重型颅脑损伤后高血糖与颅内压及预后的关系

目的 明确高血糖对重型颅脑损伤患者颅内压（intracranial pressure，ICP）及预后的影响。方法 回顾分析符合以下条件的重型颅脑损伤患者79例：无糖尿病史，均施行颅内血肿清除术，无重要颅外合并伤，有伤后6个月格拉斯哥预后评分（GOS）。根据GOS，将79例患者分为预后良好组及预后较差组，分析两组间伤后血糖与颅内压及预后的关系。结果 伤后血糖（包括入院及术后血糖）与颅内压呈正相关；预后良好组伤后血糖较预后较差组低，二组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论 重型颅脑损伤后高血糖与颅内压呈线性相关，并且高血糖能够作为早期预测颅内压及预后的简便指标。     

CT findings and clinical features as markers for patient outcome in primary pontine hemorrhage

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The overall mortality rate of primary pontine hemorrhage (PPH) in recent studies is 40-50%. The aim of the present study was to analyze the predictive value of clinical and neuroradiologic parameters concerning the outcome of patients with PPH. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical data of 29 consecutive patients (mean age, 59 +/- 13.5 years; 12 women, 17 men) with PPH. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores were assessed on admission, and NIHSS, GCS, and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores were assessed on discharge. The hemorrhage volume was calculated by using a previously published formula. Clinical manifestations, outcome, and volume and location of the bleeding were correlated. RESULTS: The mean GCS score on admission was 6.8 +/- 3.9 and increased to 9.0 +/- 3.9 on discharge. The NIHSS score improved from 29.1 +/- 12.5 to 12.1 +/- 7.3. Nine patients (31%) died as a result of PPH after 5 +/- 3 days. The mean GOS score was 3.0 +/- 1.5 (3.9 +/- 0.8 for patients who survived). Arterial hypertension was the most common risk factor (90%); other causes were anticoagulation therapy (7%) and amyloid angiopathy (3%). A high correlation was observed between a poor outcome (GOS score < 4) and hematoma volume greater than 4 mL (P =.006), ventral hemorrhage (P <.001), and necessity for mechanical ventilation (P <.001). Patients with dorsally located hematomas less than 4 mL in volume had a significantly better outcome. CONCLUSION: The prognosis of PPH is better than commonly expected. Most patients with moderate neurologic deficits on admission and dorsally located small hematomas are able to survive PPH with minor neurologic deficits.     

重型脑外伤应激性高血糖存活患者血糖转归情况观察

目的探讨重型脑外伤并发应激性高血糖患者血糖含量与其预后的关系及高血糖持续时间。方法根据伤后第2天清晨空腹静脉血血糖值，选择存活期大于3月的重型脑外伤患者，作为观察对象，依据受伤当时GCS评分和GOS预后评分分组，统计高血糖持续天数及血糖值。结果对于存活的脑外伤患者，入院时GCS评分与入院时血糖含量关系不大；其预后与入院时血糖含量及血糖持续天数有密切关系。结论测定血糖是了解重型脑外伤患者预后的重要指标之一，预后较好的患者多在受伤后8天左右血糖恢复正常。     

Hemodynamic effects of decompressive craniotomy in MCA infarction: evaluation with perfusion CT

Decompressive craniotomy in hemispheric infarction has been reported to reduce mortality and improve outcome. Identifying tissue at risk and monitoring the benefit of craniotomy is hardly practical and has not been reported thus far. Perfusion CT was applied before and immediately after decompressive craniotomy in a patient with space-occupying middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction. Before surgery, perfusion CT revealed malperfused but still vital tissue in the vicinity of the infarction core which returned to normal after decompressive surgery. The final infarct size did not exceed the area of the initial hypodensity on unenhanced CT scan. In critically ill patients, the practicability of perfusion CT allows for demonstration of tissue at risk around the infarct core in space-occupying MCA infarction. Moreover, it may be used to monitor the effect of decompressive craniotomy.     

