HPLC法测定川芎嗪在小鼠血浆、脑、肝中的含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法测定川芎嗪在小鼠血浆、脑、肝中含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为HypersilODS-C18,流动相为甲醇-1·5%冰醋酸溶液(45:55,V/V),流速为1mL·min-1,内标为阿司匹林标准品,紫外检测波长为279nm。结果:在血浆、脑和肝中,川芎嗪检测浓度在0·00625～7·813μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系;最低检测限分别为0·5、1·55和1·55ng·mL-1;方法回收率分别为97·26%、96·44%和95·43%,RSD分别为3·40%、4·19%和4·94%。结论:该方法线性、精密度、回收率良好,灵敏度高,简便易行,可用于川芎嗪相关制剂的药动学及相关研究。     

RP-HPLC法测定人血浆中米氮平的浓度

目的:建立以反相高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中米氮平浓度的方法。方法:色谱柱为KromasilC18,流动相为甲醇-水-1mol·L-1乙酸铵-5mol·L-1氨水(900:100:10:3),流速为1.0mL·min-1,内标为盐酸普萘洛尔,柱温为室温,检测波长为294nm。结果:米氮平血药浓度在20.0～500.0μg·L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9990);平均回收率为98.56%,日内、日间RSD分别为3.42%～4.87%、4.25%～5.88%。结论:本方法操作简便、回收率高、精密度好,可用于米氮平的治疗药物监测。     

RP-HPLC法测定人血清中茶碱与多索茶碱的浓度

目的:建立以反相高效液相色谱法同时测定人血清中茶碱、多索茶碱浓度的方法。方法:血清采用15%高氯酸进行沉淀后测定,其中色谱柱为InertsilODS-SP,流动相为甲醇-水(25∶75),检测波长为273nm,流速为1mL·min-1,柱温为30℃,内标为巴比妥钠。结果:茶碱、多索茶碱血清浓度分别在0.24～30.69mg·L-1、0.25～31.83mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好(r均为0.9999),最低定量限分别为0.24、0.25mg·L-1;平均相对回收率分别为99.62%～103.92%、96.26%～102.22%;日内RSD分别为0.44%～1.79%、0.54%～1.68%;日间RSD分别为1.68%～2.15%、0.83%～1.57%。结论:本方法简便、快速、准确、灵敏,可用于临床茶碱、多索茶碱血药浓度监测。     

HPLC法测定苯巴比妥钠注射液中苯巴比妥含量及5种有关物质

摘要：目的:建立苯巴比妥钠注射液中苯巴比妥含量及5种有关物质的HPLC法。方法:采用Phenomenex Luna C18（250mm×4.6 mm,5μm）色谱柱以醋酸钠溶液（取醋酸钠6.6 g、3 ml冰醋酸至1 000 ml水中,调pH至4.5±0.1）-甲醇（60:40）为流动相流速为1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长为220 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量20μl。结果:苯巴比妥的线性范围为9.97～997.00μg·ml-1（r=1.000 0）,杂质A、杂质B、杂质C、苯丁酰脲、巴比妥酸的线性范围为1～1 000μg·ml-1（r值范围0.999 9～1.000 0）;苯巴比妥的检出限为2μg·ml-1;杂质A检出限为0.2μg·ml-1;杂质B、苯丁酰脲、巴比妥酸检出限为0.5μg·ml-1;杂质C检出限为1μg·ml-1。苯巴比妥、杂质A、杂质B、杂质C、苯丁酰脲、巴比妥酸的回收率分别为100.56%,96.21%,99.39%,99.46%,101.54%,102.83%,RSD分别为0.36%,0.86%,0.37%,0.32%,0.53%,0.64%（n=9）。结论:该方法重复性好,专属性强,可以更加有效控制苯巴比妥钠注射液的质量。     

RP-HPLC法测定氨茶碱血清浓度

目的:建立测定氨茶碱血清浓度的方法。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为BDS C18,流动相为甲醇-水(15∶85),柱温为35 ℃,流速为1 mL·min-1,检测波长为275 nm。结果:氨茶碱有效成分茶碱血药浓度在0.5～42.5 μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),最低检测限为0.5 μg·mL-1;方法回收率为91.60%～95.00%,提取回收率为68.04%～70.77%;日内RSD≤2.20%,日间RSD≤3.28%。结论:本方法简便、准确、灵敏、重复性好,可用于氨茶碱血药浓度监测。     

