隆乳术后二次手术原因分析及其防治体会

１９９７年以来，笔者为８例乳房假体隆乳术后患者，进行假体取出、畸形矫正等再次手术治疗，现总结如下。１临床资料本组８例，年龄２２－３５岁，已婚６例，未婚２例；再次手术时间距第一次隆乳术间隔２－３天者４例，间隔２－３年者３例，间隔１０年者１例；所用假体均为硅橡胶；采用腋窝上切口３例，腋窝下切口５例；３例假体植入乳房下，５例假体植入胸大肌下。再次手术原因：术后血肿２例，外形不满意４例，假体包膜挛缩１例，假体破裂、感染１例。２讨论２．１本组病例中外形不满意或假体移位者４例，术前应精心设计，将患者要求与胸…     

硅胶假体隆乳术并发症分析

随着硅胶假体隆乳术的广泛开展，其手术并发症也日趋增多。现就１９８９年以来，所诊治的各种并发症共２４例，包括血肿１例，感染１例，乳头感觉神经损伤２例，乳房位置不对称２例，大小不对称２例，外观畸形３例，纤维包膜挛缩８例，假体破裂１例，窦道形成１例，异常泌乳３例。对发病原因及防治方法进行了讨论。     

隆乳术后乳房硬化12例

隆乳术后乳房硬化１２例刘晓雪，岑瑛，周继林丰满的乳房视为女性美的标志。要求隆乳的妇女日趋增多，但隆乳术后假体周围组织纤维包囊挛缩，乳房硬化这一并发症却大大地影响了隆乳术后效果。现将我院１９９４年２月～１９９５年１月接收的外院隆乳术后乳房硬化１２例，报...     

经腹外斜肌入路隆乳术

为降低假体置入隆乳术后的纤维包膜挛缩的发生率，自１９９０年以来要用经乳房下腹外斜肌入路行隆乳术９６例，术后随访半年以上者７２例，其中６７例（９３．１％）乳房外观挺拔自然，手感柔软，２例（２．８％）发生单侧乳房硬化，此术式可提供一个完整的肌腔隙将假体完全覆盖，从而可以明显降低纤维包膜挛缩的发生率。     

经腹外斜肌入路隆乳术

为降低假体置入隆乳术后的纤维包膜挛缩的发生率，自１９９０年以来采用经乳房下腹外斜肌入路行隆乳术９６例，术后随访半年以上者７２例；其中６７例（９３．１％）乳房外观挺拔自然，手感柔软，２例（２．８％）发生单侧乳房硬化。此术式可提供一个完整的肌腔隙将假体完全覆盖，从而可以明显降低纤维包膜挛缩的发生率。     

隆乳术后并发假体疝出和包膜挛缩一例

２０００年４月广州市第一人民医院整形外科收治１例隆乳术后先后出现假体疝出和双侧乳房纤维包膜挛缩的患者，现将处理情况报道如下。１临床资料某女，３７岁，已婚，双侧乳房哺乳后萎缩１０年，于２０００年４月入院，查体双侧乳房萎缩，平坦，未及包块，入院后在硬膜外麻醉下行“腋窝横纹切口隆乳术”，所用材料为２００ml国产硅胶乳房假体。术后双侧乳房柔软，乳头、乳晕位置对称，外形满意。２个月后，患者因右侧乳房假体疝出，再次入院。当时查体：双侧乳房外形不对称，右侧乳房外形不圆，右侧（外下象限）较左侧乳房低２cm，右侧乳房…     

充注式绒毛状乳房假体的临床应用

为减少光滑面乳房假体隆乳术后纤维包囊挛缩的并发症，我院自１９９５年４月￣１９９６年４月对１２例隆乳患者采用充注式绒毛状乳房假体。其中８例随访６月以上获得了预期的效果，文中介绍了具体的操作方法，理论依据，优点及手术注意点。认为该类型假体为目前临床首选的乳房假体之一。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶在隆乳术中的应用

硅胶膜乳房假体，目前已不是理想的隆乳材料。本文总结我们应用可注射型聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶隆乳的经验。从１９９７年１０月至１９９８年１２月，采用此技术完成８３３例也术。该组８３３例资料结果显示乳房外形良好，质地柔软。１２例出现可治愈的轻度并发症（１．４４％），无１例出现乳房纤维包膜挛缩。本组经近期随诊观察，效果显著，安全可靠，操作简单，痛苦小，我们认为这种可注射型聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶是目前隆乳较理想的填充材料     