Acute ischemic stroke: predictive value of 2D phase-contrast MR angiography--serial study with combined diffusion and perfusion MR imaging

PURPOSE: To evaluate phase-contrast magnetic resonance (MR) angiography and diffusion- and perfusion-weighted imaging in predicting evolution of infarction and clinical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Phase-contrast angiographic and diffusion-weighted images obtained 1 and 2 days after acute middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke were assessed in 43 patients; 39 underwent perfusion-weighted imaging on day 1. Follow-up phase-contrast angiographic and T2-weighted images (n = 38) were obtained on day 8. Clinical outcome was assessed at 3 months. Patients were assigned to three groups according to angiographic findings on day 1: group 1, absence of flow in proximal MCA (M1 segment); group 2, internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion with collateral M1 flow; group 3, flow in ICA and M1. Differences in lesion volumes on diffusion- and perfusion-weighted maps among groups were compared with one-way analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc multiple comparisons. RESULTS: Patients in group 1 had significantly larger infarct growth, volumes of hypoperfusion on relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and relative cerebral blood flow maps, and initial and final infarct volumes than did other patients (P <.05). Initial perfusion deficits on mean transit time maps were significantly (P =.002) larger in group 2 than in group 3, but there were no significant differences in infarct growth (P =.977), final infarct volume on day 8 (P =.947), and clinical outcome (P =.969). Absence of M1 flow on day 1 was significantly associated with unfavorable clinical outcome (modified Rankin score > or = 3) at 3 months (P =.010, chi(2) test). Discriminant analysis revealed that rCBV maps alone and combination of diffusion-weighted imaging and MR angiography yielded the highest accuracy in predicting an unfavorable clinical outcome. CONCLUSION: Phase-contrast MR angiography can provide complementary information to that with diffusion- and perfusion- weighted imaging in predicting the outcome of patients with acute stroke.     

Cerebral venous thrombosis: a potential mimic of primary traumatic brain injury in infants

OBJECTIVE: Hyperdense venous thrombi on unenhanced head CT may be misinterpreted as different types of extraaxial hemorrhages, and hemorrhagic venous infarctions may be interpreted as parenchymal contusion, leading to an incorrect diagnosis of trauma as the cause of the blood products. The purpose of this article is to show the various appearances of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) that mimic different types of hemorrhages and to show hemorrhagic venous infarctions that mimic parenchymal contusions. CONCLUSION: CVT, as an entity, must be kept in the differential diagnosis when patients present with extraaxial hyperdensities on unenhanced head CT so appropriate management can be initiated to minimize potentially devastating consequences.     

Acute stroke assessment with CT: do we need multimodal evaluation?

PURPOSE: To assess detection of stroke and prediction of extent of infarction with multimodal computed tomographic (CT) evaluation (unenhanced CT, perfusion CT, and CT angiography) in patients suspected of having acute stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-four consecutive patients with a mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 10.45 and suspected of having ischemic stroke of the anterior circulation were examined with multi-detector row CT within 8 hours (mean, 3.05 hours) of onset of symptoms. All evaluations were performed with the knowledge that acute stroke was suspected but without detailed clinical information. The extent of ischemia or final infarction on the baseline unenhanced CT scan and follow-up images was assessed with the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score. Different perfusion maps and follow-up images were assessed to determine the percentage of the ischemia-affected hemisphere. Each component, as well as the multimodal CT evaluation, was compared with follow-up unenhanced CT scans or magnetic resonance images after a mean time of 2.32 days. RESULTS: Multimodal CT revealed true-positive findings in 30 of 41 patients and true-negative findings in three, resulting in a sensitivity of 78.9%. Unenhanced CT, CT angiography, and perfusion CT showed sensitivities of 55.3%, 57.9%, and 76.3%, respectively. In eight patients, small infarctions (mean size, 1.47 cm) that were proved at follow-up were missed with all modalities at initial multimodal CT. With perfusion CT, four of these small infarctions were missed within the white matter of the section levels. Maps of cerebral blood flow showed the best correlation with the final size of infarction with an r(2) value of 0.71. CONCLUSION: The presented multimodal CT evaluation improves detection rate and prediction of the final size of infarction in comparison with unenhanced CT, CT angiography, and perfusion CT alone.     

