前后壁浆肌层1号丝线褥式交锁缝合,缝线距胰断端与空肠浆肌切口约1cm。胰管内放置一段长约15cm的硅胶管,另一端置于空肠腔内,利用胰肠吻合处的缝线将硅胶管固定。胰管空肠黏膜吻合用3-0丝线．缝合3～6针。结果 51例患者均无胰瘘、胆瘘、腹腔感染及术后大出血等严重并发症发生。随访1个月至5年,无胆管炎、吻合口溃疡发生,无腹泻等胰腺外分泌功能不足症状。结论 胰空肠吻合时采用褥式交锁缝合法可有效防止胰肠吻合口瘘。     

胰头十二指肠切除术早期并发症的防治经验

目的总结壶腹周围癌行胰头十二指肠切除术早期并发症的防治经验。方法对我院１９５７－１９９４年１４１例胰头十二指肠切除术病例进行回顾分析。结果全组手术早期并发症计６９例，发生率４８９％。胰漏７２％，胆漏１１６％。手术死亡１３例，手术死亡率９２％。结论胰漏的预防关键在于胰腺残端游离充分，吻合层次精确，张力小，胰管常规引流，胆肠与胰肠吻合口相距１０ｃｍ为宜。一旦发生胰漏，充分引流非常重要，ＴＰＮ可以提高其治愈率。胆肠吻合放置支撑引流是必要的。术中仔细止血，减少输血量，是防止出血及休克的重要措施。消化道重建以Ｃｈｉｌｄ术式为佳。     

改良胆肠、胰肠吻合重建在胰十二指肠切除术中的应用

总结52例胰十二指肠切除术治疗胆总管下段癌、十二指肠乳头癌及胰头癌的近期治疗结果。其中采用改良胰空肠单层褥式套入端端吻合，胆肠单层内翻缝合术12例。施行标准Whipple术40例。认为行改良术式的胆肠、胰肠吻合操作简便，安全可靠，并发症少，优于标准的Whipple术式。     

Binding pancreaticojejunostomy--a safe and reliable anastomosis procedure

BackgroundOver the past one hundred years, the development of pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) has always involved the struggle against pancreatic leakage. Until now, leakage of the pancreatic anastomosis has remained a common and serious complication after PD. Various methods of dealing with the pancreatic stump for prevention of pancreatic anastomotic leakage have been described. No matter which method is used, however, pancreatic anastomotic leakage is still most likely to occur when anastomosis involves a normal and soft pancreas.MethodsTo perform a safe and reliable pancreaticoenteric anastomosis, we investigated the risk factors and potential mechanisms of occurrence of pancreatic leakage, including leakage from the needle hole and from the seam between two anastomosed structures, blood supply to the anastomosis and tension at the anastomosis. Based on these findings, we established a new pancreaticoenteric anastomosis procedure – binding pancreaticojejunostomy. The unique aspects of this procedure are as follows. The sero-muscular sheath of jejunum is bound to the invaginated pancreatic stump, so as to seal the gap between them; mucosa of the segment of jejunum that would eventually be in contact with the pancreatic stump is destroyed either chemically or by electric coagulation to promote healing. There is no needle hole on the jejunal surface of the anastomotic site.ResultsFrom 1996 to 2003, a total of 227 consecutive patients were treated with this type of pancreaticojejunostomy in this institution. None of the patients developed a pancreatic anastomotic leak.DiscussionBinding pancreaticojejunostomy is a safe and reliable anastomotic procedure to effectively minimize leakage even when the texture of the pancreas is soft and normal.     

History of pancreaticojejunostomy in pancreaticoduodenectomy: development of a more reliable anastomosis technique

The history of pancreaticojejunostomy in pancreaticoduodenectomy is described. Many types of operations have been devised in search of a more reliable method of anastomosis. To perform a safe and reliable pancreaticoenteric anastomosis it is necessary to understand the organ characteristics of the pancreas. We investigated factors required for a reliable pancreaticojejunostomy and devised a new surgical technique that meets those requirements. We introduce the theoretical substantiation and clinical usefulness of our new surgical technique while reviewing the history of pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy. The unique aspect of our method is approximation of the pancreas stump and jejunal wall by six to eight interrupted sutures. It is speculated that too many sutures and tying too tight in the anastomosis may cause ischemia and necrosis of the pancreatic stump by restricting the tissue blood flow. Our method allows us not only to reduce the number of sutures, but also to avoid some of the complicated manipulations done in any other existing methods. The newly devised pancreaticojejunostomy is an excellent surgical technique with anastomotic failure seen in only two patients and no deaths out of 162 consecutive patients.     