经乳晕切口治疗假体置入隆乳后包膜挛缩的经验

我科自１９９０年以来共收治１９例假体置入隆乳术后Ｂａｋｅｒ Ⅲ、Ⅳ级纤维包膜挛缩者，采用局麻下乳晕切口部分切除挛缩包膜及重新置入假体法，术后乳房外观及手感良好，１２例经６个月至两年半随访、纤维包膜收缩均限于ＢａｋｅｒⅠ级。我们就如何选择手术切口、切除挛缩包膜及预防包膜挛缩的发生进行了探讨。     

双平面法假体再置入在隆乳术后包膜挛缩治疗中的应用

目的 探索假体隆乳术后并发包膜挛缩的有效治疗方法.方法 选取自2007-2009年在我科就诊的25例胸大肌下假体隆乳术后并发包膜挛缩的患者,在完整切除挛缩的包膜后应用双平面法置入乳房假体.结果 对25例患者随访3 ～ 12个月,其中2例乳房变硬,为BakerⅡ级,经保守治疗后痊愈;术后乳房柔软,更富弹性,形态美观,无乳房下垂及假体上移等并发症发生.结论 双平面法隆乳术是治疗假体隆乳术后并发包膜挛缩的有效方法.     

Dynamic Breasts: A Common Complication Following Partial Submuscular Augmentation and its Correction Using the Muscle-Splitting Biplane Technique

Background  Dynamic breast deformity following partial submuscular augmentation is not uncommon. The complication is due primarily to the release of the pectoralis and the true incidence of this complication is not known. The submuscular biplane pocket is a new pocket and is used to correct dynamic breasts following augmentation mammaplasty in the partial submuscular plane. Methods  After the first submuscular biplane muscle-splitting augmentation mammaplasty in October 2005, the author has performed 58 secondary augmentation mammaplasties for various reasons. Of these, nine patients showed marked dynamic breast deformity following partial submuscular augmentation and the submuscular muscle-splitting biplane was used to correct this complication. Results  Good to excellent results were achieved in all patients with complete elimination of the dynamic breast deformity. Conclusion  The submuscular biplane is a new and versatile pocket and is used to correct dynamic breast deformity seen following partial submuscular augmentation mammaplasty.     

乳房假体隆乳术后再次手术的临床分析

目的　总结乳房假体隆乳术后并发症发生的原因 ,以探索最佳的防治方法。　方法　从切口位置、放置层次、假体类型等多方面综合分析了 40例乳房假体隆乳术后并发症发生的原因。　结果　假体包膜挛缩是再次手术的主要原因 ,手术适应证过宽 ,假体质量低劣是术后并发症发生的主要原因。　结论　选用高质量的假体 ,严格手术适应证 ,提高对隆乳术相关知识的理解和掌握以及由专科医师实施手术是减少并发症的关键。乳晕内切口是乳房假体隆乳术以及假体置换术的最佳选择     

Results of subglandular breast augmentation using a new classification method--18-year follow-up

The main problem after augmentation mammaplasty is the formation of capsular contractures. The frequency of this complication varies in different reports. In this study the results in 60 women 15-21 years after subglandular breast augmentation are presented. The patients completed a questionnaire and the breasts were judged according to a new Breast Augmentation Classification (BAC) scale. Of all breasts examined 79% had grade III or IV, but 77% of the patients were satisfied with the final result. However, 84% thought that their breasts were too hard. Breast cancer had not developed in any patient. Rheumatoid arthritis developed in one patient 4 years after the operation. Capsular contracture and unacceptable results after subglandular breast augmentation were found in the major portion of the patients in this study.     

双平面法隆乳术治疗聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症

目的探索治疗聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的最佳方法。方法对15例水凝胶注射隆乳术后出现严重并发症者，于注射物取出及残腔灌洗后，应用乳腺下平面与胸肌下平面双平面隆乳术进行治疗。结果随访12例术后患者，随访时间3个月-1年，平均6．8个月，无假体移位及畸形出现，10例（20只）乳房形态良好，2例（3只乳房）可触及假体边缘，1例（1只）乳房轻度硬化达BakerⅡ级。结论双平面隆乳术是治疗水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症切实有效的方法。     

Safety, Complications, and Satisfaction of Patients Undergoing Submuscular Breast Augmentation via the Inframammary and Endoscopic Transaxillary Approach