Comparison of perfusion computed tomography with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in hyperacute ischemic stroke

OBJECTIVE: In this study, perfusion CT and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) were compared as means of assessing the ischemic brain in hyperacute stroke. METHODS: Twenty patients with ischemic stroke underwent perfusion computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies <3 hours after stroke onset. Cerebral blood flow thresholds were used to delineate the ischemic lesion, penumbra, and infarct. Correlations between the volume of the hypoperfused areas, the abnormality volume in admission DWI and follow-up CT/MRI studies, and the clinical National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores were performed. RESULTS: The volume of the ischemic (core and penumbra) lesion on admission perfusion CT was correlated with the volume of admission DWI abnormalities (r=0.89, P=0.001). The infarcted core tissue volume (on admission CT) correlated more strongly (r=0.77, P=0.0001) than the admission DWI abnormality volume (r=0.69, P=0.002) with the follow-up infarct volume on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images. A correlation was demonstrated between infarct volume in perfusion CT and follow-up DWI abnormality volume (r=0.89, r=0.77, P=0.002). Significant correlations were found between ischemic and infarct region volumes in perfusion CT and NIHSS admission and follow-up scores (P < or = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Both imaging modalities provide a sufficient assessment of the hyperacute brain infarct, with significant correlation between them and the clinical condition at admission. Perfusion CT allows differentiation of the penumbra and infarct core region with significant predictive value of follow-up infarct volume and clinical outcome.     

Assessing tumor perfusion and treatment response in rectal cancer with multisection CT: initial observations

PURPOSE: To use first-pass perfusion computed tomography (CT) to prospectively investigate tumor vascularity in rectal cancer and to determine whether any of the perfusion parameters would predict tumor response to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The institutional review board approved this study, and informed prior consent was obtained from participants. Perfusion CT of rectal cancer was performed with four-section multi-detector row CT in 15 patients (13 men, two women; mean age, 62.1 years; age range, 46-84 years). Five patients with prostate cancer served as controls. All patients with rectal cancer underwent 6-8 weeks of chemotherapy and radiation therapy followed by surgery. In nine patients, perfusion CT was repeated after completion of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Contrast medium-enhanced dynamic CT was performed with a static table position for 45 seconds, and the data were analyzed by using commercial software to calculate tissue blood flow (BF), blood volume, mean transit time (MTT), and vascular permeability-surface area product. Perfusion parameters of normal rectum and tumor were compared. Perfusion parameters before and after chemotherapy and radiation therapy were compared. A tumor was considered to have responded if its stage at pathologic analysis indicated regression compared with the preoperative stage. Baseline perfusion values were compared between responders and nonresponders. Statistical analysis was performed with the Student t test. RESULTS: Rectal cancer showed higher BF and shorter MTT compared with those of normal rectum (P < or =.05). After chemotherapy and radiation therapy, tumors showed significant reduction in BF and increase in MTT (P < or =.05). There was a significant difference in baseline BF and MTT values between responders and nonresponders (P < or =.05). Tumors in three patients with high initial BF and short MTT showed poor response. CONCLUSION: Perfusion CT of rectal cancer can enable assessment of tumor vascularity and perfusion changes that result from chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In this small patient sample, tumors with initial high BF and short MTT values tended to respond poorly to chemotherapy and radiation therapy.     