胰腺残端缝合方式预防胰腺远端切除术后胰漏的动物实验

[目的]探讨不同胰腺残端缝合方式预防胰腺远端切除术后胰漏的效果.[方法]将34只实验用猪随机分为研究组与对照组,每组17只.研究组:超声刀横断胰腺,用4-0 Prolene线间断缝合胰腺残端,主胰管单独结扎;对照组:超声刀横断胰腺,用4-0 Prolene线U形交锁缝合胰腺残端,主胰管单独结扎.观察2组术后的胰漏情况,...     

Pancreaticojejunostomy without stent (with video)

There is a high risk of anastomotic leakage following pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy or middle pancreatectomy in patients with a normal soft pancreas because of the abundant exocrine function. Therefore, pancreaticojejunostomy is generally performed using a stent tube (stented method). However, pancreaticojejunostomy with a certain duct-to-mucosa anastomosis does not always require a stent tube even in patients with a normal soft pancreas. We have performed pancreaticojejunostomy with duct-to-mucosa anastomosis without a stent tube (nonstented method) and obtained good results. The objective of this technique is to maintain adequate patency of the anastomosis using a fine atraumatic needle and monofilament suture. The pancreas, including the pancreatic duct, is sharply transected with a scalpel. Any arterial bleeding points on the pancreatic cut end are repaired with fine nonabsorbable sutures. The end-to-side anastomosis between the pancreas and jejunum consists of two layers of sutures. The outer layer is composed of the capsular parenchyma of the pancreas and the jejunal seromuscularis, and the inner layer is composed of the pancreatic duct with an adequate pancreatic parenchyma and the whole jejunal wall. Complete pancreaticojejunostomy using duct-to-mucosa anastomosis does not require a stent tube. This nonstented method can be considered one of the basic procedures for pancreaticojejunostomy because of its safety and reliability.     

Pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy： A comparison between the two pancreaticojejunostomy methods for approximating the pancreatic parenchyma to the jejunal seromuscular layer： Interrupted vs continuous stitches

AIM： The purpose of this study is to find a better operative technique by comparing interrupted stitches with continuous stitches for the outer layer of the pancreaticojejunostomy, i.e. the stitches between the stump parenchyma of the pancreas and the jejunal seromuscular layer, and other risk factors for the incidence of pancreatic leakage.
METHODS： During the period January 1997 to October 2004, 133 patients have undergone the end-to-side and duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy reconstruction after pancreaticoduodenectomy with interrupted suture for outer layer of the pancreaticojejunostomy and 170 patients with a continuous suture at our institution by one surgeon.
RESULTS： There were no significant differences between the two groups in the diagnosis, texture of the pancreas, use of octreotide and pathologic stage. Pancreatic fistula occurred in 14 patients （11%） among the interrupted suture cases and in 10 （6%） among the continuous suture cases （P = 0.102）. Major pancreatic leakage developed in three interrupted suture patients （2%） and zero continuous suture patients （P = 0.026）. In multivariate analysis, soft pancreatic consistency （odds ratio, 5.5; 95% confidence interval 2.3-13.1） and common bile duct cancer （odds ratio, 3.7; 95%CI 1.6-8.5） were＇predictive of pancreatic leakage.
CONCLUSION： Pancreatic texture and pathology are the most important factors in determining the fate of pancreaticojejunal anastomosis and our continuous suture method was performed with significantly decreased occurrence of major pancreatic fistula. In conclusion, the continuous suture method is more feasible and safer in performing duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy.     