高效液相色谱法测定刺五加注射液中紫丁香苷的含量

目的 :测定刺五加注射液中紫丁香苷的含量。方法 :采用反相高效液相色谱法 ,以梯度洗脱。色谱柱为ShimpackCLCC18柱 (15 0mm× 6mm ,5 μm ,日本岛津 ) ;流动相A为水 ,流动相B为甲醇 ,梯度条件为 0→ 40min ,A :0 %→ 30 % ;流速为 1mL·min-1,检测波长为 2 6 7nm。结果 :测得平均回收率为 10 0 1% ,RSD为0 77%。结论 :方法准确可靠 ,适合于刺五加注射液中紫丁香苷的含量测定。     

RP-HPLC法测定人血清中米氮平浓度

目的:建立测定人血清中米氮平浓度的方法。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为IntersilODS-SP,流动相为乙腈-0.01mo·lL-1乙酸铵(30∶70),流速为1.0mL·min-1,激发波长为290nm,发射波长为350nm,内标为美托洛尔。结果:米氮平血药浓度在1.852～900μg·L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9991),最低检测浓度为1.852μg·L-1。平均相对回收率为94.8%～104.0%,提取回收率为97.8%～106.3%,日内RSD<13%,日间RSD<8%。结论:本方法简便、快速、灵敏、准确,可用于米氮平临床血药浓度监测及药动学研究。     

HPLC法测定健儿清解液中绿原酸、橙皮苷、金丝桃苷及苯甲酸含量

摘要：目的:测定健儿清解液中绿原酸、金丝桃苷、橙皮苷及苯甲酸的含量。方法:采用HPLC法测定绿原酸、金丝桃苷、橙皮苷及苯甲酸的含量。色谱柱:Inertsil ODS-SP C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,检测波长:230,284,326 nm;流动相:乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,柱温:35℃,流速:0.8 ml·min-1。进样量:10μl。结果:绿原酸线性范围为0.526～26.299μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为101.50%,RSD=0.56%（n=6）;金丝桃苷线性范围为1.104～55.184μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为99.69%,RSD=0.92%（n=6）;橙皮苷线性范围为0.545～27.265μg·ml-1（r=1.000 0）,平均回收率为98.22%,RSD=0.73%（n=6）。苯甲酸线性范围为99.740 0～4.987 0 mg·ml-1（r=0.999 8）,平均回收率为103.19%,RSD=1.02%（n=6）。结论:方法简便、快速、准确,为提高和完善该制剂的质量标准提供了依据。     

HPLC法测定人血浆中帕罗西汀的浓度

目的:建立测定人血浆中帕罗西汀浓度的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法进行测定,色谱柱为Phenomenex Gemini C18,流动相为0.05mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(pH3.5)-乙腈(62.5:37.5),流速为1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为205nm,柱温为35℃。结果:帕罗西汀血药浓度在0.00781～0.5μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9994),最低定量限为0.2μg·mL-1;日内、日间RSD分别为3.2%～6.4%、4.5%～8.6%;萃取回收率>54%,方法回收率>97%。结论:本方法快速、简便、灵敏、准确,可用于帕罗西汀体内药动学研究。     

塞曼火焰原子吸收与石墨炉原子吸收法测定明胶空心胶囊壳中铬的方法比较

目的:研究塞曼效应背景校正的火焰和石墨炉原子吸收法测定胶囊中铬的影响。方法:采用微波消解仪对胶囊壳样品进行消解,在波长359.3 nm下,灯电流7.5 mA;狭缝宽1.3 nm,塞曼背景校正,分别采用塞曼火焰原子吸收和石墨炉原子吸收法进行测定。结果:火焰原子吸收法:线性范围0.04～1.0 mg.mL-1;相关系数为0.9998,检测限5.26 ng.mL-1,RSD为0.68%～1.0%,加样回收率为100.0%～116.7%;石墨炉原子吸收法:线性范围为1～20 ng.mL-1,相关系数为0.9998,检测限为0.26 ng.mL-1,RSD为1.7%～4.9%,加样回收率为98.2%～105.6%。结论:塞曼火焰原子吸收法简便、快捷,能满足大量样品筛选及企业内部质控筛选与定值;石墨炉原子吸收法检测限较前者低,准确度较高。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.