Volumetric proton spectroscopic imaging of mild traumatic brain injury

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Poor clinical outcomes without notable neuroimaging findings after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) suggest diffuse tissue damage and altered metabolism not observable with conventional MR imaging and CT. In this study, MTBI-associated metabolic changes were assessed over the entire brain by using volumetric proton MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) and the findings related to injury and outcome assessments. METHODS: Fourteen subjects with mild closed head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] scores of 13-15) underwent structural MR imaging and proton MRSI at 1.5 T within 1 month of injury. Distributions of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), total creatine (Cr), and total choline (Cho) were mapped over a wide region of the brain, and metabolite ratios were calculated for 25 regions without MR imaging abnormalities. Results were compared with data from 13 control subjects. RESULTS: Significant changes (P <.05) were found for some, but not all, brain regions for the average values from all MTBI subjects, with reduced NAA/Cr, increased Cho/Cr, and reduced NAA/Cho. Global NAA/Cho obtained from the sum of all sampled regions in two subjects was significantly reduced. Metabolite ratios were not significantly correlated with GCS score at admission or Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score at 6 months after injury, although they were weakly correlated with GOS score at discharge. CONCLUSION: These results show evidence of widespread metabolic changes following MTBI in regions that appear normal on diagnostic MR images. Although the association with injury assessment and outcome is weak, this preliminary study demonstrates the applicability of volumetric proton MRSI for evaluating diffuse injury associated with MTBI.     

Posttraumatic cerebral infarction diagnosed by CT: prevalence, origin, and outcome

Posttraumatic cerebral infarction is a recognized complication of craniocerebral trauma, but its frequency, cause, and influence on mortality are not well defined. To ascertain this information, all cranial CT studies demonstrating posttraumatic cerebral infarction and performed during a 40-month period at our trauma center were reviewed. Posttraumatic cerebral infarction was diagnosed by CT within 24 hr of admission (10 patients) and up to 14 days after admission (mean, 3 days) in 25 (1.9%) of 1332 patients who required cranial CT for trauma during the period. Infarcts, in well-defined arterial distributions, were diagnosed either uni- or bilaterally in the posterior cerebral (17), proximal and/or distal anterior cerebral (11), middle cerebral (11), lenticulostriate/thalamoperforating (nine), anterior choroidal (three), and/or vertebrobasilar (two) territories in 23 patients. Two other patients displayed atypical infarction patterns with sharply marginated cortical and subcortical low densities crossing typical vascular territories. CT findings suggested direct vascular compression due to mass effects from edema, contusion, and intra- or extraaxial hematoma as the cause of infarction in 24 patients; there was postmortem verification in five. In one patient, a skull-base fracture crossing the precavernous carotid canal led to occlusion of the internal carotid artery and ipsilateral cerebral infarction. Mortality in craniocerebral trauma with complicating posttraumatic cerebral infarction, 68% in this series, did not differ significantly from that in craniocerebral trauma patients without posttraumatic cerebral infarction when matched for admission Glasgow Coma Score results. Thus, aggressive management should be considered even in the presence of posttraumatic cerebral infarction.     

重型颅脑外伤合并腹部脏器损伤延迟加重的诊治

目的　探讨重型颅脑外伤合并腹部脏器损伤延迟加重的诊断和治疗。　方法　回顾 4年来收治的 3 7例重型颅脑外伤合并腹部脏器损伤体征延迟出现并进行性加重的患者资料 ,分析此类患者腹部手术前后损伤严重度评分 (ISS)和简明损伤定级 (AIS)差异、死亡及并发症发生率与伤后是否直接入ICU的关系。　结果　伤后直接入ICU与未直接入ICU患者格拉斯哥昏迷评分 (GCS)、ISS、AIS比较 ,差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5) ,患者腹部手术前后ISS及AIS差异有非常显著性意义 (P =0 .0 0 0 ) ,死亡率与伤后是否直接入ICU密切相关 (P =0 .0 18) ,并发症发生率与是否直接入ICU差异无显著性意义 (P =0 .0 67)。　结论　重型颅脑外伤合并腹部脏器损伤延迟加重的患者伤后直接入ICU ,适当放宽手术指征可能有助于提高抢救成功率     