Risk factors of pancreatic leakage after pancreaticoduodenectomy

AIM: To analyze the risk factors for pancreatic leakage after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and to evaluate whether duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy could reduce the risk of pancreatic leakage. METHODS: Sixty-two patients who underwent PD at our hospital between January 2000 and November 2003 were reviewed retrospectively. The primary diseases of the patients included pancreas cancer, ampullary cancer, bile duct cancer, islet cell cancer, duodenal cancer, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cystadenoma, and gastric cancer. Standard PD was performed for 25 cases, PD with extended lymphadenectomy for 27 cases, pylorus-preserving PD for 10 cases. A duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy was performed for patients with a hard pancreas and a dilated pancreatic duct, and a traditional end-to-end invagination pancreaticojejunostomy for patients with a soft pancreas and a non-dilated duct. Patients were divided into two groups according to the incidence of postoperative pancreaticojejunal anastomotic leakage: 10 cases with leakage and 52 cases without leakage. Seven preoperative and six intraoperative risk factors with the potential to affect the incidence of pancreatic leakage were analyzed with SPSS10.0 software. Logistic regression was then used to determine the effect of multiple factors on pancreatic leakage. RESULTS: Of the 62 patients, 10 (16.13%) were identified as having pancreatic leakage after operation. Other major postoperative complications included delayed gastric emptying (eight patients), abdominal bleeding (four patients), abdominal abscess (three patients) and wound infection (two patients). The overall surgical morbidity was 43.5% (27/62). The hospital mortality in this series was 4.84% (3/62), and the mortality associated with pancreatic fistula was 10% (1/10). Sixteen cases underwent duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy and 1 case (1/16, 6.25%) developed postoperative pancreatic leakage, 46 cases underwent invagination pancreaticojejunostomy and 9 cases (9/46, 19.6%) developed postoperative pancreatic leakage. General risk factors including patient age, gender, history of jaundice, preoperative nutrition, pathological diagnosis and the length of postoperative stay were similar in the two groups. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of pancreatic leakage between the patients who received the prophylactic use of octreotide after surgery and the patients who did not undergo somatostatin therapy. Moreover, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that none of the above factors seemed to be associated with pancreatic fistula. Two intraoperative risk factors, pancreatic duct size and texture of the remnant pancreas, were found to be significantly associated with pancreatic leakage. The incidence of pancreatic leakage was 4.88% in patients with a pancreatic duct size greater than or equal to 3 mm and was 38.1% in those with ducts smaller than 3 mm (P = 0.002). The pancreatic leakage rate was 2.94% in patients with a hard pancreas and was 32.1% in those with a soft pancreas (P = 0.004). Operative time, blood loss and type of resection were similar in the two patient groups. The incidence of pancreatic leakage was 6.25% (1/16) in patients with duct-to-mucosa anastomosis, and was 19.6% (9/46) in those with traditional invagination anastomosis. Although the difference of pancreatic leakage between the two groups was obvious, no statistical significance was found. This may be due to the small number of patients with duct-to-mucosa anastomosis. By further analyzing with multivariate logistic regression, both pancreatic duct size and texture of the remnant pancreas were demonstrated to be independent risk factors (P = 0.007 and 0.017, OR = 11.87 and 15.45). Although anastomotic technique was not a significant factor, pancreatic leakage rate was much less in cases that underwent duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy. CONCLUSION: Pancreatic duct size and texture of the remnant pancreas are risk factors influencing pancreatic leakage after PD. Duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy, as a safe and useful anastomotic technique, can reduce pancreatic leakage rate after PD.     

Delayed massive arterial hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy for cancer. Management of a life-threatening complication

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Delayed massive arterial hemorrhage from the operating field occurs in 1-4% of cases after pancreaticoduodenectomy, with a mortality rate up to 50%. The purpose of this study was to define diagnostic and treatment methodologies to maximize survival. METHODOLOGY: Between 1990 and 1999, 84 pancreaticoduodenectomies were performed for periampullary and pancreatic head cancer. After surgery, massive bleeding occurred in two patients (2.3%), 30 and 8 days after resection, respectively. RESULTS: Pancreatic leak and disruption of the pancreaticojejunostomy were reported in both cases. Bleeding was controlled by suture ligation of the stump of the gastroduodenal artery. Completion pancreatectomy and a new pancreaticojejunostomy were respectively performed. Hemorrhage recurred in both cases from a ruptured pseudoaneurysm of the hepatic artery, requiring re-exploration and surgical ligation. The first patient died of re-bleeding despite completion pancreatectomy, the other survived after oversewing the residual pancreatic stump at re-exploration. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis and management of pancreatic leak represents the only means to prevent a delayed massive arterial hemorrhage. Transarterial embolization or surgical ligation of the hepatic artery proximal to the celiac axis represents the procedure of choice to control the bleeding. Taking down the pancreatic anastomosis and oversewing the pancreatic stump is safe and effective. Extensive drainage of the operating field should always be associated to prevent multisystem organ failure.     