Background Since its introduction, augmentation mammaplasty has gained widespread popularity, as demonstrated by the fact that an estimated 2 million women in the United States have received implants. During recent decades, several surgical approaches have evolved in terms of implant placement or site of access to the surgical plane. Debate has existed concerning the questionable superiority of a particular technique for achievement of optimal results. Thus, the inframammary approach, an established and widely accepted technique for breast augmentation, and endoscopically assisted transaxillary breast augmentation were retrospectively compared in terms of safety and aesthetic outcome, as measured, respectively, by the rate of postoperative complications and patient satisfaction. Methods This study analyzed 78 patients undergoing augmentation mammaplasty between 1997 and 2004. Only patients seeking primary augmentation mammaplasty solely for aesthetic reasons were included in the study. Previously performed breast surgery and simultaneously conducted ipsilateral mastopexy were among the exclusion criteria. Patient satisfaction was assessed using the client satisfaction questionnaire (CSQ-8) because of its easy applicability. Results The complication rate was low in both patient subsets, thus confirming the safety of the transaxillary approach, as compared with the more common submammary technique. However, a higher level of satisfaction was detected in the former patient group, indicating a more favorable aesthetic outcome with the transaxillary augmentation mammaplasty. Conclusion Endoscopically assisted transaxillary augmentation mammaplasty is a safe method with predictable results associated with a high level of patient satisfaction. If applied in the setting of appropriate indications, it is an excellent tool for use with patients who prefer to have an incision at a distant site.     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术晚期并发症及其处理

目的:探讨处理聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术晚期并发症的最佳方法.方法:对30例聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术晚期并发症临床资料的分析,采用手术取出加残腔灌洗以及病变组织切除术等综合治疗手段.结果:经手术及其他对症治疗后,所有患者获得满意效果.结论:手术取出加残腔灌洗以及病变组织切除术是处理聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的一种切实有效的可行方法.     

The effect of obesity on early outcomes in adolescents undergoing reduction mammaplasty

It is not known whether obesity portends poorer outcomes following reduction mammaplasty in adolescent macromastia patients. We review symptoms in obese and nonobese adolescent macromastia patients and describe early outcomes following reduction mammaplasty. Demographics, operative details, and postoperative follow-up data were collected on 67 patients seen at our institution between 1997 and 2008. Variables were compared using 2-sample t tests or Pearson χ/Fisher exact tests. Mean age at surgery was 17.1 ± 1.6 years. Mean body mass index was 27.9 ± 4.5 kg/m, and 32.8% were obese. Thirty-four patients (50.7%) experienced minor complications; 1 patient experienced a major complication. Of patients with complications, obese patients reported a greater number than nonobese patients (P = 0.013). There were no differences in the type of complication or self-reported satisfaction between obese and nonobese patients 34.4 ± 25.7 weeks after surgery. Our findings suggest that reduction mammaplasty is well-tolerated in obese and nonobese adolescents with macromastia and that obesity is not an absolute contraindication to reduction mammaplasty in adolescents.     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的处理

目的 探讨一种安全、有效、简便的处理聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的方法。方法 对37例行聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后出现的多种并发症，采用肿胀稀释后低负压吸引及切除聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶浸润的腺体组织等方法处理。结果 本组37例患者，术后自觉症状消失，乳腺组织柔软、均匀，辅助检查示无明显可见的聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶残留，效果满意。结论 根据患者的具体情况，采用肿胀稀释后低负压吸引及切除聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶浸润的腺体组织，是处理聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的切实有效的可行方法。     

Patient satisfaction following augmentation mammaplasty with the gel prosthesis

No evaluation of patient responses to augmentation mammaplasty has been published in the medical literature. This has left the area open for opinion and speculation by both physicians and laity.All patients undergoing pure augmentation mammaplasty during 1976 were sought in four plastic surgery practices using gel prostheses in the Southwest. Responses were obtained from 159 of the 221 patients (72%). Some degree of firmness of one or both breasts was reported by 64% of the patients who responded. External capsulotomy was effective in only 1 patient in 5. Shape distortion because of capsular contracture was reported by 10% of patients. Change in nipple sensation was reported by 42% of patients; 9% found it bothersome. There was no difference statistically between the inframammary and periareolar approach. Improved self-image was reported by 91% of patients. Fifty-five percent reported a positive effect on their sexual lives. Only 3% had a negative effect.Although 91% of patients expressed satisfaction with their operations, an even greater number (97%) would have the operation again. This is a striking affirmation of this cosmetic operation as performed by board-certified plastic surgeons. Obviously, the benefits of augmentation mammaplasty outweigh any unfavorable results.     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后少见多重类型并发症一例

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术术后并发症发生率较高,且处理难度大.2020年7月,中山大学附属第三医院整形烧伤外科收治一例"聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后20年余,近1年出现右侧乳房渐大"患者.行双侧乳房注射物吸除,并剥除包膜,术后愈合可.