对冲性双额叶脑损伤致中央型脑疝的诊断及手术救治

目的 探讨对冲性双额叶脑损伤致中央型脑疝的临床特点及手术救治时机及方法.方法 回顾性分析2000年1月-2006年12月手术救治的对冲性双额叶脑挫伤致中央型脑疝的临床资料.本组男45例,女18例;年龄20-72岁,平均43岁.入院立即手术29例,观察后急诊手术34例.所有手术均采用双侧同时开颅平衡减压,其中17例为双侧去骨瓣减压,46例为单侧去骨瓣减压. 结果应用GOS判断预后:5分19例,4分26例,3分7例,2分4例,1分7例.术后共有19例患者伴有不同程度的人格改变和智能障碍为主的精神障碍,并发癫痫7例,脑积水3例.结论 重视中央型脑疝前期或间脑期临床表现,结合影像学特征性表现,及早应用双侧平衡减压开颅,可降低双额叶脑挫伤致中央型脑疝患者的死亡率和致残率,提高双额叶脑挫伤的治愈率.     

标准大骨瓣减压并侧脑室颞角开放治疗重型创伤性颅脑损伤85例疗效分析

目的探讨标准大骨瓣减压并同侧脑室颞角开放治疗重型颅脑损伤的疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2003年7月~2013年7月收治的245例重型颅脑损伤行标准大骨瓣减压患者,其中标准大骨瓣减压并颅内血肿清除或额极颞极切除及侧脑室颞角开放85例(A组),标准大骨瓣减压并颅内血肿清除或额极颞极切除90例(B组),单纯标准大骨瓣减压70例(C组)。记录所有患者的性别、年龄、术前格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、受伤至手术的时间、瞳孔大小、CT表现、血压、动脉血氧分压、血糖等临床资料和6个月后的格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)。根据GOS分级,比较A、B、C三组之间6个月后的疗效。结果 A、B、C三组存活者6个月后GOS良好或轻-中度残疾的比率分别是23.5%、20.0%、20.0%,GOS重度残疾或植物生存的比率分别是50.6%、47.8%、40.0%,A、B、C三组的死亡率分别是25.9%、32.2%、40.0%。运用SPSS 15.0统计软件,经Ridit分析显示:F=3.37,P=0.0371。结论对于重型颅脑损伤,在降低死亡率方面,标准大骨瓣减压并颅内血肿清除或额极颞极切除及侧脑室颞角开放优于标准大骨瓣减压并颅内血肿清除或额极颞极切除和单纯标准大骨瓣减压,但没有明显提高6个月后良好或轻-中度残疾的比率。     

Posttraumatic cerebral infarction diagnosed by CT: prevalence, origin, and outcome

Posttraumatic cerebral infarction is a recognized complication of craniocerebral trauma, but its frequency, cause, and influence on mortality are not well defined. To ascertain this information, all cranial CT studies demonstrating posttraumatic cerebral infarction and performed during a 40-month period at our trauma center were reviewed. Posttraumatic cerebral infarction was diagnosed by CT within 24 hr of admission (10 patients) and up to 14 days after admission (mean, 3 days) in 25 (1.9%) of 1332 patients who required cranial CT for trauma during the period. Infarcts, in well-defined arterial distributions, were diagnosed either uni- or bilaterally in the posterior cerebral (17), proximal and/or distal anterior cerebral (11), middle cerebral (11), lenticulostriate/thalamoperforating (nine), anterior choroidal (three), and/or vertebrobasilar (two) territories in 23 patients. Two other patients displayed atypical infarction patterns with sharply marginated cortical and subcortical low densities crossing typical vascular territories. CT findings suggested direct vascular compression due to mass effects from edema, contusion, and intra- or extraaxial hematoma as the cause of infarction in 24 patients; there was postmortem verification in five. In one patient, a skull-base fracture crossing the precavernous carotid canal led to occlusion of the internal carotid artery and ipsilateral cerebral infarction. Mortality in craniocerebral trauma with complicating posttraumatic cerebral infarction, 68% in this series, did not differ significantly from that in craniocerebral trauma patients without posttraumatic cerebral infarction when matched for admission Glasgow Coma Score results. Thus, aggressive management should be considered even in the presence of posttraumatic cerebral infarction.     