Modified pancreatic invagination into the jejunum with a double intestinal segment--a new technique.

A new technique for pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy, Nagakawa's modified pancreatic invagination with a double intestinal segment, is described: in this method a double intestinal segment is prepared by an automatic instrument and the stump of the pancreas is invaginated into it. Suture of the stump of the pancreas and the jejunum is performed using a technique previously developed by the author. It is hoped that this technique will be widely applicable in pancreatic surgery.     

Appraisal of two-staged pancreatoduodenectomy: its technical aspects and outcome

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Leakage from the pancreaticoenteric anastomosis after pancreatoduodenectomy is closely associated with intraabdominal hemorrhage, thus contributing to mortality. Recently, two-staged pancreatoduodenectomy including exteriorization of the pancreatic juice and second-look pancreaticojejunostomy was performed in high-risk patients. METHODOLOGY: The authors reviewed 24 patients who underwent two-staged pancreatoduodenectomy from November 1994 to April 1999. RESULTS: Oral intake could be instituted on the 6th (mean) postoperative day. In 23 of the 24 patients, the pancreatic juice leakage stopped within a mean of 10 days without any complications. In the remaining 1, the leakage lasted over 4 weeks and intraabdominal bleeding from the gastroduodenal artery occurred. The median interval between pancreatoduodenectomy and the second operation was 124 days (range: 93-323 days). In 15 patients, a stent tube was placed at the site of pancreaticojejunostomy: 1 patient developed acute pancreatitis due to dislocation of the stent tube, in 3, pancreatic juice leakage necessitated exteriorization of the juice, and the remaining 11 recovered uneventfully. In the other 9 patients, the pancreatic juice was exteriorized: 1 patient had leakage and the other 8 recovered uneventfully. Overall, there was no mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Our two-staged pancreatoduodenectomy is considered to make pancreatoduodenectomy performable safely without any mortality. This procedure is recommended for selected patients, including those who require concomitant major hepatectomy or resection of other organs or who have liver cirrhosis, and may be indicated for patients who have a soft and fragile pancreas or pancreatic trauma.     

Establishment of a pig model with enteric and portal venous drainage of pancreatoduodenal transplantation

AIM: To establish the pig model of pancreatoduodenal transplantation with enteric drainage (ED) and portal venous drainage (PVD). METHODS: Forty-six hybrid Landrace pigs were divided into two groups (donors and recipients) randomly, and pancreatoduodenal allotransplantation was performed. Donors were perfused via abdominal aorta without clamping the portal venous outflow with UW solution at 80-100 cm H_2O after heparinization. Whole pancreatoduodenal grafts were harvested with segments of abdominal aorta and portal vein, and shaped under 4℃ UW solution. Then, end-to-end anastomosis was performed with the donor iliac artery bifurcation Y graft to the recipient superior mesenteric artery and celiac artery. Furthermore, type I diabetes model was made by removal of the recipient pancreas. The venous anastomosis was reconstructed between the donor portal vein and the recipient superior mesentery vein. Meanwhile, end-toside anastomosis was performed with the donor common iliac artery bifurcation Y graft to the recipient abdominal aorta, and side-to-side intestinal anastomosis was performed between the donor duodenum and the recipient jejunum. External jugular vein was intubated for transfusion. Levels of plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon were measured during the operation and on the 1~(st), 3~(rd), 5~(th), and 7~(th) d after operation. RESULTS: Pancreatoduodenal allotransplantation was performed on 23 pigs of which 1 died of complication of anesthesia. The success rate of operation was 95.6%. Complications of operation occurred in two cases in which one was phlebothrombosis with an incidence of 4.6%, and the other was duodenojejunal anastomotic leak with an incidence of 4.6%. The level of plasma glucose decreased within 30 min, after removal of pancreas and recovered on the 2~(nd) d after operation. The level of plasma insulin and glucagon increased within 30 min after removal of pancreas and recovered on the 2~(nd) d after operation. Rejection occurred on the 1~(st) d and reached the worst level on the 7~(th) d after transplantation, without change of plasma insulin and glucagon or clinical symptoms of rejection. CONCLUSION: Pancreatoduodenal transplantation in pigs can treat type I diabetes. ED and PVD can keep the function of endocrine in normal. The technique of pancreatoduodenal transplantation with ED and PVD may pave the way for the further application of pancreas transplantation in clinic.