高压氧治疗对重型颅脑损伤的临床、脑电地形图和CT的影响

目的 探讨高压氧(HBO)治疗对重型颅脑损伤(SBI)患者的临床、脑电地形图(BEAM)及CT的影响.方法 选择符合SBI的住院患者46例,分为HBO组和对照组.对照组采用普通外科治疗,HBO组在普通外科治疗基础上应用HBO治疗.所有患者在HBO治疗前1～2 d、治疗第1个疗程及第3个疗程后进行格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS),同时进行CT和BEAM检查.伤后6个月进行格拉斯哥昏迷结果分级(GOS).结果 HBO组与对照组治疗后第1个疗程和第3个疗程GCS评分比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01,P＜0.01);HBO组与对照组良好率(GOSⅤ+GOSⅣ)与植物生存和死亡率(GOSⅡ+GOSⅠ)指标差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);HBO组与对照组第1个疗程和第3个疗程BEAM异常率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.05);治疗后2组BEAM和CT异常率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05,P＞0.05).但3例脑干损伤和1例脑挫裂伤患者CT与BEAM异常情况不符合,而BEAM异常情况符合临床.结论 HBO可提高SBI的治愈率,降低残死率;BEAM可能有助于发现CT正常但有临床异常表现的患者.     

Correlation of early dynamic CT perfusion imaging with whole-brain MR diffusion and perfusion imaging in acute hemispheric stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Compared with MR imaging, dynamic CT perfusion imaging covers only a fraction of the whole brain. An important assumption is that CT perfusion abnormalities correlate with total ischemic volume. The purpose of our study was to measure the degree of correlation between abnormalities seen on CT perfusion scans and the volumes of abnormality seen on MR diffusion and perfusion images in patients with acute large-vessel stroke. METHODS: Fourteen patients with acute hemispheric stroke symptoms less than 12 hours in duration were studied with single-slice CT perfusion imaging and multislice MR diffusion and perfusion imaging. CT and MR perfusion studies were completed within 2.5 hours of one another (mean, 77 minutes) and were reviewed independently by two neuroradiologists. Hemodynamic parameters included cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), and mean transit time (MTT). Extents of abnormality on images were compared by using Kendall correlation. RESULTS: Statistically significant correlation was found between CT-CBF and MR-CBF abnormalities (tau = 0.60, P =.003) and CT-MTT and MR-MTT abnormalities (tau = 0.65, P =.001). Correlation of CT-CBV with MR-CBV approached significance (tau = 0.39, P =.06). Extent of initial hyperintensity on diffusion-weighted images correlated best with extent of MR-CBV abnormality (tau = 0.69, P =.001), extent of MR-MTT abnormality (tau = 0.67, P =.002), and extent of CT-CBV abnormality (tau = 0.47, P =.02). CONCLUSION: Good correlation was seen between CT and MR for CBF and MTT abnormalities. It remains uncertain whether CT perfusion CBV abnormalities correspond well to whole-brain abnormalities.     

多发伤合并中重型颅脑损伤凝血功能障碍的相关因素分析

目的探讨多发伤合并中重型颅脑损伤患者凝血功能障碍的相关因素。方法回顾性分析天津市人民医院神经外科2007年1月~2014年1月收治的120例多发伤合并中重型颅脑损伤患者的临床资料,根据入院48h凝血功能检查,分为凝血功能障碍组(A组,68例)与非凝血功能障碍组(B组,52例),对患者性别、年龄、吸烟史、酗酒史、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS评分)、休克、合并伤情况、颅内出血情况、液体复苏等因素进行统计学分析。结果两组在年龄、性别、吸烟史对比无统计学意义(P0.05)。凝血功能障碍与休克(OR=3.073,P=0.036)、重型颅脑损伤(OR=1.794,P0.001)、液体复苏(OR=0.312,P=0.035)、多发脑挫裂伤情况(OR=2.911,P=0.040)、合并胸腹部损伤(OR=3.008,P=0.041)及酗酒史(OR=2.664,P=0.047)相关。伤后6个月随访,两组预后格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS评分)组间比较采用Ridit分析(R值A=0.613,R值B=0.464,t=2.107,P=0.046),非凝血功能障碍组优于凝血功能障碍组。结论多发伤合并中重型颅脑损伤患者凝血功能是影响预后的重要因素,合并休克、胸腹部损伤及多发脑挫裂伤患者更易出现凝血功能障碍,限制性液体复苏可能减少凝血功能障碍的发生,对改善患者预后有一定益处。     

Malignant middle cerebral artery infarction in hyperacute ischemic stroke: evaluation with multiphasic perfusion computed tomography maps

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of large hypoperfusion (greater than two-thirds of MCA territory) on computed tomography (CT) perfusion maps between hyperacute middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke patients without or with malignant cerebral edema. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients diagnosed with a hyperacute MCA stroke who had an initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score greater than 10 were included. Multiphasic perfusion CT was performed within 6 hours of symptom onset. Patients were divided into 2 groups: the malignant group (n = 11), composed of patients who died within 7 days, and the nonmalignant group, which included all other patients (n = 16). Unenhanced CT and CT perfusion maps were assessed and compared between the 2 groups with special emphasis on examining the CT findings, including hyperdense MCA sign, large (greater than two-thirds) hypoattenuation and hypoperfusion in the MCA territory, and hypoattenuation in the basal ganglia and other vascular territories. RESULTS: The incidence of large hypoattenuation (greater than two-thirds of MCA territory) on unenhanced CT and large hypoperfusion on CT perfusion maps differed significantly between the 2 groups (P < 0.05). Large hypoperfusion on the CT total perfusion map was most accurate (93%) among various CT findings for the prediction of malignant MCA infarction with high sensitivity (91%), specificity (94%), and positive predictive value (91%). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of large hypoperfusion on a CT perfusion map was higher in the malignant group than the nonmalignant group. CT perfusion maps may provide added information about cerebral perfusion and could be a useful predictor of malignant MCA infarction.     

Prognostic indices for cerebral venous thrombosis on CT perfusion: A prospective study

Purpose

We determined the prognostic significance of CT perfusion characteristics of patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) and assessed the change in perfusion parameters following anticoagulation therapy.

Materials and methods

20 patients with CVST diagnosed on non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic resonance venography (MRV) were included in this study. The initial CT perfusion study was performed at the time of admission. The following perfusion parameters: relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF), relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV), and relative mean transit time (rMTT) were calculated in the core and periphery of the affected area of the brain. Follow-up CT perfusion studies were performed at 1 month following anticoagulation therapy and the perfusion parameters thus obtained were compared with pre-treatment results. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the prognostic significance of perfusion parameters.

Results

All patients in this study showed areas of hypoperfusion on CT perfusion. To determine the favorable clinical outcome on basis of perfusion parameters, ROC curve analysis was performed which showed that the optimal threshold for rCBF > 60.5%, rCBV > 75.5%, and rMTT < 148.5% correlated with better clinical outcomes. Post treatment perfusion parameters showed significant correlation in core of the lesion (p < 0.05) than in the periphery.

Conclusion

CT perfusion studies in CVST are a good prognostic tool and yield valuable information regarding clinical outcome.